I. Why empire?

1. markets – farming and industry.

2. yellow press – Hearst, Pulitzer

3. manifest Destiny – Strong: Our Country: Its Possible Future and present Crisis

4. Social Darwinism – Roosevelt, Lodge

5. navy power – Mahan: sea power is world dominance

Diplomatic fusses

Near war with Germany (Samoa), Italy (lynchings), Chile (sailor deaths), Canada (seal hunting), and Britain (gold).

Hawaii – immigrant and tariff tensions, annexation opposed by Queen Liliuokalani

Trouble in Spain

Cuban rebels struggled under tariff, wanted independence; Gen. Weyler gave them reconcentration camps.

Yellow journalists Pulitzer, Hearst sensationalized the sinking of the Maine: “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war.”

review

Give 5 reasons for American imperialism.

Name 5 countries we almost went to war with.

What happened in Hawaii? Why trouble with Spain? What did General Weyler do to

suppress the insurrectos?

II. Spanish-American War, 1898

McKinley pressured into war by Roosevelt, Lodge; Teller Amendment said we would give Cuba independence

Commodore George Dewey destroyed 10 ships in Manila Bay, Phillipines

Phillipines

Aguinaldo helped defeat the Spanish in the Phillipines; Hawaii annexed as provisioning station

Overweight Shafter; TR and Rough Riders charged up San Juan (Kettle) Hill

Splendid little war

Spanish fleet destroyed, Puerto Rico and Hawaii taken

400 battle deaths, 5000 to disease in “splendid little war.”

Praying over dilemma, McKinley paid $20m, annexed Phillipines, angering anti-Imperialism League

match

1.Pressured McKinley into war

2. Defeated Spanish navy in Phillipines

3. Filipino rebel leader 4. Annexed as

provision station 5. Rode on a door 6. Leader of Rough

Riders 7. Battle deaths 8. Disease 9. annexation

1. Answer to Filipino dilemma

2. TR 3. TR/Lodge 4. Shafter 5. 5000 6. 400 7. Hawaii 8. Dewey 9. Aguinaldo

III. Results of war

Free Cuba; U.S. world status went up, acquired Guam, Phillipines, Puerto Rico, and unified north and South

Platt Amendment – U.S. retained right to intervene, Guantanamo naval base, and oversee Cuban treaties and debt.

Former Confederate Wheeler: “To hell with the Yankees – I

mean Spaniards!”

Filipino rebellion

Emilio Aguinaldo led rebellion ag. 126,000 U.S. troops; reconcentration camps and water cure.

350 lb. William Taft civil governor of Phillipines, improved roads, health, sanitation, schools but resented.

China’s Open Door

Fearing an imperial takeover of China, Sec. of State John Hay issues Open Door Policy.

All nations would be allowed to trade in China; resented by Chinese (Boxer Rebellion) , commercial and territorial integrity respected

review

What were the results of the Spanish-American War?

What was the Platt Amendment? What and who was the problem in the

Phillipines? What nasty things did we do there? Who became civil governor? What did

he improve? Open Door – who what when where

why?

IV. politics

1900 McKinley beat Bryan, this time on prosperity and expansion; war hero TR became VP, less trouble than in NY

McKinley killed by Leon Czolgosz, TR President – ex cowboy and Harvard grad, “Speak softly and carry big stick.”

Teddy Roosevelt

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty – Britain gave us permission to dig canal thru isthmus

Phillip Bunau-Varilla aided Panamanian revolution against Colombia

Canal construction 1904-1910; Gorgas disease eradication

Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine

Concerned with Germany and Britain, TR announced that US would intervene to collect Latin American debts – justified Big Stick intervention

TR won Nobel Price for Portsmouth Treaty between Russia and Japan

“Gentlemen’s agreement” on Japanese immigration; Great White Fleet sent around world

review

Who won the election of 1800? Whom did he beat? Who was the VP? Hay-Pauncefote Treaty? Bunau-Varilla? How did we get the canal zone? What was the Roosevelt corollary? What prize did TR win, and why? Gentlemen’s agreement? Great White Fleet?

I. Progressivism

Progressives were reformers who wanted government to fight monopoly, corruption, and injustice.

Veblen – Theory of the Leisure Class; Riis – How the Other Half Lives

Middle class, Socialists, social gospel Christians, feminists

Muckrakers

TR labeled progressive writers “muckrakers” for their focus on the negative.

McClure’s, Cosmopolitan magazines.

Lincoln Stephens – “Shame of the Cities” about city corruption; Ida Tarbell – “History of Standard Oil”

politics

Direct primaries – not bosses; initiative, referendum, and recall

Campaign finance reform, Australian ballot, direct election of Senators, city managers

Leaders: Robert LaFollette (WI), Hiram Johnson (CA), Charles Evans Hughes (NY)

review

ID author: Theory of the Leisure Class How the Other Half Lives Shame of the Cities History of Standard Oil Name 2 progressive magazines. Name 7 progressive reforms Name 3 progressive state leaders

II. women

Settlement houses exposed problems to women, who devised solutions

Focus on moral, maternal issues like child labor, sweatshops, tenement life

laws

Muller v. Oregon – factory work bad for women; Lochner v. New York (1905)– 10 hr day not nec; but upheld in 1917

1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire killed 146 mostly immigrant women; stronger workplace safety laws resulted

saloons

Associated with party boss, corrupt elections, fought by WCTU and Anti-Saloon League

Wets – urban areas, favored legal alcohol; drys – rural areas, half the country by 1914.

review

How did settlement houses affect women?

Muller v. Oregon? Lochner v. NY? What was the importance of the

Triangle Shirtwaist fire? What social ills was the saloon

associated with? Where were wets and drys located?

III. TR and square deal

Square Deal – treat everyone fairly; 3 C’s – Corporations, consumers, conservation.

Negotiated compromise between coal miners and mine owners; 1st to stand up to corporate leaders

More square deal

Elkins Act: fines for rebates

Hepburn Act – ICC could set maximum freight rates

Trust buster – Northern Securities Company, run by JP Morgan, broken up; but often tolerated “good” trusts

Consumers andconservation

Consumers: TR read Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle: Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act 1906.

Conservation: Set aside 125m acres from development; expanded national forests; friends with conservationist Pinchot and Muir; Boy Scouts founded

review

What was TR’s domestic program called? What were the 3 C’s? What strike did TR negotiate an end to? Elkins Act? Hepburn Act? What trust did he bust? What two laws resulted from The Jungle? What conservationist measures did TR

take? What friends? What organization/

IV. Taft

TR strengthened Presidency, huge personality, won 1904 didn’t run 1908, picked Taft

Taft beat Bryan; both claimed Progressivism; Socialist Eugene Debs got over 400,000 votes

President Taft

Conservative, mild-mannered

Dollar diplomacy – invest to advance U.S. interests; intervention in Cuba, Honduras, Dominican, Nicaragua

controversy

Taft 90-44 antitrust suits; Standard Oil broken up; U.S. steel antitrust suit.

A conservationist, Taft fired TR friend Pinchot, for criticizing Interior Sec. Ballinger

TR preached “New Nationalism” and started 3rd party.

review

What was TR’s legacy? How did Taft get to be President? What was Taft’s foreign policy? Where did he send troops? How did Taft fare as a trust buster? What conservation policy angered

TR? How did TR undermine Taft?

I. Election of President Wilson Woodrow Wilson –

Southern-born Democrat, Govt professor, Princeton President

Supported by Bryan, his New Freedom Program advocated small business.

Progressive/Bull Moose Party Taft was

Republican; TR nominated by Progressive/Bull Moose Party; shot and made speech

Taft and TR split the Republican vote; Wilson elected with 41% of vote; Socialist Debs got 6%

President Wilson

Pro-South; idealistic, Presbyterian, intellectual.

Loved humanity generally more than individual; inflexibly stubborn

review

What kind of man was Wilson? What 3 other parties? Why did Wilson win, with how much

of vote? What were his strengths and

weaknesses as President

II. Wilson’s domestic policy

Attacked “the triple wall of privilege:” tariffs, banks, and trusts

Low Underwood Tariff;

16th amendment - income tax, chief revenue source

Federal Reserve 1913

12 reserve districts, each with a central “bankers” bank.

Issued “Federal Reserve notes;” amount could be easily increased

trusts

Federal Trade Commission (FTC) attacked unfair trade practices.

Clayton Antitrust Act –attacked trusts not unions; labor exempt from antitrust legislation; AFL leader Gompers called it “the Magna Carta of Labor.”

Other progressive measures Low interest rates

for farmers, higher wages, workman’s comp. child labor, 8 hr day on trains

Nominated Jewish Louis Brandeis for Supreme Court, more segregationist on black appointments

Match ‘em

Triple wall of privilege

Underwood Tariff 16th amendment Federal Reserve Powers of Fed FTC Clayton Antitrust Act Other stuff Wilson

did Wilson’s nominations

Jews not blacks New source of revenue Lowered rates Control money supply,

regulate economy Fight trusts,

monopolies, and insider trading

12 banks, print paper money

Int rates, wages, child labor, workman’s comp

Tariff, banks, trust

III. Wilson’s foreign policy – missionary diplomacy

Missionary diplomacy: Less aggressive posture – lowered Panama Canal toll on Britain.

Jones Act – Phillipines a territory, independent when ready (1946)

Still sends in troops

Marines to Haiti 1914-15 to protect U.S. citizens; supervised government/finance.

Marines to Dominican (debt); bought Virgin Islands (close to Panama)

Mexico

Wilson sent arms to Pres. Huerta’s rivals, Carranza and Pancho Villa

U.S. seized Vera Cruz; resented by Pres. Carranza; Villa killed 35 Americans on both sides of border, chased by Pershing

review

Not big stick not dollar but what kind of diplomacy?

What did the Jones Act do? Into what two countries did Wilson

send marines? Why? Why was Wilson mad at Huerta?

What’d he do about it? Why was Wilson mad at Villa?

What’d he do about it?

IV. W.Wilson and WWI

Causes: nationalism, militarism, imperialism, alliances – Triple Entente (FBR) v. Triple Alliance (GAHI)

Events:1. Serbs kill Ferdinand.

2. A-H threatens. 3. Russia, France

mobilized around Germany

4. Germany attacks France through Belgium: trench warfare

war

Britain attacks: Allies (FBR) v. Central Powers (GAH)

Wilson urges neutrality of thought and deed.

Divided America: British ties & German spies v. 11m immigrants

Election of 1916 and WWI British trade only;

German subs Lusitania sunk; 128

Americans on board; Wilson mad and Bryan resigned; Sussex Pledge

Wilson reelected 1916 277-254 for staying out of war, defeating Judge Charles Evans Hughes; TR bellicose

review

Name 4 causes of WWI. What were the two

alliances/countries? Start the war in 4 events. 2 sides in the war US position? Why were we divided? What brought us close to war? How was Wilson reelected in 1916?

I. Going to war

Unrestrained sub warfare: Germany sank four U.S. ships in March, 1917.

Zimmerman telegram: Germany proposed a Mexican alliance with land back at end of the war.

Wilson’s idealism

To overcome isolationism, “War to end all wars…to make the world safe for democracy.”

14 Points speech: no secret treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade (no tariffs), arms reduction, self-determination

loyalty

George Creel’s Committee on Public information used propaganda to get war support: posters, songs, speeches, movies.

Germans persecuted, antiwar leaders Debs and Haywood jailed.

review

List 3 causes of American entry into WWI.

What did Wilson call the war? Why? Identify and list some of the 14

points. Who was George Creel and what did

he do? Who was persecuted and

prosecuted?

II. Life at home

“Work or fight” slogan; Gompers and AFL supported war, Haywood and IWW didn’t; Steel strike biggest in history, failed

Great Migration – African-Americans moved north, used as scabs; race riots in E. St. Louis and Chicago

Suffrage finally

Some feminist pacifists, but most women supported war effort; Wilson supported 19th amendment.

Fought ag. Workplace discrimination and child labor.

Hail Hoover

Food Sec. Hoover fed the starving in Belgium, pushed voluntary food rationing: wheatless Tuesdays, meatless Wednesdays, victory gardens.

Fuel rationing: heatless Mondays, lightless nights, gasless Sundays (18th amendment)

War financed with Liberty bonds (pressured) and taxation.

match

1. Work or fight 2. Gompers/AFL 3. Haywood/IWW 4. Great Migration 5. Women’s war

support 6. Voluntary

rationing 7. War bonds, taxes 8. Spirit of self-

denial

1. Financing war 2. Supplying war 3. 19th amendment 4. 18th amendment 5. Unions supporting

war 6. Unions striking

during war 7. Gasless Sundays,

meatless Wednesdays.. 8. effort to discourage

strikes

III. The war

Conscription: 18-45 – exemptions for shipbuilding; 4,000 conscientious objectors.

4 million “doughboys,” 11,000 women, black soldiers segregated, noncombat

fighting

Germans within 40 miles of Paris; Americans helped push them back.

Gen. Pershing led Meuse-Argonne offensive; biggest battle in U.S. history - 1.2m troops, 120,000 casualties; Alvin York the hero

End of war

Armistice signed 11/11/18 at 11:00.

U.S. contributed supplies and prospective battle wins.

Wilson went to Paris with no Republicans, angering For Rel. Chairman Lodge

review

Describe the draft. How many soldiers, women, African-

Americans? What was happening when we got there? What American general? What American hero? What was the biggest battle ever? What was the U.S. contribution to the war

effort? When is Armistice/Veterans Day? How did Wilson mess up?

IV. Treaty of Versailles

Big 4 at Paris: Wilson (US), Lloyd George (Br), Orlando (Italy), Clemenceau (France)

Other allies wanted land: Britain got Iraq; France got Syria

Wilson saw League of Nations as cure-all

Failure of the Treaty

Germany signed Treaty with reparations, lost land and military.

Lodge delayed;Wilson speaking tour, had stroke

Feud killed the treaty

Election of 1920

Warren Harding, picked by GOP Senate bosses, defeated James Cox (D-OH) in 1920.

Americans were tired of idealism, do-goodism, ready for Harding’s “return to normalcy.”

review

Who were the Big 4? Who got what land? What was the key to peace, for

Wilson? How was the Treaty of Versailles

tough on Germany? How did Lodge and Wilson kill the

treaty? Who was elected in 1920, and why?

I. 1920s fear

Red Scare: fear of Communism; led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, whose home was fire-bombed.

Sacco and Vanzetti – two Italian immigrants executed for murder, were atheists, anarchists, and draft dodgers

Acting on the fear

KKK made a comeback as antiforeign, antiCatholic, antiradical, antiJewish (Leo Frank case); marched in DC, burned crosses

Emergency Quota Act 3% of pop. 1910; National Origins Act 2% of pop. 1890; no Japanese immigrants at all

Prohibition

18th amendment; Volstead Act passed by Congress

Speakeasies and moonshine flourished; bank savings increased, less absenteeism, probably less drinking

match

1. Red Scare 2. A. Mitchell

Palmer 3. Sacco and

Vanzetti 4. KKK 5. Emergency

Quota Act 6. National Origins

Act 7. Japanese

immigration 8. speakeasy

1. Prohibition era bar

2. Antiforeign, antiJew

3. 3% immigration 1910

4. 2% immigration 1920

5. None after 1920 6. Fear of

Communists 7. Anticommunist

attorney general 8. Executed

radicals

II. Roaring 20s

Gangsters /mafia made $12m to $18m on illegal alcohol: more than govt.

Al Capone ruled Chicago, murdered rivals, jailed for income tax evasion, died of syphillis.

Declining values

Modernists v. Fundamentalists: Scopes-Monkey Trial 1925; Scopes taught evolution; Darrow put Bryan on the Stand; Bryan died in 5 days

Cars represented freedom, “prostitute house on wheels.”

Advertisers created discontent, buying on credit, less discipline

The Ford

Henry Ford sold 20m Model Ts; “any color as long as it’s black”

Mass production Taylorism, Fordism ; a Ford produced every 10 seconds: oil in TX OK CA, roads, suburbs, gas stations, farms all helped; rr hurt

Babe Ruth 1st sports hero: “better year than the President.”

All this stuff

Gangsters Al Capone Mafia money John Dewey Fundamentalists Scopes Monkey Bryan Darrow Ford every 10

seconds

Advertising Buying on credit Babe Ruth Taylorism Ford – 20 million Industries Car as self-respect

and freedom Deaths House of prostitution

on wheels

III. Heroes and entertainment Wright brothers

flew first, 1903 Lindbergh’s Spirit

of St. Louis; 1st transatlantic flight; rr hurt again

Marconi invented radio; KDKA of Pittsburgh 1st station; had domesticating effect

movies

“Great Train Robbery” 1st silent film; “Birth of a Nation,” “Jazz Singer” 1st talkie

Charlie Chaplin silent movie star; Al Jolsen was Jewish star imitating African-Americans.

jazz

Women: Margaret Sanger pushed birth control; flappers danced in jazz clubs

Jazz from New Orleans - Louis Armstrong, Cotton Club

Harlem Renaissance – black cultural achievement – Langston Hughes “I Too Sing America.”

review

When did the Wright brothers fly? What did Lindbergh do? What was the first silent film? First

talkie? How did Al Jolsen make a living? Who was the greatest jazz star? Its

most famous club? What was the African-American

cultural achievement called? Name Langston Hughes’ most

famous poem.

IV. Rejection of values

Sigmund Freud invented talk therapy, focused on repressed desire

Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey led back to Africa movement, focused on self-reliance, deported for mail fraud

Lost Generation

Fitzgerald – “all gods dead, all wars fought, all faith in man shaken.”

Wrote Great Gatsby about self-made Jay Gatsby

Hemingway – The Sun Also Rises, Farewell to Arms

TS Eliot – “Waste Land”

Other important figures

William Faulkner – As I Lay Dying; Absalom! Absalom! about Yoknapatawpha, Miss.

Treasury Secretary Mellon lowered taxes on wealthy $600,000 to $200,000 for millionaire, lowered debt

Speculation, margin buying to gain wealth

Match ‘em

1. Freud2. Marcus Garvey 3. Fitzgerald 4. Hemingway 5. TS Eliot 6. Faulkner 7. Andrew Mellon 8. Speculation 9. Margin buying

1. Short term investing

2. Indebted short term investing

3. As I Lay Dying 4. Great Gatsby 5. The Sun Also Rises 6. “The Waste Land” 7. Talk therapy 8. Back to Africa 9. strange folks in

Mississippi