Post on 24-Sep-2020
© ZEF Ltd
0
ZEM FUEL SYSTEMS LTD.
Fleet life extension: Fuel Cell: Zero emissions
John Irvine, Vinay Mulgundmath , Keith Millican
OVERVIEW
• Clean Shipping – MARPOL73/78
• Marine Fuels
• Bridging Solution
• Heavy Diesel Reforming
• Fuel Cell Solutions
• Conclusion
1
MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI
• Regulations for the prevention of marine ship air pollution from marine diesel engines with a power output of more than 130 kW
SOx + PM, NOx and CO2 Legislative Timeline
2
MARPOL regulations came into force on 19 May 2005 however legislation will be subject to review in 2018
EEDI: Energy Efficiency Design Index
SEEMP: Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan
1. US Environmental Protection Agency
Technology to meet Emission Regulation
HFO can meet (Average Sulphur content in HFO is 2.7%)
Duel fuel can meet
Scrubber can meet
LNG can meet
NOx reduction technology require
Emission
Category
Current 2020
Global ECA Global ECA
SOx + PM 3.5% Global SOx
limit
0.1% ECA SOx
limit
<0.1% in
California
0.5% Global SOx
limit subject to
review in 2018
(May delay till
2025)
0.1% ECA SOx
limit
NOx
NOx tier II for NB’s
NOx tier III in ECA’s for NB’s
CO2
EEDI and SEEMP into
force (NB’s)
EU Market-Based Measures fully
implemented
• Since the regulation was introduced, little had been done in terms of enforcement until very recently
• In January 2015, the EPA1 released a
penalty policy for violations of the sulphur emissions limit for ships operating in the North American and US Caribbean Sea Emission Control Areas
- EPA may impose a fine of $25,000 per violation, per day
- Burning compliant fuel, maintaining written procedures, recording the fuel change-over in the log book, and retaining bunker delivery notes and samples of the fuel oil are all considered separate obligations and, thus, separate violations if breached
• In the EU, ports are able to fine ships that are non-compliant however this is not carried out consistently across the European Emission Control Area
- Fines vary from port to port
- The UK is taking a more ‘pragmatic’ approach to enforcement, ensuring the country remains competitive
Global Maritime Transport
3
o Maritime transport accounts for nearly 94% of global trade
o Emission Control Areas and MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI framework
Upto 200 nautical miles from mainland
153 nations representing 98.5% of shipping tonnage
Restrictions on Fuel emissions – NOx, SOx, PM, CO2
Global
Marine
Market Size
and Value
Total Market Volume: 50,000
Total Market Value*: >£30bn
Source: CERA, Lloyds Register
Fairplay, Marisec.org
Market Overview
£30b market within the marine emissions abatement industry being driven by legislation
Why Now?
5
• MARPOL is being enforced now, due to the 2020
Sulphur cap on marine fuels
• IMO 2030/2050 GHG commitment, agreed
last year in London.
• Penalty on MARPOL violations range from USD
25,000 to USD 250,000 per vessel per day (
depending on size) and it is STRICTLY being enforced
in US territorial waters.
Baltic Sea (SOx: adopted 1997 / entered into force 2005; NOx:
2016/2021)
North Sea (SOx: 2005/2006; NOx: 2016/2021)
North American ECA, including most of US and Canadian
coast (NOx & SOx: 2010/2012).
US Caribbean ECA, including Puerto Rico and the US Virgin
Islands (NOx & SOx: 2011/2014).
Greenhouse Gas Emissions. 2011 Amendments to MARPOL
Annex VI introduced mandatory measures to reduce emissions
of greenhouse gases (GHG).
Emission Control Areas (ECAs)
“The global Sulphur cap in 2020 may cost the shipping industry as much as 50+
billion USD – per year, based on the presently very low oil prices “– Maersk
Maritime Technology.
“IMO designates North Sea, Baltic Sea as NOx Emission Control Areas”
(www.shipsandports.com.ng)
“We made significant progress in the 2014-15 reporting period, particularly in terms
of our self-imposed environmental target to lower CO2e emissions by 45 percent by
2020,” Dr. Ottmar Gas, Chairman of the Executive Board of Hamburg Süd.
“There are still many uncertainties on how ship owners and operators are expected
to comply with the 2020 IMO regulatory framework”- Shell.
“The shipping industry must prepare for a future with lower transport emissions”-
Shell.
“It’s very very tricky,” says Lars Robert Pedersen, deputy secretary-general at the
Baltic and International Maritime Council (Bimco), representing about 60 per cent of
the world’s ship owners regarding compliance requirements for IMO regulations.
Commercial Quotes
Ferguson Marine to develop renewables-powered hydrogen ferry – HySeas III
• Martin Smith
Alternative fuels : Biogas, Biofuels and Synfuels
• Ammonia
• Methane / Methanol
• Hydrocarbons
• Diesel
Fuel Cells
• Electrochemically combust fuels
– high efficiency
• 70% chemical to electrical
– Highly scalable
• Decentralised - renewables
– Fuel flexibility
– silent
– clean
– quality power
50 kW Module
• Demonstrated integrated manifold assembly, nominally four 96-cell stack blocks, but components designed for full (2X) tower flows
• Fully self contained and thermally self sustaining
• Successfully validated many completely new components developed under the SECA contract
• Will be the basis for future (commercial) SOFC module designs
Stack Current 187.4 A
Cell Voltage 819 mV
Stack Voltage 78.64 V
Gross Module Power 58.96 kW
Fuel Utilization - System 81%
Module Efficiency (LHV) 65%
11
Versa Power / Fuel Cell Energy
Bloom Energy
• SOFCs running on Natural Gas and Biogas
• 100kW units
• Electrons not Fuel Cells
• Selling kWh not kW
Scrappage is not so environmentally friendly
Proposed Scheme for Near-shore Ship Propulsion
Diesel Fuel
Hydrogen/Reformate
Fuel Cell
Fuel Cell Stack
Fuel Cell System
Ship installation
Diesel Reforming
Diesel + Steam Hydrogen + CO ? Hydrogen
𝐶𝑛𝐻2𝑛+2 + 𝑛𝐻2𝑂 → 𝑛𝐶𝑂 + (2𝑛 + 1)𝐻2
Requires New Reforming Catalyst
• Good coking resistance
• Low Cost
• Sustainable elements
• High Activity
• Durability
IAA Preliminary project
Steam Reforming of Diesel with Exsolution Materials
Best Perovskite
-0.00005
0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
0.0003
0.00035
0.0004
0 50 100 150 200
Reforming Products (mol per min)
H2 CO CH4 C2H4 CO2
-0.0005
0
0.0005
0.001
0.0015
0.002
0.0025
0.003
0.0035
-50 0 50 100 150 200
C H O amounts (mole per min)
C H O
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 50 100 150 200
Coking ratio/%
2
2.05
2.1
2.15
2.2
2.25
2.3
2.35
2.4
2.45
0 50 100 150 200
H/O ratio
Steam Reforming of Diesel with Exsolution Materials
Conclusions
19
High Value opportunities in the marine emissions regulation market
Legislation Driving Market
Key Success Factors
MARPOL Annex VI regulation dictating SOx, NOx, CO2 &
PM emissions limits from ships creating market
opportunity
Recommendation is to develop, demonstrate a multifuel
reformer technology for the retrofit and new build marine
market sectors.
2 Key requirements to play in this market are
demonstration of proven technology and flexibility
towards customers needs
Strategic Recommenda
tion
20
THANK YOU