WWU- Chemistry Substituent Effects on the Acidities of Carboxylic Acids.

WWU- ChemistryWWU- Chemistry

Substituent Effects on the Acidities of Substituent Effects on the Acidities of Carboxylic AcidsCarboxylic Acids

•When substituents are attached to a molecule, such as a carboxylic acid, they can influence the acidity (or basicity) of that substance.

•Some substituents strengthen acids and weaken bases; other substituents have the opposite effect, the weaken acids and strengthen bases.

•Substituents exert their effects on acidity or basicity through a combination of resonance and inductive effects.

•REVIEW: Lecture Textbook, Chapter 7, especially sections 7.6 through 7.8.

•The essential idea is this: if a substituent removes electrons from the negative oxygen of a carboxylate ion, it will stabilize the ion. This effect shifts the equilibrium to the right and increases acidity.

•If a substituent pours electrons toward the negative oxygen of a carboxylate ion, it will destabilize the ion. This effect will shift the equilibrium to the left and decrease acidity.

• Electron-withdrawing Effects:– strengthen acids– weaken bases

• Electron-releasing Effects:– weaken acids– strengthen bases

+R C O

R C OH

Resonance Effects on the Acidities of Resonance Effects on the Acidities of Carboxylic AcidsCarboxylic Acids

Resonance Effects of Substituents

Consider a substituent that contains multiple bonds.

represent such a substituent, where B is more electronegative than A.

In other words, let’s compare the acidities of:

and AB

Which acid is stronger, and why?

The substituent will be a hybrid of two or more resonance forms of the type:

A B A B

The presence of the substituent on a molecule will influence the electron distribution throughout the entire structure. This type of effect, called a resonance effect, can be seen most clearly when the substituent is attached to a benzene ring.

To illustrate, consider a para-substituted benzoic acid. We can draw resonance forms:

For the carboxylate ion, the corresponding resonance forms would be:

The resonance forms that are the most important in our discussion are those forms where the positive charge is located on the carbon atom that also bears the functional group. The ionization of the substituted benzoic acid can thus be analyzed by examining the following equilibrium:

•The positive charge in the ring attracts the electrons on the carboxylate group. The resonance effect of the substituent thus acts to stabilize the anion and shift the equilibrium to the right.

•Remember that we are comparing the substituted benzoic acid with unsubstituted benzoic acid. In the unsubstituted benzoic acid, we are assuming that the substituent (H) makes no difference in the electron distribution in the ring.

•Thus, we would expect the -A=B substituted benzoic acid to be a stronger acid than benzoic acid itself.

A specific example of the -A=B type of substituent is the nitro group (-NO2). A nitro group in the para position of a benzoic acid strengthens the acidity by a factor of six (0.8 log units).

pKa = 4.19

pKa = 3.4

The nitro group stabilizes the carboxylate anion and shifts the equilibrium to the right.

NOTE: The nitro group also has an electron-withdrawing inductive effect; this has been ignored in this discussion. Inductive effects will be examined later.

•The resonance effect of a substituent of the -A=B type reduces the electron density in the benzene ring. The resonance forms shown here represent this reduction of electron density by showing positive charge in the ring.

•As a result, these substituents exert an electron-withdrawing resonance effect.

•This is sometimes represented as a -R effect.

•The following table shows several substituent groups that exert an electron-withdrawing resonance (-R) effect.

Substituents with Electron-Substituents with Electron-Withdrawing Resonance EffectsWithdrawing Resonance Effects

carboxyl

alkoxycarbonyl

•The resonance forms show that positive charge is located at the ortho and para positions with respect to the substituent.

•A functional group that is located ortho or para to the substituent will be influenced by the resonance effect. A substituent located meta to the substituent will be affected to a much smaller degree.

•Therefore, we would expect that whenever a -R substituent is located ortho or para to a carboxyl group, the acidity of the benzoic acid should be increased.

-R substituents strengthen acids and weaken bases

Resonance Effects of Substituents (Part Two)

Consider a substituent that contains an atom that bears one or more unshared pairs of electrons.

represent such a substituent.

In other words, let’s compare the acidities of:

Which acid is stronger, and why?

When this substituent is attached to the benzene ring, the unshared electron pairs will be shifted into the ring through resonance.

Once again, the presence of the substituent on a molecule will influence the electron distribution throughout the entire structure. This is another example of a resonance effect.

To illustrate, consider a para-substituted benzoic acid. We can draw resonance forms:

For the carboxylate ion, the corresponding resonance forms would be:

The resonance forms that are the most important in our discussion are those forms where the negative charge is located on the carbon atom that also bears the functional group. The ionization of the substituted benzoic acid can thus be analyzed by examining the following equilibrium:

•The negative charge in the ring repels the electrons on the carboxylate group. The resonance effect of the substituent thus acts to destabilize the anion and shift the equilibrium to the left.

•Remember that we are comparing the substituted benzoic acid with unsubstituted benzoic acid. In the unsubstituted benzoic acid, we are assuming that the substituent (H) makes no difference in the electron distribution in the ring.

•Thus, we would expect the -Y substituted benzoic acid to be a weaker acid than benzoic acid itself.

A specific example of the -Y type of substituent is the methoxy group (-OCH3). A methoxy group in the para position of a benzoic acid weakens the acidity by a factor of 1.9 (0.27 log units).

pKa = 4.19

pKa = 4.46CH3

The methoxy group destabilizes the carboxylate anion and shifts the equilibrium to the left.

NOTE: The methoxy group also has an electron-withdrawing inductive effect; this has been ignored in this discussion. Inductive effects will be examined later.

•The resonance forms show that electron density is increased at the ortho and para positions with respect to the substituent.

•A functional group that is located ortho or para to the substituent will be influenced by the resonance effect. A substituent located meta to the substituent will be affected to a much smaller degree.

•Therefore, we would expect that whenever a +R substituent is located ortho or para to a carboxyl group, the acidity of the benzoic acid should be decreased.

Substituents with Electron-Substituents with Electron-Releasing Resonance EffectsReleasing Resonance Effects

hydroxy

mercapto

methyl

fluoro

alkoxy

acyloxy

dialkylamino

chloro

•The resonance effect of a substituent of the -Y type increases the electron density in the benzene ring. The resonance forms shown here represent this increase of electron density by showing negative charge in the ring.

•As a result, these substituents exert an electron-releasing resonance effect. This is sometimes called an electron-donating resonance effect.

•This is sometimes represented as a +R effect.

•The following table shows several substituent groups that exert an electron-releasing resonance (+R) effect.

+R substituents weaken acids and strengthen bases

In the case of the alkyl substituents (which have no unshared pairs of electrons), their electron-releasing resonance effect arises from hyperconjugation.

pKa = 4.19

pKa = 4.36

p-Methylbenzoic acid is less acidic than benzoic acid by a factor of 1.5 (0.17 log units)

Inductive Effects on the Acidities of Inductive Effects on the Acidities of Carboxylic AcidsCarboxylic Acids

Let’s now compare the acidities of two aliphatic carboxylic acids:

H CH2 C

and X CH2 C

where X is an electronegative element.

•Electronegative substituents attract electrons.

•When electronegative elements are present in a molecule that can act as an acid, they enhance the acidity of the bond because they lower the electron density in that bond and because they stabilize the conjugate base.

•Substituents of this type are said to have an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. This type of effect is often known as a -I effect.

•The following table lists a number of substituents that have -I inductive effects:

Substituents with Electron-Substituents with Electron-Withdrawing Inductive EffectsWithdrawing Inductive Effects

carboxyl

alkoxycarbonyl

hydroxy

mercapto

dialkylamino

chloro

alkoxy

fluoro

+trimethylammonium

N(CH3)3

As before, whenever we consider the resonance or inductive effect of a substituent, we are comparing it with a reference substituent, hydrogen.

When hydrogen is the substituent, it is treated as if it had no resonance or inductive effect.

-I substituents strengthen acids and weaken bases

And one last case, again comparing two aliphatic carboxylic acids:

H CH2 C

and R CH2 C

The alkyl substituent (R) is weakly electropositive with respect to a hydrogen.

•When an electropositive substituent is placed in a molecule, we should see the opposite type of effect than we saw when electronegative substituents were present.

•An electropositive substituent should show an electron-releasing (or electron-donating) inductive effect.

•An electron-releasing inductive effect is sometimes known as a +I effect.

•The following table lists several +I substituents.

Substituents with Electron-Substituents with Electron-Releasing Inductive EffectsReleasing Inductive Effects

methyl

carboxylate

+I substituents weaken acids and strengthen bases

To illustrate the resonance and inductive effects described in this unit, consider the following examples:

•The following table illustrates electron-withdrawing resonance effects.

•Notice how the pKa values compare with the reference compound, acetic acid.

pKa = 4.75

CH3 C OH

CH2 C OH

Br CH2 C OH

CH2 C OH

•The next table shows the effect on acidity that results from multiple substitution. Both electron-withdrawing and electron-releasing examples are included.

•Again, acetic acid is used as a reference.

pKa = 4.75

CH3 C OH

Cl CH2 C OH

Cl CH C OH

Cl C C OH

CH3 CH2 C OH

CH3 CH C OH

CH3 C C OH

CH3 C OH

•In the next table, the effect of a chlorine substituent on the strength of a benzoic acid is shown.

•The reference compound is benzoic acid.

•-Cl has two competing effects: +R and -I

•In the case of the chloro group, the -I effect is larger than the +R effect, so we see the -I effect. As the chloro group moves farther away from the carboxyl group, the acid becomes weaker.

•In the case of the nitro substituent, both the inductive and resonance effects are electron-withdrawing (acid strengthening).

•But the nitro group is more effective from the para position than from the meta position. This is because the resonance effect is contributing in the para position.

pKa = 2.92

Benzoic Acid: pKa = 4.19

•In the next example, we see the larger +R effects of the methoxy and hydroxy groups predominating over the smaller -I effects.

•We can see that the substituted benzoic acids are significantly weaker when the -OH or -OCH3 groups are in the para positions than when they are in the meta positions (where the +R effect is not significant).

•But we see that when we compare the two ortho-substituted benzoic acids, there is an anomaly.

•ortho-Hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) is much stronger than we would predict.

pKa = 4.08

When there is a hydroxy group ortho to the carboxylic acid functional group, the carboxylate ion is stabilized through intramolecular hydrogen bonding.

•Finally, we see the acid-weakening effect (both +R and +I) of a methyl substituent.

•When the methyl group is in the para position, it is more effective in weakening the benzoic acid. This is because the +R effect is operating from the para position (when the methyl group is in the meta position, we only see the +I effect).

pKa = 4.27 4.36

WWU- Chemistry Substituent Effects on the Acidities of Carboxylic Acids.

Documents

Transcript of WWU- Chemistry Substituent Effects on the Acidities of Carboxylic Acids.

WWU -- Chemistry What happens when there is a substituent already present? Where does the second substitution go? Is the attack by the second electrophile.

Ossy Resorb Substituent Osos

Computational Studies of Gas-Phase Peptide Acidities and ......1 Computational Studies of Gas-Phase Peptide Acidities and Decomposition Mechanisms Ashley S. McNeill*, Michele L. Stover,

WWU Chemistry INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY. WWU Chemistry.

The UniversiTy of MünsTer (WWU) · The UniversiTy of MünsTer (WWU) Founded in 1780, the University of Münster (WWU) is a university with tradition. 43,000 students, 3,500 international

Substituent Effects on the Sol-Gel Chemistry of ... · Substituent Effects on the Sol-Gel Chemistry of Organotrialkoxysilanes ... The remaining substituent is an organic group attached

WWU-Chemistry Aromatic Substitution Electrophilic.

Banks Thesis - WWU

Weather Station - WWU Electronic Engineering

14: Substituent Effects - people.chem.ucsb.edu · effects of substituent variation ... Substituent Effects on Acidity Constants (14.2A) Organic chemists have examined how substitutents

WWU NWACC Final Report

Computational Investigation on Substituent and Solvent ...article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijctc.20150306... · Computational Investigation on Substituent and Solvent

MANAGING PUBLIC RECORDS @ WWU: E-MAIL Tony Kurtz WWU Archives & Records Center x3124.

Substituent interference on supramolecular assembly in ... · Substituent interference on supramolecular assembly in urea gelators: synthesis, structure prediction and NMR† Francesca

Synthesis, assessment of substituent effect and ...

WWU statistical yearbook 2011 - uni-muenster.de · 9 < // 01 profile // Lesezeichen > Budget € 559,300,000 total budget of WWU in 2011 Research at WWU – “Finger on the

Substituent Effects on the Electrochemical, Spectroscopic ...

Gas-phase acidities of cysteine-polyglycine peptides: The effect … · Gas-Phase Acidities of Cysteine-Polyglycine Peptides: The Effect of the Cysteine Position ... 319.2 2.3 kcal/mol

CAPE CHEMISTRY UNIT 2-Comparing Acidities

Year Seven Self-Evaluation Report - WWU