JEFFREY A. LUCERO

A.H.Sc.Ed., B.Sc.N., R.N.

Theory, Review of Related

Literature, and Conceptual

Framework

Theory

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Theory

Knowledge of science or art derivedfrom such study and speculation(Webster, 2000)

A hypothesis that has been tested fornumerous times (Venzon, 2004)

An integrated set of definedconcepts and statements thatpresent a view of a phenomenonand can be used to describe,explain, predict, and control thatphenomenon (Burns & Grove, 2007)

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Theories are abstract rather

than concrete.

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Functions of Theories in Research

It identifies parameters for the

study

It guides data collection

It provides perspective in he

interpretation of data to enable

the researcher to structure facts

into an orderly system

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Review of Related Literature

Part of research where the

researcher gathers, compiles, and

synthesizes information from

various sources.

This gathered information then

serves as the theoretical

foundation towards solving the

research problem

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Review of Related Literature

(cont’d.)

It answers the question: What has

been done relative to the problem

at hand?

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Related Literature

vs.

Related Studies

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Related Literature

Any material, information, or article

fund in books, magazines,

periodicals, encyclopedias, journals,

newspapers, and other publications

These are related to the existing

problem and they may be classified

as either local which are printed in

the country, or foreign, if printed

abroad.

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Speeches

Letters

Diaries

Bulletin

Circulars

Reports

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Provided that

it meets the

required

expression for

it to be called

as literature

Related Studies

Studies, inquiries, or investigations

that are already conducted to

which the present proposed study

is related or has some bearing or

similarity.

Investigations that are usually

unpublished materials

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Importance of Related

Literature and Studies

They help or guide the researcher in

searching for or selecting a better

research problem or topic.

They help the investigator

understand his topic or research

better.

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Importance of Related

Literature and Studies

(cont’d.)

They ensure that there will be no

duplication of other studies.

They help and guide the researcher

in locating more sources of related

information.

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Importance of Related

Literature and Studies

(cont’d.)

They help and guide the researcher

in making his research design

They help and guide the researcher

in making comparison between his

findings with the findings of other

researchers on similar studies.

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Sources of Review Materials

Experimentation

First-hand Investigation

Doctoral dissertation and

Monographs in Professional

Journals

Annual Reports of Research

Institutions, Government Offices,

and Agencies

Textbooks

Encyclopedia

Magazines and Newspapers

Internet Articles

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Criteria on Evaluating

Materials for RRL

Accuracy and Dependability

Up-to-Dateness

Suitability for Specific Purpose

Authority

Scope

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Criteria on Evaluating

Materials for RRL (cont’d.)

Treatment and Style

Arrangement

Illustrations, Tables, and

Diagrams

The Author

The Publisher

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Where to Locate Sources

Libraries

Government and Private

Offices

Network sites

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Organizing the Review of Related Literature

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Make an outline of the topics to be

presented.

Classify the reviews into topics.

Compare and contrast the findings where

necessary.

If there is no work on the subject matter, a

reasonable review can still be made by

citing related works.

Padded reviews are undesirable.

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Organizing the RRL

Cite results and not tabulated data.

Do not cite the opinion of the author unless it is unessential argument.

State the research findings on your own words to suit the purpose of the paper.

If the information was obtained from a secondary source, check the citation from the original publication.

Citing word for word requires enclosing them in a quotation mark.

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Common Errors in Writing the

Review of Related Literature

We tend to rely on secondary

sources.

We tend to look only at the

findings of different researches.

Overlooking resources on less

developed countries.

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Conceptual Framework

A scheme formulated out of the review

of related literature

Clarifies the relationship between and

among the major variables of the study

The researcher’s own position on the

problem

An explanation of the problem to be

studied after the researcher’s review of

various literatures and studies.

Illustrated in a conceptual paradigm

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Paradigm

A schematic diagram which

depicts the relationship of

variables.

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Use circles

and arrows to

show cause

and effect

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Use boxes

and straight

lines to show

a relationship

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Input Process Output

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Demographic

Profile

Academic

Performance

in English

Intelligence

Quotient

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Student’s

Knowledge

before the

Lesson

Different

techniques in

Teaching

English

Student’s Level

of

Comprehension

End of the Presentation

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