Writing, Listening & Speaking

Chapter 8

Cohen & Cowan

Key Terms

• Process• Prewriting• Drafting• Revising• Editing• Shared writing• Interactive writing

• Language usage• Sentence construction• Mechanics• Blog• Strategic listening• Critical listening• Appreciative listening

Writing Supports Reading

1. Use the same intellectual strategies

2. Similar processes

3. Many of the same phonics & spelling skills

Similarities

• Reading– Phonics to decode– Recognize voice– Activate prior

knowledge– Read with purpose

• Writing– Phonics to spell– Write with voice– Activate prior

knowledge– Write with a purpose

The Writing Process

• Prewriting– Purpose & audience– Content plan– Organizational plan– Brainstorm– Web– Drawing– Prompts– Outlining

Process - (continued)

• Drafting• Revising• Conferring• Editing• Publishing

The Writing Workshop

• Beginning Sept. 1– Make time– Keep the schedule– Organize the classroom– Provide materials– Keep track

Writing Rubric

Areas Skills 1Needs much improvement

2

Needs some improvement

3

Good

4

Excellent Total

Content & Organization

Opening and closing are evident

Keeps to central idea

Supports ideas with details

States ideas in a clear sequence

Clear paragraphs with topic sentence

Usage Subject-verb agreement

Skilled Writer - Unskilled Writer

• Prewriting: – Takes notes– Organizes– Discusses with

others– Researches– Constructs AGO’s– Purpose and

Audience

• Prewriting:

– Doesn’t do any or

most of the things the skilled writer does

– Doesn’t plan for audience or purpose

Skilled Writers Unskilled Writers

• Drafting:– Write in style

appropriate to audience

– Frequently re-read– Work with an outline– Take time to get

ideas on paper

• Drafting:– Informal style– Don’t re-read– Don’t use outlines– Little organization– Over-emphasize

spelling, mechanics– Complete in short

time; no-rereading

Skilled Writers Unskilled Writers

• Revising/Editing:– Reread and edit– Make structural

corrections– May ask others to

edit

• Revising/Editing:– Don’t review– Don’t make

corrections– First copy is final

copy– (If re-write, copy

neatly in ink)

Skilled Writers Unskilled Writers

• Fluency:– Writes many words– Easy to read– Focused on topic– Well-crafter

paragraphs

• Fluency:– Few words– Stilted, difficult to

follow– Paragraphs poorly

formed

Skilled Writers Unskilled Writers

– Clear opening and closing

– Logical progression of ideas

– Few or no errors

– Effective punctuation

– No opening or closing

– End abruptly– Text not organized– Content not

developed– Pattern of errors– Hard to read– Many misspellings

Skilled Writers Unskilled Writers

• Rich vocabulary• Variety of words• Complete

Sentences• Varied sentences

• Over-use favorite words

• Use high-frequency words

• Incomplete or simple sentences

• Poorly crafted sentences

The Writing Workshop

Introduction (5 min)

Mini-lesson (10 min)

Independent writing & conferring

(30 min.)

Wrap-up & sharing experiences (5 min)

Writing Strategies for LD Students

• Plenty of time• Use process (with much support)• Interesting topics• Computers, spell check, etc.• Social climate• Frequent conferences

Publish!

Puppets

Assessing Writing

“Errors are our most important teaching tools.”

----James Moffett

Listening

Listening vs. Hearing

“Converts language to meaning

in the mind”

But who is listening?

5 Types of Listening

Discriminative

For details

For Understanding (strategic)

Critical listening (evaluate for validity)

Appreciative

Classroom Instruction

• Read aloud

• Sharing/show-and-tell

• Centers

• Games

• Guided listening instruction

Listening Level

• (IRI)

• Determine a child’s capacity

Speaking

Need to develop speaking skills

• Group work

• Storytelling

• Choral speaking

• Drama

• Structured play

• Learning centers

• Oral reports & presentations