Workload Analysis of a Large-Scale Key-Value Store

Berk Atikoglu, Yuehai Xu, Eitan Fracthenberg, Song Yiang, Mike Paleczny

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Analyze Memcached at Facebook

+284,000,000,000 requests

5 different use cases Workload characteristics, locality,

cache effectiveness

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Why Is Caching Important?

Cache ServersWeb Servers

Database

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Motivation

Understand workload characteristics Identify factors affecting

performance Provide a benchmark for future

studies

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Memcached

Distributed memory caching system Key-value store for small objects

Hash Function

Memcached Servers

Key

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Tracing Methodology

Capture traces through a Linux Kernel Module (LKM)

Process traces with Hive

MemcachedTransport (TCP/UDP)NetworkEthernet

LKM

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Facebook Deployment

Pool Size DescriptionUSR Few User-account status informationAPP Dozens Object metadata of a popular

applicationSYS Few System data on service locationVAR Dozens Server-side browser informationETC Hundreds Nonspecific, general purpose

Contains server related information

Anything that doesn’t belong to a specific pool goes to ETC

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Analysis

Workload Characteristics

Locality, Cache Behavior

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Request Composition> 99.8% GET

GET:UPDATE = 30:1

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Key Size Distribution90% of VAR keys are 31B

USR keys are 16B or 21B

ETC is heterogeneous

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Value Size DistributionUSR values are only 2B

90% of values are smaller than 500B

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Value Size Dist. By Overall Weight

90% of data is generated by values of 500B or smaller except ETC

90% is 10KB or smaller values for ETC

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Request Rate Over TimeAll pools show diurnal pattern except SYS

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Request Rate Over Time (ETC)

Night time in Western Semiphere

North America starts its day

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Analysis

Workload Characteristics

Locality, Cache Behavior

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Repeating Keys0.0003% of keys in 10% of requests in ETC

1% of keys in 55% of requests in ETC

Least frequent 50% of keys in 1% of requests in ETC

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Locality Over Time

USR APP ETC VAR SYS020406080

100

% of unique keys out of total in unit time

5min 60min

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Reuse Period of Keys99.9% of SYS keys are reused in 1hr

88.5% of ETC keys are reused in 1hr

96.4% of ETC keys are reused in 6hr

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Hit Rate98.2% 92.9% 81.4%

93.7% 98.7%

Why?

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Causes of ETC Cache Misses

Compulsory

Capacity

Invalidation

70% 22% 8%

81%

13%4% 2%hit miss: compulsory miss: capacity

miss: invalidation

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Conclusion

Analyzed 5 different memcached use cases

Different applications of memcached have extreme variations in access patterns

Answered pertinent questions to improve Facebook’s memcached usage

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Thank You

Questions?