Post on 14-Aug-2015
WORK STUDY-WORK STUDY-METHOD,TIME STUDYMETHOD,TIME STUDY
Hareesh.MHareesh.M
I.D.NO:2014600120I.D.NO:2014600120
INTRODUCTION
With increasing complexities of the technological world,
need to simplify the work system has been increasing day
by day. Work study is an area of knowledge that addresses the
problem of work simplification with the basic objectives of
PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT, PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT,
HUMAN COMFORT & SAFETYHUMAN COMFORT & SAFETY
o
Work Study-Definition
“Work study is defined as that body of knowledge
concerned with the analysis of the work methods
and the equipment used in performing a job, the
design of an optimum work method and the
standardization of proposed work methods.”
Work StudyThe systematic examination of the method of carrying on activities so as to improve the effective use of resources and to set up standards of performance for the activities being carried out.
Method StudySystematic recording and critical examination of existing and proposed ways of doing work, as a means of developing and applying easier and more effective methods and reducing cost
The main purpose of method study is to eliminate the unnecessary operations and to achieve the best method of performing the operation
Method Study ( Steps) Select job/process to be examined & observe current
performance • high process cost, bottlenecks, tortuous route, low
productivity, erratic quality Record & document facts
• activities performed• operators involved - how etc• equipment and tools used• materials processed or moved
Apply critical examination - challenge job components & necessity (purpose, place, sequence, method).
Develop alternative methods & present proposals Document as base for new work system Install, monitor (slippage) & maintain
Method Study (Objectives)Improvement in use of all inputsEconomy in human effort Layout improvementImprovement in design of plant and
machineryImprovement in safety standards and
proceduresBetter working environment
Method Study ( Facilitating Factors)High operating costHigh wastage & scrapExcessive movement of materials and workmenExcessive production bottlenecksExcessive rejections and reworkComplaints about qualityComplaints about poor working conditionIncreasing number of accidentsExcessive use of overtime
Work Study (Benefits)Increased productivity and increased efficiencyReduced manufacturing costsImproved work place layoutBetter manpower planning and capacity planningFair wages to employeesBetter working conditions for employeesImproved workflowReduced material handling costsBetter industrial relations and employee moraleProvides better job satisfaction to employees
Work MeasurementThe application of technique designed to establish time for a qualified worker to carry out a task at a defined rate of working at a defined level of performance
Fair Day’s work
Work MeasurementWhy define/measure work?
standard, reliable methodscontrol performance & qualityobtain predictabilitydefined labour costs & performanceset pay rates & provide data for effort-reward
relationshipWhy set standard times
assumptions about competent, motivated workers
be clear about "allowances" & fatigue
Work Measurement (Objectives)Finding ineffective time in an activitySetting standards (norms) for output levelPerformance evaluation – capability managementCapacity management Comparing work methodsScheduling – facility operationsEstablishing wage incentives schemes
Work Measurement (Techniques)Stop – watch time studyWork samplingPredetermined times standardsStandard data
Work Study (Opponents)All work is different - idiographic vs/ nomothetic
Work study is obsolete
It is exploitative of workers
It has never been and never will be accepted here
Time Study One of the most common types of work measurement is time
study
For example - PurposeAn international coffee shop chain may want to find out how
long a barista should take to make a specific coffee drink. Some of the stated condition may include using cold milk that needs to be steamed, rather than already steamed milk.
Time StudyObservations A qualified practitioner should observe the employee using a time
measurement device. The observer should also assess the quality of work
Observed Person The observed person in the time study must be fully trained in the
measured task
Time StudiesTime Studies1.1. Define the task to be studiedDefine the task to be studied
2.2. Divide the task into precise elementsDivide the task into precise elements
3.3. Decide how many times to measure the Decide how many times to measure the tasktask
4.4. Time and record element times and Time and record element times and rating of performancerating of performance
Time StudiesTime Studies
5.5. Compute average observed timeCompute average observed time
Average Average observed timeobserved time
Sum of the times recorded to perform Sum of the times recorded to perform each elementeach element
Number of observationsNumber of observations==
6.6. Determine performance rating and Determine performance rating and normal timenormal time
Normal time = Normal time =
Average observed Average observed time Xtime X Performance rating Performance rating
factorfactor
7.7. Add the normal times for each element Add the normal times for each element to develop the total normal time for the to develop the total normal time for the tasktask
8.8. Compute the standard timeCompute the standard time Standard time= total normal time/1-
allowance factor
Time Study Example Time Study Example
Average observed time = 4.0 minutesAverage observed time = 4.0 minutesWorker rating = 85%Worker rating = 85%Allowance factor = 13%Allowance factor = 13%
Normal time = (Average observed time) x (Rating factor)Normal time = (Average observed time) x (Rating factor)
= (4.0)(.85)= (4.0)(.85)
= 3.4 minutes= 3.4 minutes
Standard time = = =Standard time = = =Normal timeNormal time
1 - Allowance factor1 - Allowance factor3.43.4
1 - .131 - .133.43.4.87.87
= 3.9 minutes= 3.9 minutes
Time Study Example -1Time Study Example -1Allowance factor = 15%Allowance factor = 15%
PerformancePerformanceJob ElementJob Element 11 22 33 44 55 RatingRating
(A)(A) Compose and type letterCompose and type letter 88 1010 9 9 21*21* 1111120%120%
(B)(B) Type envelope addressType envelope address 22 33 2 2 1 1 33105%105%
(C)(C) Stuff, stamp, seal, andStuff, stamp, seal, and 22 11 5*5* 2 2 11110%110%
sort envelopes sort envelopes
Cycle Observed (in minutes)Cycle Observed (in minutes)
1.1. Delete unusual or nonrecurring observations (marked with *)Delete unusual or nonrecurring observations (marked with *)2.2. Compute average times for each elementCompute average times for each element
Average time for A = (8 + 10 + 9 + 11)/4 = 9.5 minutesAverage time for A = (8 + 10 + 9 + 11)/4 = 9.5 minutesAverage time for B = (2 + 3 + 2 + 1 + 3)/5 = 2.2 minutesAverage time for B = (2 + 3 + 2 + 1 + 3)/5 = 2.2 minutesAverage time for C = (2 + 1 + 2 + 1)/4 = 1.5 minutesAverage time for C = (2 + 1 + 2 + 1)/4 = 1.5 minutes
Time Study Example S2Time Study Example S2
3.3. Compute the normal time for each elementCompute the normal time for each element
Normal time for A = (9.5)(1.2) = 11.4 minutesNormal time for A = (9.5)(1.2) = 11.4 minutesNormal time for B = (2.2)(1.05) = 2.31 minutesNormal time for B = (2.2)(1.05) = 2.31 minutesNormal time for C = (1.5)(1.10) = 1.65 minutesNormal time for C = (1.5)(1.10) = 1.65 minutes
Normal time = (Average observed time) x (Rating)Normal time = (Average observed time) x (Rating)
4.4. Add the normal times to find the total normal timeAdd the normal times to find the total normal time
Total normal time = 11.40 + 2.31 + 1.65 = 15.36 minutesTotal normal time = 11.40 + 2.31 + 1.65 = 15.36 minutes
Time Study Example S2Time Study Example S2
5.5. Compute the standard time for the jobCompute the standard time for the job
Standard time =Standard time =Total normal timeTotal normal time
1 - Allowance factor1 - Allowance factor
= = 18.07 minutes= = 18.07 minutes15.3615.361 - .151 - .15