4 phases in development of women and gender studies

I. 60s-70s: difference feminismII. 80s: the other womanIII. 80s: masculinityIV. 90s: globalizationV. 2000s: transgender-intersex

I. 60s – 70sGender as a system of difference and domination

gender = set of rules/codes that:

gender = set of rules/codes that

creates 2 kinds of people

anda)

b)

c)

gender = set of rules/codes that creates 2 kinds of

people and:

a) paves way for domination

gender = set of rules/codes that creates 2 kinds of

people and:

a) paves way for domination

b) supports domination

gender = set of rules/codes that creates 2 kinds of

people and:a) paves way for domination

b) supports domination

c) for the purpose of domination

Four key principles:A. B. C. D.

60s - 70s women’s studies

A.focus on difference between women and men

B. C. D.

60s - 70s women’s studies

A.focus on difference between women and men

B. make women’s lives visibleC. D.

60s - 70s women’s studies

A.focus on difference between women and men

B. make women’s lives visibleC. shift perspective from male as

universal to women’s as legitimateD.

60s - 70s women’s studies

A.focus on difference between women and men

B. make women’s lives visibleC. shift perspective from male as

universal to women’s as legitimateD. emphasize links between all women.

sisterhood is global. universal sisterhood

60s - 70s women’s studies

a.b.c.

60s - 70s women’s studies

CRITIQUES

a. generalizations

60s - 70s women’s studies

CRITIQUES

a. generalizationsb. seeing women/men as polar opposites

60s - 70s women’s studies

CRITIQUES

a. generalizationsb. seeing women/men as polar oppositesc. doesn’t allow differences among women

and among men

60s - 70s women’s studies

CRITIQUES

II. 80sChallenges to Universal Sisterhood orCritique by the “other” woman

A. mainstream feminism does not include perspectives of all women – not universal, but representative of a particular privileged p.o.v. (white, middle/upper class, hetero)

80s - Challenges of Other Woman

B. We must examine not just gender alone, but other aspects of identity and how they interact with gender. Intersectionality

80s - Challenges of Other Woman

III.80sMasculinitygender as a system orders not just women’s lives, but men’s as well.

80s - Masculinity

A. B. C.

80s - Masculinity

A. masculinity is not biological but sociological

B. C.

80s - Masculinity

A. masculinity is not biological but sociological

B. power is central to understanding gender: both men’s power over women and men’s power over other men

C.

80s - Masculinity

A. masculinity is not biological but sociological

B. power is central to understanding gender: both men’s power over women and men’s power over other men

C. no single masculinity

IV. 90sGlobalization

90s - Globalization

A. increased study of women and gender relations around the world

B.

90s - Globalization

A. increased study of women and gender relations around the world

B. attention to how increasing global capitalism is shaping women’s lives and gender relations

V. 2000sTransgenderIntersex

2000s - Transgender

Challenge ‘gender’ as fixed, biological, and natural