Non-fiction (though bogus)Crystal Skull, by Jack MacClaren, 1936

Coastal Peru

Mexico

England

Illinois

Map of Mesoamerica

Palenque, temple of the inscriptions

The worst of pseudo-archaeology:Extra-terrestrials in prehistory

King Pakal I, of Palenque.Carved on the lid of his sarcophagus (massivestone casket)

Erich Von Daniken believesthat the carving showsPakal beaming up to aspace ship.

Palace and tower from the Maya ruins of Palenque, Mexico

Continent of the Example Number of examples

Africa 16Asia 12Europe 2North America 11South America 10

Von Daniken’s examples of extra-terrestrial influence show a pattern of racism.Specifically, he gives credit for achievements to Europeans but not to people of other continents

Examples of extra-terrestrial intervention

In other continents, achievements are credited to extra-terrestrial intervention

Nazca River

Nazca lines from thesouth coast of Peru

lines

Trapezoids

Geoglyphs

Experimental archeaology

Preceramic

Initial period

Early Horizon

Late Horizon

Middle Horizon

EarlyIntermediate

LateIntermediate

Colonial

1532 ad

1350 ad

900 ad

600 ad

200 bc

900 bc

2000 bc

Nazca culture

Cahuachi site,Nazca Valley

Preceramic

Initial period

Early Horizon

Late Horizon

Middle Horizon

EarlyIntermediate

LateIntermediate

Colonial

1532 ad

1350 ad

900 ad

600 ad

200 bc

900 bc

2000 bc

Nazca culture

--They are paths for travel--they are parade routes--they have to do with water--they have to do with religion.

Possible explanations of thepurpose of the Nazca lines?

World’s first nuclear bomb tested atWhite Sands Missile Range, June 15, 1945

Landscape of the Whtie Sands missile range

Gran Quivira pueblo

Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico

Pueblo Bonito, New Mexico: 800 rooms

Taos Pueblo, New Mexico

Gran Quivira pueblo

Aggregation