Post on 19-May-2015
Comparative Telecommunications Law
Spring, 2007Prof. Karl Manheim
11: Wireless Telephony
Copyright © 2007
Spring 2007 2
Wireless Telephony - A Primer
A form of 2-way radio communication Each handset is a transmitter and receiver Low-power, short-range
Base stations (cell towers) must be closely spaced
Private networks (PMRS) E.g., transportation companies; public safety
Common carriers (subscribers) (CMRS) Connected to Public Switched Telephone
Network Which serves as the hub for most calls
Except those between subscribers on same network
Spring 2007 3
Comparison of Wireless & Radio
Wireless Telephony Radio CommunicationPoint-to-point Point-to-multipoint
Connects to PSTN Not networked
End user not licensed End user licensed
Secure frequency Open & shared frequency
Duplex (2 channel) Half-duplex (1 channel)
Wireless Telecom Bureau
Mass Media Bureau
Official Glossary
Spring 2007 4
Evolution of Wireless Telephony
Remote PatchesMobile TelephonesCellular (AMPS)Personal Communications Service (PCS)Specialized Mobile Radio (SMR)Third Generation Wireless (3G)
Tutorial 1 Tutorial 2 Tutorial 3
Spring 2007 5
Remote Patch (repeater)
2-way radio connected to a phone 47 CFR § 22.573 widely used by ham (amateur) radio telephone side:
private line connected to PSTN radio side:
private radio service; limited to non-commercial traffic single frequency use
half-duplex
Spring 2007 6
Cell Concept
Frequency reuse low power transmitters allow same frequency
to be reused in small nearby areas
1973 Motorola Patent
Spring 2007 7
Modern Cell NetworkComputerized cell networkbase stations (mobile telephone switching office - MTSO) linked by land lines to form a network;
MTSO intercon-nects with PSTN
graphic
Spring 2007 8
Cell Splitting
• Typical cell sizeTypical cell size• Analog: 1-50kmAnalog: 1-50km• PCS & GSM: < 10kmPCS & GSM: < 10km
Macro, Micro, Pico cells
Spring 2007 9
Spring 2007 10
Wireless TerminologyPMRS Private Mobile Radio Svc (not PSTN connected)
CMRS Commercial Mobile Radio Svc (common carrier)
Cellular (1st Generation) (analog) CMRS (800, 850 Mhz bands)
PCS (US) / GSM (EU) (2nd Gen) (digital) CMRS (1900 Mhz band) (900, 1800 MHz)
2.5 generation broadband: EDGE GPRS
IMT-2000 (3rd Generation - 3G) (digital) Broadband wireless (Int’l Mobile Telecom 2000)
Including UMTS (Europe), W-CDMA (Japan), EV-DO (US)
Spring 2007 11
Advanced Mobile Phone Svc (AMPS)
Cellular in US (47 CFR § 22.900) analog band: 824.04 MHz - 893.7 MHz (70
MHz) Control channels (forward and reverse)
forward: paging channel reverse: registration (ESN, tel #) other control data
Voice channels (forward and reverse) frequency modulation (FM) full duplex Graphic
frequency division duplexing (FDD) Graphic mobile & base on different frequencies separated by a “guard band”
simultaneous 2-way
Spring 2007 12
Cellular Frequencies - US
800 MHz band800 MHz band
Spring 2007 13
Early Cellular Regulation - USCellular treated as common carrier at first, extension of ILEC monopoly “duopoly” after MFJ
2 “facilities-based” cell carriers per market
2 licenses per market (A band, B band) A Band reserved for non-wireline carriers B Band reserved for wireline (i.e., ILECs)
Restrictions on resale prohibited Encourage competition by “value-added”
telcos
Spring 2007 14
Early Cellular Regulation - EUITU Allotments & CEPT Allocations Analog national networks (early 80s) Groupe Special Mobile (GSM) (late 80s)
Council Directive 87/372/EEC Allocation for pan-European digital network Common specification (GSM) enables roaming
Council Resolution 90/C329/09 Members to facilitate mobile use
Interconnection; compensation & tarrifs Promote use in Central Europe
Spring 2007 15
Cellular and EU Open Networks
Council/Parliament Directive 97/33/EC Interconnection requirements
Interoperability, non-discrimination, privacy Compare interconnection in US - cell/PSTN
Right of access Negotiated terms, rates (both FPTN & PMTS) Unbundled access if telco has >25% market share
Principles of transparency & cost orientation (unbundled)
Limited exceptions; not for anti-competitive purpose Universal Service
Subsidy obligations of telcos for public telecom svcs
Spring 2007 16
CMRS/LEC Interconnection - US
Mutual exchange of traffic Calls originating on mobile (wireless) unit
unless calling another mobile unit, MTSO must interconnect with PSTN
Calls originating on wireline (LEC) if calling a mobile unit, LEC must intercon w. MTSO
Compare Europe FPTN & PMTS interconnection obligations
Fixed Public Telephone Network (comp. PSTN)Public Mobile Telephone Service (comp.
CMRS/MTSO)
Spring 2007 17
Personal Com’n Service (PCS)
Broadband PCS 120 MHz in 6 blocks (A-F) Telephony plus other services
data (paging, text) internet (graphics, email)
Narrowband PCS 3 MHz in 12.5-50 KHz blocks general uses
paging & messaging telemetry (remote monitoring of
field equipment) other data
Spring 2007 18
Broadband PCS Frequencies
2 GHz band2 GHz band
Spring 2007 19
Interconnection Fixed to Mobile
Rates in selected non-European countries in USD/minITU 2000 Regulatory Survey
0.293
0.208
0.205
0.078
0.070
0.20
0.047
0.034
0.017
0.293
0.052
0.051
0.042
0.050
0.026
0.047
0.034
0.017
Antigua
Botswana
Philippines
Dom. Rep.
Cambodia
Mexico
Guatemala
Malaysia
Costa Rica
Mobile-to-fixedinterconnect rate
Fixed-to-mobileinterconnect rate
CPP countries
Calling Party Pays (CPP) In US$ per minute.
0.105
0.005
0.020
0.056
0.010
0.020
0.009
0.008
0.008
0.007
0.0012
0.000
0.000
0.008
0.000
0.0096
CPP
RPP
USA
Sri Lanka
Singapore
HK SAR
Canada
China
Mobile-to-fixedinterconnect rate
Fixed-to-mobileinterconnect rate
RPP countries
Average
Receiving Party Pays (RPP) In US$ per minute.
Spring 2007 20
Third Generation Wireless (G3)
Features Bandwidth on demand
Asymmetric rates up to 2 Mbits/sec Multi-use wireless
Data, multimedia NTIA 3G web site
Digital Air Interfaces (advanced multiplexing; CDMA)
Frequency allotment in US Current (approx 210 MHz in various bands) Additional bandwidth needed for buildout
Public Notice NOI
Spring 2007 21
3G Possibilities
Spring 2007 22
Deploying 3G - EUDecision 128/1999/EC Member states to authorize UMTS by 1/1/2000 And deploy UMTS by 1/1/2002 (coord. by
CEPT) Interoperability/interconnection (roaming)
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecom’n System) Mobile multimedia capabilities IP-based services (bandwidth on demand) Full convergence with FPTN
Spring 2007 23
Deploying 3G - EU
Decision 128/1999/EC Relation to Authorization Directive
Is it necessary to limit the number of UMTS users to promote efficient use of frequencies?
If not, UMTS should be unlicensed
Is it still necessary to license 3G wireless?
Spring 2007 24
Deploying 3G - US [FCC 2002]
Band Clearing (reallocation & relocation) Lower 700 Mhz (TV channels 52-59) [FCC 2001] 1710-1755 MHz band relinquished by fed gov’t 2110-2155 MHz previously for fixed microwave These bands have good characteristics for 3G
Per ITU report and coordination request
Creating a new Band Plan Relocation of incumbent users Development of Secondary Markets (R&O 2003)
Spring 2007 25
Comparing 3G in US, Europe, Asia
US (as of 2001) Advanced CMRS up to 144 Kbs (typically 25-
60) GPRS (General Packet Radio Service); EDGE
Band clearing required for further deployment
Japan W-CDMA (wideband CDMA) up to 384 Kbs
Europe GPRS UMTS
Spring 2007 26
Physics of Wireless Broadband
Challenge: Increase information capacity of existing
bands
Background Signal to Noise Ratio
Signal = information encoded onto EM waves intentionally modulated waves
Noise = unencoded waves Unintentional modulations (lack useful information)
Scarcity/interference are products of S/N High S/N ratios needed for “dumb” receivers
Spring 2007 27
Physics of Wireless Broadband
Shannon Information Theory Low S/Ns are useable if bandwidth is high
Achieved through “antenna gain” Achieved through “processing gain” (eg,
addressing) The more sophisticated (costly) the receiver’s processor is,
the lower the power needed & greater the band’s capacity DSS (Direct Sequencing [Digital] Spread Spectrum) is an
example of higher information capacity
Lower power requirements enable the use of micro and pico cells in cell networks
See Yochai Benkler (NYU Law)
Spring 2007 28
Further Advancements in Wireless
Distributed Networking (“Mesh Networks”) “Diversity” or “Cooperation” Gain Each receiver acts as repeater for others
Frequency re-use Adding users adds capacity (as well as demand)
Lowers power requirements
Implications for spectrum management? Is property rights model (licensing) still best? Or has technology (open wireless networks)
removed need for regulation?
Spring 2007 29
Spectrum Flexibility & Deregulation
Open Wireless Networks (per Benkler) Not adopted yet
Non-exclusive Primary Licenses (US) Gov’t : Non-Gov’t
Site-specific coordination required Non-Gov’t : Non-Gov’t
Ad hoc registration priority Because non-exclusive, no competitive
allocation
Secondary Licenses (US) Allows negotiated interference plans
Spring 2007 30
EC v. Luxembourg (ECJ 1999)
Directive 87/372/EEC Requires member states to implement pan-
European GSM frequency bands Transposition by Règlement Grand-Ducal
25/4/97 Court finds this adequate for terrestrial GSM
networks but not for satellite communications