Post on 16-Jul-2015
TOPIC:ROLE OF WIND POWER FOR POWER NEEDS IN INDIA
SELF STUDY COURSE-1
(An Autonomous institute)
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,AITAM,Tekkali
SOURCES OF WIND
Wind is air in motion.
Is the result of the conversion of the potential energy of the atmosphere into kinetic energy due to pressure differential.
Most prominent feature of climatology in INDIA is the monsoon circulation.
Kinetic energy of the wind is about 0.7*10^21 joules
Sites having wind power density greater than 200 W/m2 at 50 m height
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,AITAM,Tekkali
5000 BC
Sailboats used on
the Nile indicate
the power of wind
500-900 AD
First windmills
developed in
Persia
1300 AD
First horizontal-
axis
windmills in
Europe
1850s
Daniel Halladay and
John Burnham build
Halladay Windmill;
start US Wind
Engine Company
Late 1880s
Thomas O. Perry
conducted 5,000
wind experiments;
starts AermotorCompany
1888
Charles F. Brush
used windmill to
generate electricity
in Cleveland, OH
Early 1900s
Windmills in CA
pumped saltwater
to evaporate ponds
1941
In VT, Grandpa’s
Knob turbine
supplies power to
town during WWII
1979
First wind turbine
rated over 1 MW
began operating
1985
CA wind capacity
exceeded 1,000 MW
1993
US WindPower developed
first commercial variable-
speed wind turbine
2004
Electricity from
wind generation
costs 3 to 4.5 cents
per kWh
2011
Wind power provided
over 12% of renewable
energy used in US
History of Wind Energy
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,AITAM,Tekkali
Wind Power
PT = CP 1/2 AV V2
PT wind powerCP power coefficient or efficiency air densityA swept area of wind turbineV wind speed
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,AITAM,Tekkali
Why Wind Energy?
o Clean, zero emissions- NOx, SO2, CO, CO2
- Air quality, water quality
- Climate change
o Reduce fossil fuel dependence- Energy independence
- Domestic energy—national security
o Renewable- No fuel-price volatility
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,AITAM,Tekkali
Renewable Electric Capacity Worldwide
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,AITAM,Tekkali
China Leads the World in Wind Capacity
Top 5 Countries for 2013New Installed Capacity1. China2. Germany3. United Kingdom4. India5. Canada
Total Installed Generating Capacity (MW)
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,AITAM,Tekkali
Turbine Evolution
Used for
• Pumping water
• Grinding grain
Mainly used for
• Generating Electricity
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,AITAM,Tekkali
State-wise Wind Power Installed Capacity
StateGross Potential (MW) Total Capacity (MW) till
31.03.2010
Andhra Pradesh 8968 136
Gujarat 10,645 1864
Karnataka 11,531 1473
Kerala 1171 28
Madhya Pradesh 1019 229
Maharashtra 4584 2078
Orissa 255 -
Rajasthan 4858 1088
Tamil Nadu 5530 4907
Others 4
Total
(All India)48,561 11807
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,AITAM,Tekkali
Modern Wind TurbinesTurbines can be categorized into two classes based on the orientation of the rotor.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,AITAM,Tekkali
Vertical-Axis Turbines
Advantageso Omni-directional
- accepts wind from any direction
o Components can be mounted at ground level
- ease of service
- lighter weight towers
o Can theoretically use less materials to capture the same amount of wind
Disadvantageso Rotors generally near ground
where wind is poorer
o Centrifugal force stresses blades
o Poor self-starting capabilities
o Requires support at top of turbine rotor
o Requires entire rotor to be removed to replace bearings
o Overall poor performance and reliability
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,AITAM,Tekkali
Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines
Small (<10 kW)oHomes
oFarms
oRemote Applications
(e.g., water pumping,
Telecom sites, ice
making)
Large (250 kW-2+ MW)oCentral Station Wind Farms
oDistributed Power
oSchools
Intermediate(10-250 kW)oVillage Power
oHybrid Systems
oDistributed Power
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,AITAM,Tekkali
Large Wind Turbines
Common Utility-Scale Turbines
o 328’ base to blade
o Each blade is 112’
o 200 tons total
o Foundation 20’ deep
o Rated at 1.5-2 megawatts
o Supply about 500 homes
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,AITAM,Tekkali
Wind Turbine Perspective
Nacelle56 tons
Tower3 sections
Workers Blade112’ long
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,AITAM,Tekkali
Potential Impacts and Issues
Property Values
Noise
Visual Impact
Land Use
Wildlife Impact
Properly siting a wind turbine can mitigate many of these issues.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,AITAM,Tekkali
Need of the Hour
1National Plan
A nationwide wind monitoring campaign is to be started at the earliest to have clear picture of wind resource potential of India.
Other alternative is to seek advanced methods of assessment by International Agencies for drawing wind atlas of the country
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,AITAM,Tekkali
Need of the Hour
Off-Shore
•Higher in Indian context and needs to be quantified with advanced techniques at
•Bay of Bengal
•Arabian sea
•around Andamans and Nicobar Ilands, and
•Lakshadeep etc. for wind atlas of the off-shore areas
WMS of 50 metre height and above in
• Himalayan region
• J&K
• Himachal Pradesh
• Laddak
• Thar Desert and
• Aravalis in particular &
• other inland areas in generalDepartment of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,AITAM,Tekkali
Need of the Hour
2Off-Shore
It needs to be quantified the wind energy potential with advanced techniques at several place around the shore line
3National Policy
Efforts at national level for indigenous development of commercial wind turbines is to be initiated.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,AITAM,Tekkali
Need of the Hour
4Massive Efforts
Training the man power for inland and off-shore wind farms, use of latest software and efforts for developing Indian version of wind analysis, simulation and modeling software and wind farm design software
5Education
M.Tech level course on Wind Energy can be started in few Institutes
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,AITAM,Tekkali
Need of the Hour
6Re-Powering
Replacing older, less efficient wind turbines with a smaller number of more powerful recent models
7Targets for Renewable Energy
To develop the necessary regulatory frameworks to expand renewables, including financial frameworks, grid access regulation, planning and administrative procedures.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,AITAM,Tekkali
Need of the Hour
8Specific Policy Mechanism
The market for generated power needs to be clearly defined in national laws, including stable long term fiscal measures that minimize investor’s risk and ensure an adequate returns on investment.
9Electricity Market ReformsRemoval of barriers to market entry, removing subsidies to
fossil fuels and nuclear and the social and environmental costs of polluting energy
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,AITAM,Tekkali