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William Wordsworth 2
siblings, had little involvement with their father, and they would be distant with him until his death in 1783.[3]
Wordsworth's father, although rarely present, did teach him poetry, including that of Milton, Shakespeare and
Spenser, in addition to allowing his son to rely on his own father's library. Along with spending time reading in
Cockermouth, Wordsworth would also stay at his mother's parents house in Penrith, Cumberland. At Penrith,
Wordsworth was exposed to the moors. Wordsworth could not get along with his grandparents and his uncle, and his
hostile interactions with them distressed him to the point of contemplating suicide.
[4]
After the death of their mother, in 1778, John Wordsworth sent William to Hawkshead Grammar School in
Lancashire and Dorothy to live with relatives in Yorkshire; she and William would not meet again for another nine
years. Although Hawkshead was Wordsworth's first serious experience with education, he had been taught to read by
his mother and had attended a tiny school of low quality in Cockermouth. After the Cockermouth school, he was sent
to a school in Penrith for the children of upper-class families and taught by Ann Birkett, a woman who insisted on
instilling in her students traditions that included pursuing both scholarly and local activities, especially the festivals
around Easter, May Day, and Shrove Tuesday. Wordsworth was taught both the Bible and the Spectator, but little
else. It was at the school that Wordsworth was to meet the Hutchinsons, including Mary, who would be his future
wife.[5]
Wordsworth made his debut as a writer in 1787 when he published a sonnet in The European Magazine. That same
year he began attending St John's College, Cambridge, and received his B.A. degree in 1791.[6]
He returned to
Hawkshead for his first two summer holidays, and often spent later holidays on walking tours, visiting places famous
for the beauty of their landscape. In 1790, he took a walking tour of Europe, during which he toured the Alps
extensively, and visited nearby areas of France, Switzerland, and Italy.
Relationship with Annette Vallon
In November 1791, Wordsworth visited Revolutionary France and became enthralled with the Republican
movement. He fell in love with a French woman, Annette Vallon, who in 1792 gave birth to their child, Caroline.
Because of lack of money and Britain's tensions with France, he returned alone to England the next year.[7]
Thecircumstances of his return and his subsequent behaviour raise doubts as to his declared wish to marry Annette, but
he supported her and his daughter as best he could in later life. In 1802, he visited Calais with his sister Dorothy and
met Annette and his daughter Caroline. The purpose of the visit was to pave the way for his forthcoming marriage to
Mary Hutchinson. Afterwards he wrote the poem "It is a beauteous evening, calm and free," recalling his seaside
walk with his daughter, whom he had not seen for ten years. At the conception of this poem, he had never seen his
daughter before. The occurring lines reveal his deep love for both child and mother. The Reign of Terror estranged
him from the Republican movement, and war between France and Britain prevented him from seeing Annette and
Caroline again for several years. There are strong suggestions that Wordsworth may have been depressed and
emotionally unsettled in the mid-1790s.
With the Peace of Amiens again allowing travel to France, in 1802 Wordsworth and his sister, Dorothy, visited
Annette and Caroline in France and arrived at a mutually agreeable settlement regarding Wordsworth's obligations.[7]
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William Wordsworth 3
First publication and Lyrical Ballads
Wordsworth in 1798, about the time he began
The Prelude.[8]
In his "Preface to Lyrical Ballads", which is called the "manifesto" of
English Romantic criticism, Wordsworth calls his poems
"experimental." The year 1793 saw Wordsworth's first published
poetry with the collectionsAn Evening WalkandDescriptive Sketches.
He received a legacy of 900 from Raisley Calvert in 1795 so that he
could pursue writing poetry. That year, he met Samuel Taylor
Coleridge in Somerset. The two poets quickly developed a close
friendship. In 1797, Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy moved to
Alfoxton House, Somerset, just a few miles away from Coleridge's
home in Nether Stowey. Together, Wordsworth and Coleridge (with
insights from Dorothy) produced Lyrical Ballads (1798), an important
work in the English Romantic movement. The volume gave neither
Wordsworth's nor Coleridge's name as author. One of Wordsworth's
most famous poems, "Tintern Abbey", was published in the work,
along with Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner". The second
edition, published in 1800, had only Wordsworth listed as the author,
and included a preface to the poems, which was augmented significantly in the 1802 edition. This Preface to Lyrical
Ballads is considered a central work of Romantic literary theory. In it, Wordsworth discusses what he sees as the
elements of a new type of poetry, one based on the "real language of men" and which avoids the poetic diction of
much eighteenth-century poetry. Here, Wordsworth gives his famous definition of poetry as "the spontaneous
overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility." A fourth and final edition
ofLyrical Ballads was published in 1805.
Germany and move to the Lake District
Wordsworth, Dorothy and Coleridge traveled to Germany in the autumn of 1798. While Coleridge was intellectually
stimulated by the trip, its main effect on Wordsworth was to produce homesickness.[7]
During the harsh winter of
179899, Wordsworth lived with Dorothy in Goslar, and, despite extreme stress and loneliness, he began work on an
autobiographical piece later titled The Prelude. He wrote a number of famous poems, including "The Lucy poems".
He and his sister moved back to England, now to Dove Cottage in Grasmere in the Lake District, and this time with
fellow poet Robert Southey nearby. Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey came to be known as the "Lake Poets".[9]
Through this period, many of his poems revolve around themes of death, endurance, separation and grief.
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Portrait, 1842, by Benjamin Haydon
Marriage and Children
In 1802, after Wordsworth's return from his trip to France with
Dorothy to visit Annette and Caroline, Lowther's heir, William
Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale, paid the 4,000 debt owed to
Wordsworth's father incurred through Lowther's failure to pay his
aide.[10]
Later that year, Wordsworth married a childhood friend, Mary
Hutchinson.[7]
Dorothy continued to live with the couple and grew
close to Mary. The following year, Mary gave birth to the first of five
children, three of whom predeceased William and Mary:
John Wordsworth (18 June 18031875). Married four times:
1. Isabella Curwen (d. 1848) had six children: Jane, Henry, William,
John, Charles and Edward.
2. Helen Ross (d. 1854). No issue.
3. Mary Ann Dolan (d. after 1858) had one daughter Dora (b.1858).
4. Mary Gamble. No issue.
Dora Wordsworth (16 August 18049 July 1847). Married Edward Quillinan
Thomas Wordsworth (15 June 18061 December 1812).
Catherine Wordsworth (6 September 18084 June 1812).
William "Willy" Wordsworth (12 May 18101883). Married Fanny Graham and had four children: Mary Louisa,
William, Reginald, Gordon.
Autobiographical work and Poems in Two Volumes
Wordsworth had for years been making plans to write a long philosophical poem in three parts, which he intended tocall The Recluse. He had in 179899 started an autobiographical poem, which he never named but called the "poem
to Coleridge", which would serve as an appendix to The Recluse. In 1804, he began expanding this autobiographical
work, having decided to make it a prologue rather than an appendix to the larger work he planned. By 1805, he had
completed it, but refused to publish such a personal work until he had completed the whole of The Recluse. The
death of his brother, John, in 1805 affected him strongly.
The source ofWordsworth's philosophical allegiances as articulated in The Prelude and in such shorter works as
"Lines composed a few miles above Tintern Abbey" has been the source of much critical debate. While it had long
been supposed that Wordsworth relied chiefly on Coleridge for philosophical guidance, more recent scholarship has
suggested that Wordsworth's ideas may have been formed years before he and Coleridge became friends in the mid
1790s. While in Revolutionary Paris in 1792, the twenty-two year old Wordsworth made the acquaintance of the
mysterious traveller John "Walking" Stewart (17471822),[11]
who was nearing the end of a thirty-years'
peregrination from Madras, India, through Persia and Arabia, across Africa and all of Europe, and up through the
fledgling United States. By the time of their association, Stewart had published an ambitious work of original
materialist philosophy entitled The Apocalypse of Nature (London, 1791), to which many of Wordsworth's
philosophical sentiments are likely indebted.
In 1807, hisPoems in Two Volumes were published, including "Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections
of Early Childhood". Up to this point Wordsworth was known publicly only for Lyrical Ballads, and he hoped this
collection would cement his reputation. Its reception was lukewarm, however. For a time (starting in 1810),
Wordsworth and Coleridge were estranged over the latter's opium addiction.[7]
Two of his children, Thomas and
Catherine, died in 1812. The following year, he received an appointment as Distributor of Stamps for Westmorland,
and the 400 per year income from the post made him financially secure. His family, including Dorothy, moved to
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William Wordsworth 5
Rydal Mount, Ambleside (between Grasmere and Rydal Water) in 1813, where he spent the rest of his life.[7]
The Prospectus
In 1814 he published The Excursion as the second part of the three-part The Recluse. He had not completed the first
and third parts, and never would. He did, however, write a poetic Prospectus to "The Recluse" in which he lays out
the structure and intent of the poem. The Prospectus contains some of Wordsworth's most famous lines on the
relation between the human mind and nature:
My voice proclaims
How exquisitely the individual Mind
(And the progressive powers perhaps no less
Of the whole species) to the external World
Is fitted:--and how exquisitely, too,
Theme this but little heard of among Men,
The external World is fitted to the Mind.
Some modern critics recognize a decline in his works beginning around the mid-1810s. But this decline was perhaps
more a change in his lifestyle and beliefs, since most of the issues that characterize his early poetry (loss, death,
endurance, separation and abandonment) were resolved in his writings. But, by 1820, he enjoyed the success
accompanying a reversal in the contemporary critical opinion of his earlier works. Following the death of his friend
the painter William Green in 1823, Wordsworth mended relations with Coleridge.[12]
The two were fully reconciled
by 1828, when they toured the Rhineland together.[7]
Dorothy suffered from a severe illness in 1829 that rendered
her an invalid for the remainder of her life. In 1835, Wordsworth gave Annette and Caroline the money they needed
for support.
The Poet Laureate and other honorsWordsworth received an honorary Doctor of Civil Law degree in 1838 from Durham University, and the same honor
from Oxford University the next year.[7]
In 1842 the government awarded him a civil list pension amounting to 300
a year. With the death in 1843 of Robert Southey, Wordsworth became the Poet Laureate. He initially refused the
honour, saying he was too old, but accepted when Prime Minister Robert Peel assured him "you shall have nothing
required of you" (he became the only laureate to write no official poetry). When his daughter, Dora, died in 1847, his
production of poetry came to a standstill.
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Death
Gravestone of William Wordsworth, Grasmere,
Cumbria
William Wordsworth died by re-aggravating a case of pleurisy on 23
April 1850, and was buried at St. Oswald's church in Grasmere. His
widow Mary published his lengthy autobiographical "poem to
Coleridge" as The Prelude several months after his death. Though this
failed to arouse great interest in 1850, it has since come to be
recognized as his masterpiece.
Major works
Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Other Poems (1798)
"Simon Lee"
"We are Seven"
"Lines Written in Early Spring"
"Expostulation and Reply"
"The Tables Turned"
"The Thorn"
"Lines Composed A Few Miles above Tintern Abbey"
Lyrical Ballads, with Other Poems (1800)
Preface to the Lyrical Ballads
"Strange fits of passion have I known"[13]
"She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways"[13]
"Three years she grew"[13]
"A Slumber Did my Spirit Seal"[13]
"I travelled among unknown men"[13]
"Lucy Gray"
"The Two April Mornings"
"Nutting"
"The Ruined Cottage"
"Michael"
"The Kitten At Play"
Poems, in Two Volumes (1807)
"Resolution and Independence"
"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" Also known as "Daffodils"
"My Heart Leaps Up"
"Ode: Intimations of Immortality"
"Ode to Duty"
"The Solitary Reaper"
"Elegiac Stanzas"
"Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802"
"London, 1802"
"The World Is Too Much with Us"
The Excursion (1814)
The Prelude (1850) Guide to the Lakes (1810)
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Upon Westminster bridge
Further reading
Hunter Davies, William Wordsworth-A Biography, Frances Lincoln Ltd,London,2009 ISBN 978-0-7112-3045-3
Emma Mason, The Cambridge Introduction to William Wordsworth (Cambridge University Press, 2010) [14]
M.R. Tewari, One Interior LifeA Study of the Nature of Wordsworth's Poetic Experience, (New Delhi: S.
Chand & Company Ltd, 1983)
Report to Wordsworth Written by Boey Kim Cheng, as a direct reference to his poems Composed Upon
Westminster Bridge and The World is too Much with us
External links
General information and biographical sketches
Biography and Works[15]
Works by or about William Wordsworth[16]
in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Romanticon: Wordsworth's Corpus Reflects the Growth of a Conservative's Mind[17]
; City Journal, Summer2009
Short biographical sketch by Glenn Everett[18]
Wordsworth's hidden arguments[19]
: an article in the TLS[20]
by Dan Jacobson, 31 October 2007
Worsworth's links with Claines, Worcester[21]
Wordsworth and the Lake District[22]
Wordsworth's Grave[23]
Wordsworth and the Lake District[24]
The Wordsworth Trust[25]
Romantic Circles: Editions & articles on Wordsworth and other authors of the Romantic period[26]
Hawkshead Grammar School Museum [27]
Books
Anonymous; Wordsworth at Cambridge. A Record of the Commemoration Held at St Johns College, Cambridge
in April 1950; Cambridge University Press, 1950 (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009, ISBN
978-1-108-00289-9)
Mallaby, George, Wordsworth: a Tribute (1950)
Wordsworth's works
Works by William Wordsworth[28]
at Bartleby.com (HTML)
Works by William Wordsworth[29]
at Internet Archive (scanned books original editions color illustrated)
Works by William Wordsworth[30]
at Project Gutenberg (plain text and HTML) Poems by William Wordsworth
[31]
Selected Poems by W.Wordsworth[32]
Selected Works at Poetry Index[33]
Biography and Works[15]
Poetry Archive: 166 poems of William Wordsworth[34]
To Toussaint Louverturepoem by William Wordsworth[35]
Extensive Information on Wordsworth's Poem,Lines Written a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey[36]
Britain Unlimited's page on William Wordsworth[37]
http://www.britainunlimited.com/Biogs/wordsworth.htmhttp://www.thetalisman.org.uk/tintern/index.htmhttp://thelouvertureproject.org/wiki/index.php?title=To_Toussaint_Louverture_-_poem_by_Wordsworthhttp://www.sanjeev.net/poetry/wordsworth-william/index.htmlhttp://www.online-literature.com/wordsworthhttp://www.poetry-index.net/WilliamWordsworth_/Index.htmlhttp://www.poetseers.org/the_romantics/william_wordsworth/libraryhttp://www.blackcatpoems.com/w/william_wordsworth.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_Gutenberghttp://www.gutenberg.org/author/William_Wordsworthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archivehttp://www.archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3Awilliam%20wordsworth%20-contributor%3Agutenberg%20AND%20mediatype%3Atextshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bartleby.comhttp://www.bartleby.com/145/wordchrono.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Mallaby_%28public_servant%29http://www.hawksheadgrammar.org.uk/http://www.rc.umd.edu/http://www.wordsworth.org.uk/http://www.visitcumbria.com/wilword.htmhttp://www.poetsgraves.co.uk/wordsworth.htmhttp://www.english-lakes.com/william_wordsworth.htmlhttp://www.clainesfriends.org.uk/wordsworth.htmlhttp://www.the-tls.co.uk/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/article2779499.ecehttp://www.victorianweb.org/previctorian/ww/bio.htmlhttp://www.city-journal.org/2009/19_3_wordsworth.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WorldCathttp://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-6595http://www.online-literature.com/wordsworthhttp://www.cup.cam.ac.uk/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521721479http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upon_Westminster_bridge7/31/2019 William Wordworth
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William Wordsworth 8
References
[1] "Wordsworth House" (http://www.imagesofengland. org. uk/details/default.aspx?id=71716),Images of England(English Heritage), ,
retrieved 21 December 2009
[2] Appendix A (Past Governors) of Allport, D. H. & Friskney, N. J. "A Short History of Wilson's School", Wilson's School Charitable Trust,
1986.
[3] Moorman 1968 pp. 57.
[4] Moorman 1968:913.[5] Moorman 1968:1518.
[6] Wordsworth, William (http://venn. lib. cam. ac.uk/cgi-bin/search.pl?sur=&suro=c& fir=&firo=c& cit=&cito=c&c=all&
tex=WRDT787W& sye=&eye=& col=all&maxcount=50) in Venn, J. & J. A.,Alumni Cantabrigienses, Cambridge University Press, 10 vols,
19221958.
[7] (http://www.victorianweb.org/previctorian/ww/bio.html) Everett, Glenn, "William Wordsworth: Biography" Web page at The Victorian
Web Web site, accessed 7 January 2007
[8] " The Cornell Wordsworth Collection (http://rmc. library. cornell. edu/collections/wordsworth. html)". Cornell University. Retrieved on 13
February 2009.
[9] See:Recollections of the Lake Poets.
[10] Moorman 1968 p. 8
[11] Kelly Grovier, "Dream Walker: A Wordsworth Mystery Solved", Times Literary Supplement, 16 February 2007
[12] Gentlemans Magazine|Sylvanus Urban- 1823
[13] M. H. Abrams, editor ofThe Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Romantic Period, writes of these five poems: "This and the four
following pieces are often grouped by editors as the 'Lucy poems,' even though 'A slumber did my spirit seal' does not identify the 'she' who is
the subject of that poem. All but the last were written in 1799, while Wordsworth and his sister were in Germany, and homesick. There has
been diligent speculation about the identity of Lucy, but it remains speculation. The one certainty is that she is not the girl of Wordsworth's
'Lucy Gray'" (Abrams 2000).
[14] http://www.cup.cam. ac.uk/us/catalogue/catalogue. asp?isbn=9780521721479
[15] http://www.online-literature.com/wordsworth
[16] http://worldcat. org/identities/lccn-n79-6595
[17] http://www.city-journal. org/2009/19_3_wordsworth. html
[18] http://www.victorianweb.org/previctorian/ww/bio.html
[19] http://entertainment. timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/article2779499. ece
[20] http://www.the-tls.co. uk
[21] http://www.clainesfriends.org. uk/wordsworth.html
[22] http://www.english-lakes.com/william_wordsworth.html
[23] http://www.poetsgraves.co.uk/wordsworth.htm
[24] http://www.visitcumbria.com/wilword.htm
[25] http://www.wordsworth.org. uk
[26] http://www.rc.umd.edu/
[27] http://www.hawksheadgrammar. org. uk
[28] http://www.bartleby. com/145/wordchrono. html
[29] http://www.archive.org/search.
php?query=creator%3Awilliam%20wordsworth%20-contributor%3Agutenberg%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts
[30] http://www.gutenberg. org/author/William_Wordsworth
[31] http://www.blackcatpoems.com/w/william_wordsworth.html
[32] http:/
/
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[36] http://www.thetalisman.org. uk/tintern/index.htm
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http://www.britainunlimited.com/Biogs/wordsworth.htmhttp://www.thetalisman.org.uk/tintern/index.htmhttp://thelouvertureproject.org/wiki/index.php?title=To_Toussaint_Louverture_-_poem_by_Wordsworthhttp://www.sanjeev.net/poetry/wordsworth-william/index.htmlhttp://www.poetry-index.net/WilliamWordsworth_/Index.htmlhttp://www.poetseers.org/the_romantics/william_wordsworth/libraryhttp://www.blackcatpoems.com/w/william_wordsworth.htmlhttp://www.gutenberg.org/author/William_Wordsworthhttp://www.archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3Awilliam%20wordsworth%20-contributor%3Agutenberg%20AND%20mediatype%3Atextshttp://www.archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3Awilliam%20wordsworth%20-contributor%3Agutenberg%20AND%20mediatype%3Atextshttp://www.bartleby.com/145/wordchrono.htmlhttp://www.hawksheadgrammar.org.uk/http://www.rc.umd.edu/http://www.wordsworth.org.uk/http://www.visitcumbria.com/wilword.htmhttp://www.poetsgraves.co.uk/wordsworth.htmhttp://www.english-lakes.com/william_wordsworth.htmlhttp://www.clainesfriends.org.uk/wordsworth.htmlhttp://www.the-tls.co.uk/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/article2779499.ecehttp://www.victorianweb.org/previctorian/ww/bio.htmlhttp://www.city-journal.org/2009/19_3_wordsworth.htmlhttp://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-6595http://www.online-literature.com/wordsworthhttp://www.cup.cam.ac.uk/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521721479http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Times_Literary_Supplementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelly_Grovierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recollections_of_the_Lake_Poetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornell_Universityhttp://rmc.library.cornell.edu/collections/wordsworth.htmlhttp://www.victorianweb.org/previctorian/ww/bio.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alumni_Cantabrigienseshttp://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search.pl?sur=&suro=c&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&tex=WRDT787W&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search.pl?sur=&suro=c&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&tex=WRDT787W&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Heritagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Images_of_Englandhttp://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=717167/31/2019 William Wordworth
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Article Sources and Contributors 9
Article Sources and ContributorsWilliam Wordsworth Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=387230514 Contributors: 6afraidof7, A Softer Answer, A little insignificant, A.Ou, A1baines, A8UDI, ABF, AVand,
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributorsfile:William Wordsworth 001.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_Wordsworth_001.jpgLicense: Public Domain Contributors: National Portrait Gallery
File:William Wordsworth at 28 by William Shuter2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_Wordsworth_at_28_by_William_Shuter2.jpgLicense: unknown
Contributors: William Shuter.
File:Benjamin Robert Haydon 002.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Benjamin_Robert_Haydon_002.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Dcoetzee, Diomede,
Emijrp, Goldfritha, Ottava Rima, PKM, Victuallers
File:WilliamWordsworth Grave.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WilliamWordsworth_Grave.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: User:JohnArmagh
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