Post on 26-Mar-2015
Where have we been,
where are we now,
and where are we going?
Graham Davies
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Why look back?
“Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.”
George Santayana (1863-1952)The Life of Reason, Volume 1, 1905.
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Monsters from the past (1)
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Monsters from the past (2)Graham, 1984: Hair was in at this time!
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The ICT4LT website and blog
Created with the aid of European Commission funding, 1999-2000. Regularly updated:http://www.ict4lt.org
Details of all bibliographical references in this slideshow can be found in the Resources Centre at the ICT4LT site.
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Some personal landmarks
• 1976: I began using a computer.• 1979: I wrote my first CALL
program.• 1980: I bought my first computer.• 1985: I sent my first email.• 1994: I began to use the Web.• 2007: I created my first blog.• 2007: I began to use Second Life.
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Landmarks in the history of CALL
• 1980: First conference on CALL: Polytechnic of Central London.
• 1982: CALICO founded.• 1986: EUROCALL set up as an
informal group of CALL enthusiasts.• 1993: EUROCALL established as a
formal professional association.• History of EUROCALL
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Histories of CALL
• Sanders R. (ed.) (1995) Thirty years of Computer Assisted Language Instruction CALICO Journal 12, 4.
• Davies G. (1997) Lessons from the past, lessons for the future: 20 years of CALL.
• Delcloque (2000) History of CALLICT4LT Module 1.4, Section 2.
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CALL typology and phases
ICT4LT Module 1.4, Section 3
Warschauer (1996)Behaviouristic, Communicative, Integrative.
Bax (2003)Restricted, Open, Integrated.
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Dynamic obsolescence
Coren A. (1976) The sanity inspector:“A number of my contemporaries actually chose to
go into the Foreign Office: if they read Arabic at university, they were swooped on by Whitehall and sent to Japan; if they read Japanese, they were sent on a special FO training course to learn German, and subsequently placed in Kampala; if their predilection and brilliance were commercial, they were given posts where political expertise was the sole requirement; if they were geographers, they were despatched to found hospitals or advise on fowl pest. In short, as soon as they had completed the long and arduous process of learning something, it was no longer required. They were in a state of permanent dynamic obsolescence.”
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Disruptive technologies
Christensen C. (1997) The innovator's dilemma:"A disruptive technology is a new technological
innovation, product, or service that eventually overturns the existing dominant technology in the market, despite the fact that the disruptive technology is both radically different from the leading technology and that it often initially performs worse than the leading technology according to existing measures of performance."
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1970s: Prime 300
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1985: Clef - semi-intelligent CALLWeb link
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1980s-1990s: Simulations
•Montevidisco, 1983•Granville, 1986•London Adventure, 1986•EXPODISC, 1990•A la rencontre de Philippe,
1993
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1986: Granville, Cambridge University Press
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1992: Just grandma and meYouTube link
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1993: The tortoise and the hareYouTube link
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1993: The new kid on the block
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1995: Who is Oscar Lake?Web link
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1997: EncountersWeb link
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1993: The Web
See ICT4LT Module 1.5, Section 2
• EUROCALL 93, Hull: no Web
• EUROCALL 94, Karlsruhe: some Web
• EUROCALL 95, Valencia: more Web
• Now: Web 2.0 - nothing but the Web!
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2002: German Steps, BBCWeb link
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2000s: Web 2.0
ICT4LT Module 1.5, Section 2.1
• Image storage and sharing• Social bookmarking • Discussion lists, blogs, wikis, social networking• Chat rooms• MUDs, MOOs and MUVEs• Podcasting• Video sharing• Animation tools - comic strips, movies
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Virtual worlds
ICT4LT Module 1.5, Section 14.2.1
• Davies G. (2009) Virtual worlds: a brief history. Preface to Molka-Danielsen & Deutschmann
• Randall Sadler, Background on virtual worlds• Colossal Cave Adventure, 1976• Multi-User Dungeon, 1978• Habitat by Lucasfilm, 1986• Active Worlds, 1995• Traveler, 1996• Second Life, 2003
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Tour of the EUROCALL HQ in SLYouTube link
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Where are we going?
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Predicting the future
Sam Goldwyn,Founder of MGM:
I never prophesy – especially about the future.
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Historic blunders
• Telephone: This 'telephone' has too many shortcomings to be seriously considered as a means of communication. The device is inherently of no value to us. Western Union internal memo, 1876.
• Radio: The wireless music box has no imaginable commercial value. Who would pay for a message sent to nobody in particular? Anonymous associates in response to David Sarnoff, Founder of RCA, urging for investment in the radio in the 1920s.
• Computer: I think there is a world market for maybe five computers. Thomas Watson, Founder of IBM, 1943.
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1954 vision of a home computer
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Fooled you!
The picture on the last slide is a spoof. It was created by Troels Eklund Andersen, a Danish technical support technician. He started with a picture of a mock submarine manoeuvring room, added an old TV hanging on the wall, a 1970's teletype, and threw in a picture of a hardware store owner from Ohio.
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What is “normal” for you?
• Using email and the Web to keep in touch with people
• Online shopping• Online banking• Checking train timetables• Booking flight tickets• Making hotel reservations• Checking on the weather• Keeping up with the news• Using the Web as a library• Sending birthday cards via the Web• Ordering our milk and paying our milkman online
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10 things that became obsolete in the last decade
1. Dial-up modems2. 35mm film3. Printed maps4. Audiocassettes and videocassettes5. Audio CDs6. Public payphones7. Fax8. Backing up data on floppies or CDs9. Receiving printed bills by post10.Losing touch with friends and relatives
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The Gartner hype cycle
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Enter the smartphone
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Small is beautiful
• Shield & Kukulska-Hulme (2008) Mobile
Assisted Language Learning (MALL),
ReCALL Special Issue: 20, 3.
• Wired Magazine, 17 August 2010: The
Web is dead. Long live the Internet: http://www.wired.com/magazine/2010/08/ff_webri
p/
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The future is 3D: BBC Virtual RevolutionWeb link
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Shared media at the EUROCALL HQ in SLYouTube link
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What lessons have we learned?
• Levy (1997)
• Davies (1997)
• Decoo (2001)
• Felix (2003)
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Levy (1997)
Computer Assisted Language Learning: context and conceptualization (1997)
“Data Driven Learning was the only new approach to language teaching that was cited by survey respondents as a direct result of the attributes of the computer. In other words, this approach has been conceived with the computer in mind.”
Total Cloze (Storyboard, Fun with Texts) could also have been mentioned.
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Davies (1997)
Lessons from the past, lessons for the future: 20 years of CALL (1997)
• Don’t regard technology as the panacea.
• Learn from the past.
• Don’t neglect training in using new technologies.
• Choose hardware and software that will last a few years.
• Open up to new ideas. Use your imagination.
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Decoo (2001)
On the mortality of language learning
methods (2001)
A methodology is quite short-lived - roughly
equivalent to the average career span of a
teacher. Publishers of ICT materials tend to follow
the current methodology.
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Felix (2003)
Teaching languages online: deconstructing the myths (2003)
• Saves time – no.
• Saves money – no.
• Saves staff – no.
• It’s a more effective way of learning - maybe?