When reporting the results, the Independent Variable is graphed on the X-axis. The Dependent variable is on the Y-axis.

DRY MIX = Dependent Responding Variable on Y-axisManipulated Independent Variable on X-axis

Amount of Water

Gro

wth

in

mm

Tables• Used to organize

information• List information in

columns or rows• Show relationships

between two or more variables

• Pay close attention to the headings and the units

Amount of Oxygen that can be Dissolved in Water

Water Temperature (°C)

Oxygen Content (ppm)

10 11.29

15 10.10

20 9.11

25 8.27

30 7.56

Table A1. What happens as the water temperature rises?

Tables• Used to organize

information• List information in

columns or rows• Show relationships

between two or more variables

• Pay close attention to the headings and the units

Amount of Oxygen that can be Dissolved in Water

Water Temperature (°C)

Oxygen Content (ppm)

10 11.29

15 10.10

20 9.11

25 8.27

30 7.56

Table A1. What happens as the water temperature rises?

As the water temperature (IV) rises, the oxygen content (DV) decreases.

1. The table shows times required for water to evaporate from identical containers. Which of these is the best question to ask before developing a reasonable hypothesis to explain the data?

A Does a lower temperature slow the rate of evaporation?

B What is the boiling point of the water after both samples are heated?

C Why does water exist as a solid at -15°C and as a liquid at 25°C?

D How does the rate of evaporation change when a different container is used?

The table shows data taken to investigate temperature and the evaporation of water.

Table B

The table shows times required for water to evaporate from identical containers. Which of these is the best question to ask before developing a reasonable hypothesis to explain the data?

A Does a lower temperature slow the rate of evaporation?

B What is the boiling point of the water after both samples are heated?

C Why does water exist as a solid at -15°C and as a liquid at 25°C?

D How does the rate of evaporation change when a different container is used?

The table shows data taken to investigate temperature and the evaporation of water.

Table B

What would be the best conclusion based on these observations?A. Compost can be made by combining soil, plant matter, nutrients, and

water.B. The most important ingredient in making compost is microorganisms.C. Nitrogen is made from increased oxygen during the process of making

compost.D. The resulting change in the compost over time was caused by the rise in

temperature.

1. A compost pile was observed for a period of several weeks. Data was taken which included temperature, color an odor. In the middle of week 2, microorganisms were added.

Week Temp (oC)

Color Odor

1-5

1 20 Brown 1

2 20 Brown 2

3 35Dark

Brown3

4 45 Black 5

Compost CharacteristicsTable C

AnalysisAnswer B

A. Compost can be made, by combining soil, plant matter, nutrients, and water. What makes compost is not relevant to the information

B. The most important ingredient in making compost is microorganisms. When microorganisms were added, the compost changes were observed. Up to that point, no changes were observed.

C. Nitrogen is made from increased oxygen during the process of making compost. Nitrogen was not observed in the observations

D. The resulting change in the compost over time was caused by the rise in temperature. The rise in temperature was an observation but what effect it had on the compost was not observed. The rise in temperature occurred after the microorganisms were added.

Inference

• An explanation for an event based on past experiences.

EXAMPLE: You walk outside and notice puddles in the street and the grass and shrubs are wet.

WHAT CAN YOU INFER?WHAT CAN YOU INFER?

Based on past observations, you might infer that it rained last night. Although you did not actually see it raining, past observations have allowed you to infer why the puddles and wet lawn were present.

Speed of Sound Through Different MediaMaterial Speed of

Sound (m/s)

Silver 3650

Water 1520

Copper 3100

Nickel 4900

Wood 3850

1. Study the table, shown to the left. Which of the following inferences, is correct?

A. Sound moves faster through water as compared to nickel and copperB.Sound moves faster through copper as compared to wood and silverC.Sound moves slower through silver as compared to copper and nickel.D.Sound moves slower through water as compared to copper and silver.

Inferences

Speed of Sound Through Different MediaMaterial Speed of

Sound (m/s)

Silver 3650

Water 1520

Copper 3100

Nickel 4900

Wood 3850

Study the table, shown to the left. Which of the following inferences, is correct?

D.Sound moves slower through water as compared to copper and silver. (Correct Answer)

Although the chart shows how fast sound is moving through Although the chart shows how fast sound is moving through a substance you can also infer which substance it is a substance you can also infer which substance it is moving slowest through.moving slowest through.

#5.

Extrapolation

Extrapolation is extending the graph, along the same slope, above or below measured data. It is a method used to project, extend, or expand from known data into an area not known. It is used to predict by projecting known data.

TAKE NOTES!

1. What is the boiling point with 8 carbon atoms?

What is the boiling point with 8 carbon atoms?

200 oC

Sol

ubili

ty (

g/10

0g H

2O

• 80.0 g B. 100.0 g C. 102.5 g D. 110.0 g

2. Using the graph below, what is the solubility of KBr at 100oC in 100 g of water?

The correct answer is CS

olub

ility

(g/

100g

H2O

102.5g

Conclusion:1. The data in the table below was collected from counting the heart rate of Daphnia every 15 seconds for one minute. The test was taken for three trials for each caffeine amount and the average was recorded.

What conclusion can be made from the results?

Caffeine drops

(#)

Daphnia Heart rate /15 sec.

0 35

2 36.8

4 38.2

6 38

A. Caffeine will cause the heart rate in Daphnia to increase.

B. The heart rate in animals will increase with caffeine.

C.The more coffee that someone drinks the faster the heart rate.

D.Caffeine will kill Daphnia because the heart beats too quickly.

2. What is the independent and dependent variable?

Conclusion:1. The data in the table below was collected from counting the heart rate of Daphnia every 15 seconds for one minute. The test was taken for three trials for each caffeine amount and the average was recorded.

What conclusion can be made from the results?

Caffeine drops

(#)

Daphnia Heart rate /15 sec.

0 35

2 36.8

4 38.2

6 38

A. Caffeine will cause the heart rate in daphnia to increase.

B. The heart rate in animals will increase with caffeine.

C.The more coffee that someone drinks the faster the heart rate.

D.Caffeine will kill daphnia because the heart beats too quickly.

A. Caffeine (IV) will cause the heart rate (DV) in Daphnia to increase.

Conclusion: 2. The table below shows data observed on one type of rabbit.

At 6 weeks old all the rabbits were black.

What conclusion is best supported by the data?

A. Black rabbits turn white when they reach 5 months of age.B. All male rabbits are tan.C.Male and female rabbits turn different colors as they get

older.D.All the rabbits will eventually turn tan.

Rabbit Age (months)

Coat Color

Gender

1 4 Dark brown

M

2 6 Brown M

3 7 Tan M

4 2 Black F

5 3 Black F

6 5 White F

AnalysisAnswer C

A. Black rabbits turn white when they reach 5 months of age.Not all the rabbits turned white at 5 months.

B. All male rabbits are tan.Not all the males were tan and rabbits older than 5 months were not shown.

C. Male and female rabbits turn different colors as they get older.Observations recorded in the table support this conclusion.

• All the rabbits will eventually turn tan.There is no data to support this conclusion.

Bar Graph – use when ordered pairs are compared that are discrete, such as brand of paper towel. Compare trials and variables.Line Graph – use when different measurements of the same item are recorded over time (continuous). Change over time.Pie Chart – use when pieces of a whole are shown parts of a whole: % No independent/dependent variables!

Types of Graphs

Circle or Pie Graphs• Used to show

percentage of a whole

• Always totals 100%

• See the big picture quickly

1. What is the best way to determine the answer in a question about the pie chart?

2. List the information in the pie chart in a data table – lowest to highest.

3. Where does most of a consumer’s money get spent?

Circle or Pie Graphs• Used to show

percentage of a whole

• Always totals 100%

• See the big picture quickly

1. What is the best way to determine the answer in a question about the pie chart? Look for the largest piece of the “pie” first to find the answer.

2. List the information in the pie chart in a data table – lowest to highest.

3. Where does most of a consumer’s money get spent? Housing

Graduated Cylinder1. Determine the volume (mL) of water in the graduated cylinder?

2. Take a reading of the graduated cylinder on the table. 3. What is the word for the curvature of the liquid?

Graduated Cylinder1. Determine the volume (mL) of water in the graduated cylinder?

2. Take a reading of the graduated cylinder on the table. 3. What is the word for the curvature of the liquid? meniscus

16ml

Measuring MassTriple Beam Balance

Measure 1stMeasure 2nd

Measure 3rd

Add all 3 together

Deduct container mass

Measure container mass

Triple Beam Balance

Observe the metal rectangle.

1. Take a reading of what its mass is.

2. Answer the question on the back of this card.

3.

283 - 98 = 185

Punnett Squares 11. A gardener plans to cross two heterozygous tall pea plants and

wants to predict the phenotypes of the offspring. Draw and complete a Punnett Square. Use the Punnett square to answer the questions.

a. What are the parents’ genotypes?

b. What is the phenotype of the parents?

c. What is the probability of producing short pea plant offspring?

d. What is the probability of producing tall pea plants?

e. What is the ratio of the odds of having a short plant?

Punnett Square 11. A gardener plans to cross two heterozygous tall pea plants and

wants to predict the phenotypes of the offspring. Draw and complete a Punnett Square. Use the Punnett square to answer the questions.

a. What are the parents’ genotypes?

b. What is the phenotype of the parents?

c. What is the probability of producing short pea plant offspring?

d. What is the probability of producing tall pea plants?

e. What is the ratio of the odds of having a short plant?

a. Ttb. Tallc. 25%d. 75%e. 1 in 4

T t

T TT Tt

t Tt tt

Punnett Squares - 2

   B  B

 b  

 b  

  B  b 

B 

b 

GenotypeHomozygous - Black fur - BB ___% Heterozygous - Black fur - Bb ___%Homozygous - Brown fur - bb ___%

PhenotypeBlack fur - ___%Brown fur - ___%

GenotypeHomozygous - Black fur - BB _ _% Heterozygous - Black fur - Bb _ _%Homozygous - Brown fur - bb ___%

PhenotypeBlack fur - ___%Brown fur - ___%

A. B.

PUNNETT SQUARES

   B  B

 b  

 b  

  B  b 

B 

b 

GenotypeHomozygous - Black fur - BB ___% Heterozygous - Black fur - Bb ___%Homozygous - Brown fur - bb ___%

PhenotypeBlack fur - ___%Brown fur - ___%

GenotypeHomozygous - Black fur - BB _ _% Heterozygous - Black fur - Bb _ _%Homozygous - Brown fur - bb ___%

PhenotypeBlack fur - ___%Brown fur - ___%

Both have heterozygous black fur. 1 parent is homozygous black1 parent is homozygous brown

1 parent is heterozygous black and the other is homozygous brown.

BB Bb

BbBb

BbBb

Bb bb

25

2550

1007525

100

Inherited or Environmental Traits

1. Which of these human traits is less likely inherited from parents?

a. Height (short or tall)b. Quality of diet (good or poor)c. Gender (male or female)d. Hair color (light or dark)

2. Classify the listed traits as inherited or environmental. (two)

a. Blinded during an accidentb. Color of eyesc. Skin tanned by sund. Color of hair

1. Which of these human traits is less likely inherited from parents?

a. Height (short or tall)b. Quality of diet (good or poor)c. Gender (male or female)d. Hair color (light or dark)

2. Classify the listed traits as inherited or environmental. (two)

a. Blinded during an accident - Eb. Color of eyes - Ic. Skin tanned by sun - Ed. Color of hair - I

Inherited or Environmental Traits

Cells

1. Is this a plant or animal cell? Explain your answer.2. All living organisms are made of __________.

Cells

1. Is this a plant or animal cell? Explain your answer. Plant – it has a chloroplast.2. All living organisms are made of __________. cell

Body Systems

• Match the types of systems with their function.• Identify the major organ in each system.• Identify if the system is a transportation or movement system.

1. Circulatory a. takes in oxygen for cells;expels carbon dioxide

2. Digestive b. controls all the systems in the body

3. Respiratory c. breaks food down into nutrients for cells to use

4. Excretory d. brings nutrients to every cell in the body

5. Muscular e. gives the body form and shape

6. Skeletal f. allows bones and other body parts to move

7. Nervous g. removes cell waste from body

Body Systems

• Match the types of systems with their function.• Identify the major organ in each system.• Identify if the system is a transportation or movement system.

1. Circulatory - d a. takes in oxygen for cells;expels carbon dioxide

2. Digestive - c b. controls all the systems in the body

3. Respiratory - a c. breaks food down into nutrients for cells to use

4. Excretory - g d. brings nutrients to every cell in the body

5. Muscular - f e. gives the body form and shape

6. Skeletal - e f. allows bones and other body parts to move

7. Nervous - b g. removes cell waste from body

Food Chains1. In this food web, the bacteria probably function as

A producersB herbivoresC decomposers D carnivores

2. Energy used by producers in this grassland food web

is provided by

A. sunlight

B. waterC. oxygenD. carbon dioxide

3. What are non-living parts of this ecosystem?

4. Which food source is needed by more than one organism?

5. Explain the difference in producers, consumers and decomposers.

6. Label each of the organisms in the food chain (producer, consumer, or decomposers).

Food chain key

1. C – decomposer

2. A – sunlight

3. Soil, air, sunlight

4. Grass

5. Producer- produces own food, consumer consumes producers or consumers and a decomposer breaks down the waste

Ecological SuccessionMatch the order of ecological succession with the picture.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

a. Soil becomes richer supporting trees

b. Plants start to grow in soil

c. Organisms die leaving richer soil supported larger plants – shrubs

d. Reaches a stable point of established growth know as a climax community

e. Pioneer species – lichens and mosses – live in area and grow on rocks, releasing acids that break them down over time to form soil

Key Ecological Succession - natural process by which one community of organisms slowly replaces

another is a certain area• E - Pioneer species – lichens and mosses – live in area

and grow on rocks, releasing acids that break them down over time to form soil

• B - Plants start to grow in soil

• C - Organisms die leaving richer soil supported larger plants – shrubs

• A - Soil becomes richer supporting trees

• D - Reaches a stable point of established growth know as a climax community

DE

NS

ITY

1. 2.

Density Key

B

D = M V

Object X

M = 36 = .82 D

V = 39

.82 is less dense than water so it will float – the answer is B.

Object Y

M = 40 = 1.05 D

V = 38

1.05 is more dense than water so it will not float – the answer is C because it is close to the density of water.

1. ____ Antioxidants are used as food preservatives in margarine.

2. ____ White phosphorous glows in the dark.

3. ____ White phosphorous ignites easily.

4. ____ Graphite is a good lubricant.

5. ____ Gold does not react with water.

6. ____ Strontium reacts with water.

7. ____ Gallium has a melting point of about 860 Fahrenheit.

8. ____ Iron rusts when it is exposed to air.

9. ____ Diamonds are the hardest substance known to humankind.

10. ____ Silver is a good conductor of electricity.

Physical or Chemical Changes A

1. _C__ Antioxidants are used as food preservatives in margarine.

2. _P__ White phosphorous glows in the dark.

3. _C__ White phosphorous ignites easily.

4. _P__ Graphite is a good lubricant.

5. _P__ Gold does not react with water.

6. _C__ Strontium reacts with water.

7. _P__ Gallium has a melting point of about 860 Fahrenheit.

8. _C__ Iron rusts when it is exposed to air.

9. _P__ Diamonds are the hardest substance known to humankind.

10. _P__ Silver is a good conductor of electricity.

Physical or Chemical Changes

Physical and Chemical Changes B

1.

2. Which of these observations are chemical?

3.Which of these observations are physical?

Physical and Chemical Changes B

1. What observations are

considered evidence in a chemical change?

2. Which of these observations are chemical?All of them

3.Which of these observations are physical?None of them

•

Atoms #1

1.

2. Explain why.

3. Where is the nucleus in an atom?

Atoms #1

1.

2. Explain why.

3. Where is the nucleus in an atom? In the center

PPPP

NNNNN

EE

EE

+

-

9

Neutral = protons and electrons

Atoms #1Fill in the chart

Atoms #2

He 2

54

5

80

B

Na

26

Xenon

Mercury

Iron

80

2

11

54

6

30

12

NM

M

M

MD

M

NM

Periodic Table – 8.9B• Using the cards, place them in the

appropriate boxes that identifies the structure of the periodic table.

• Label your periodic table. Identify each cards purpose on the periodic table.

• Label the parts of the demo element on the top left hand corner.

• Color in the metalloids on your chart.

Transition Metals

Metalloids

Period or E.L.

Nonmetals

Valence Electron (s)

Halogens

NobleGases

Alk

Met

ALka

Earth

187

Chemical Reactions

9. List the indicators of a chemical reaction.

Chemical Reactions

9. List the indicators of a chemical reaction.

X

X

X

x

Indicators of a Chemical Reaction

Gas FormsSolid forms - precipitateUnexpected color changeEnergy (temperature) change – absorbed or releasedDifferent properties – chemical or physical not easily reversedCan tell by senses - sight, smell, hearing or touchBreaks bonds

CONSERVATION OF MASS -The amount of matter involved in a chemical reaction does not change. The total mass of the reactants must equal the total mass of the products.

Chemical Equations

2 silver atoms

1 sulfur atom

2 hydrogen atoms

How many elements are in this equation?

Compounds

Compounds

X

X

X

X

X

X

XX

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

XX

X

X

FORMULAS

Area = Length x Width (L x W = m2) [squared] amount of surface

Volume = Length x Width x Height = (L x W x H = m3) [cubic] amount of space

Density Speed Force Work Mass = m distance mass x acceleration force x distance Volume = v time

df

w

ts

dm

vD

Density Speed Work

am

F

Force

Simple Machines #1Identify the types of simple machines.

1.

2.

a. Pulleyb. Leverc. Incline planed. Wedge

3.

4.

5. What is the advantage to using simple machines?6. To move a mass you have to apply a _________.

Simple Machines #1Identify the types of simple machines.

1.

2.

a. Pulleyb. Leverc. Incline planed. Wedge

3.

4.

5. What is the advantage to using simple machines?6. To move a mass you have to apply a _________.

c

ab

d

Reduces workForce

Simple Machines #2

Simple Machines #2100 Unbalanced

Move to the right

0Balanced

Will stay still

20

Unbalanced

Move to the right

If a 50 kg person in the middle of an ice skating rink pushes a 20 kg box with a force of 10 N, what will the acceleration be?

50 Kgperson

10 Kgbox

10 NForce

Simple Machines #3

If a 50 kg person in the middle of an ice skating rink pushes a 20 kg box with a force of 10 N, what will the acceleration be?

Acceleration of the box:Acceleration = force

massa = (10 N)

(20 Kg)a = .5m/s2

a = .2m/s2

50 Kgperson

10 Kgbox

10 NForce

Key Simple Machines #3

WavesIdentify and define the types of light wave behavior.

2.

1.A.

3.

C.

B.

(Refraction, Reflection, Transmitted)

WavesIdentify and define the types of light wave behavior.

2.

1.A.

3.

C.

B.

(Refraction, Reflection, Transmitted)

Reflection - C

Transmitted - A

Refraction - B

1.

2.

6.

3.

5.

4.

8.

7.

1. potential

2. Kinetic3. kinetic

4. potential

7. potential

5.potential

8. Kinetic

6. Kinetic

Types of Energy

1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

Types of Energy

1. mechanical 2. radiant 3. chemical

4. chemical 5. heat 6. electrical

Energy TransformationsIdentify the energy transformation in each picture.

1.

4.2.

3.

Examples of Energy Transformations

An electric current that flows in a wire carries electrical energy that can be

used in

many ways. A stove transforms electrical energy to heat energy that boils the water and cooks food.

A light bulb converts electrical energy into light energy when you flip a switch.

Examples of Energy Transformations

The most common windmills convert the kinetic energy of the wind into rotary motion of the generator. The rotating generator, typically a direct-drive permanent magnet alternator, produces electricity.

The chemical fuel is transformed into thermal and mechanical energy needed to run the car.

1. Distance x Time = Speed

1.

2. Write a conclusion for this graph.

1. Distance x Time = Speed

1.

2. Write a conclusion for this graph.

25 seconds

The horse is traveling at 10mps.

2. D

ista

nce

x T

ime

= S

peed

Wri

te a

co

nc

lus

ion

fo

r th

is g

rap

h.

2. D

ista

nce

x T

ime

= S

peed

Wri

te a

co

nc

lus

ion

fo

r th

is g

rap

h.

The cheetah was moving at a steady pace.

Obj

ectiv

e #5

Obj

ectiv

e #5

Galaxies• Identify the type of galaxies.

1. 2.

3. 4.

Galaxies• Identify the type of galaxies.

1. 2.

3. 4.

Barred spiral

IrregularSpiral

Elliptical