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APUSH Chapter 26 APUSH Chapter 26
The Homestead Act of 1862 The Homestead Act of 1862 p. 606p. 606
• Allowed settler to acquire up to 160 acres of land
• Land was kept after 5 years if:
• It was difficult to last 5 years in the dry dusty western plains
• Deeply flawed act allowed for massive corruption
It was lived on It was improved Occupant paid $30
Farm Becomes Factory“agribusiness” p.612
• Self-sufficient small farmers disappear in the American West
• What are they replaced with? • Large-scale farmers =
specialists and business people • Tied closely with rails, banks,
manufacturing • Focus on one large scale commercial crop
p. 613
The The SilverSilver Issue IssueThe The SilverSilver Issue Issue “Crime of ’73” demonetization of
silversilver (govt. stopped coining silver).
Bland-Allison Act (1878) limitedsilversilver coinage to $2-$4 mil. per mo.(based on the 16:1 ratio of silver togold).
Sherman SilverSilver Purchase Act (1890)
The US Treasury must purchase$4.5 mil. oz. of silver a month.
Govt. deposited most silversilver in theUS Treasury rather than circulation.
Political ideas and activities that are intended to represent ordinary people's needs and wishes.
What is Populism?
Price Indexes for Price Indexes for Consumer & Farm Consumer & Farm Products: 1865-Products: 1865-
19131913
Price Indexes for Price Indexes for Consumer & Farm Consumer & Farm Products: 1865-Products: 1865-
19131913
Founder of the Founder of the National Grange of National Grange of
the Patrons of the Patrons of Husbandry Husbandry (1867)(1867)
Founder of the Founder of the National Grange of National Grange of
the Patrons of the Patrons of Husbandry Husbandry (1867)(1867)
The Grange The Grange MovementMovementThe Grange The Grange MovementMovement Union first organized in the Union first organized in the
1870s in the Midwest, the 1870s in the Midwest, the south, and Texas.south, and Texas.
Set up cooperative associations Set up cooperative associations where farmers pooled money & where farmers pooled money & resources.resources.
Social and educational Social and educational components.components.
Succeeded in lobbying for Succeeded in lobbying for “Granger Laws“Granger Laws.”.”
Rapidly declined by the late Rapidly declined by the late 1870s1870s..
Supreme Court Supreme Court Decisions & Decisions &
congressional congressional laws laws
Supreme Court Supreme Court Decisions & Decisions &
congressional congressional laws laws
Munn vs. IllinoisMunn vs. Illinois (1877) (1877)
Wabash, St. Louis, & Wabash, St. Louis, & Pacific Railroad Pacific Railroad Company vs. IllinoisCompany vs. Illinois (1886)(1886)
Interstate Commerce Act -regulated rates of railroads
The Farmers The Farmers Alliances Alliances
pp. 523 & 616
The Farmers The Farmers Alliances Alliances
pp. 523 & 616 Begun in the late 1880s (Texas first Begun in the late 1880s (Texas first the the Southern AllianceSouthern Alliance; then in the ; then in the Midwest Midwest the the Northern AllianceNorthern Alliance).).
Built upon the ashes of the Grange.Built upon the ashes of the Grange.
More political and less social than More political and less social than the Grange.the Grange.
Ran candidates for office.Ran candidates for office.
Controlled 8 state legislatures & had Controlled 8 state legislatures & had 4747representatives in Congress during representatives in Congress during the 1890s.the 1890s.
United United We We
Stand, Stand, DivideDivided We d We FallFall
United United We We
Stand, Stand, DivideDivided We d We FallFall
In 1889 both In 1889 both the Northern andthe Northern andSouthern AlliancesSouthern Alliancesmerged into one—merged into one—the the Farmers’ Farmers’ AllianceAlliance..
Coxey’s Army, Coxey’s Army, 18941894
Coxey’s Army, Coxey’s Army, 18941894
Jacob Coxey & his “Army of Jacob Coxey & his “Army of the Commonweal of Christ.”the Commonweal of Christ.”
March on Washington March on Washington “hayseed “hayseed socialists!”socialists!”
The Pullman Strike of 1894The Pullman Strike of 1894
Led by Eugene V. Debs
Socialist union leader who challenged George Pullman forcutting wages.
Pullman IL, was totally controlled by the Pullman Company
The town was entirely self-sufficient
The Pullman Strike of 1894• Town went on strike
in 1893 to protest low wages
• What would be the affect of the strike on the nation as a whole?
• How could this situation be fixed quickly?
George Pullman
President Grover ClevelandPresident Grover Cleveland
If it takes the entire army and navy to If it takes the entire army and navy to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card
will be delivered!will be delivered!
McKinley Tariff Populist PartyFarmers’ Alliance
• Populism: Political movement that tried to help out the nation’s struggling farmers
• Why were farmers struggling?- Mechanization- More land (on credit) = more debt
- Specialization of Crops - Nature, - Corporate Greed
"The Iron Horse Which Eats Up The Farmers' Produce.” 1873
The Populist The Populist (Peoples’) Party(Peoples’) Party
The Populist The Populist (Peoples’) Party(Peoples’) Party
1890 Bi-Election:1890 Bi-Election:
So. Alliance So. Alliance wanted to wanted to gain control of the Democratic gain control of the Democratic Party.Party.
No. Alliance No. Alliance ran 3 ran 3rdrd Party Party candidates.candidates.
1892 1892 800 met in St. Louis, MO 800 met in St. Louis, MO
majority were Alliance members.majority were Alliance members.
over 100 were African Americans.over 100 were African Americans.
reps. of labor organizations & other reps. of labor organizations & other reformers (Grange, Greenback reformers (Grange, Greenback Party).Party).
Platform of Platform of LunacyLunacy
Platform of Platform of LunacyLunacy
The Populist The Populist (Peoples’) Party(Peoples’) Party
The Populist The Populist (Peoples’) Party(Peoples’) Party Founded by James B. WeaverFounded by James B. Weaver
and Tom Watson.and Tom Watson.
Omaha, NE Convention in Omaha, NE Convention in July,July,1892.1892.
Got almost 1 million popularGot almost 1 million popularvotes.votes.
Several Congressional seatsSeveral Congressional seatswon.won.
James B. Weaver, James B. Weaver, Presidential CandidatePresidential Candidate
Tom WatsonTom Watson
Heyday of Heyday of Western Western PopulismPopulism
Heyday of Heyday of Western Western PopulismPopulism
1892 Election1892 Election1892 Election1892 Election
Causes of the Causes of the 1893 Panic1893 Panic
Causes of the Causes of the 1893 Panic1893 Panic Begun 10 days after Cleveland took Begun 10 days after Cleveland took
office.office.
1.1. Several major corps. went bankrupt.Several major corps. went bankrupt.
Over 16,000 businesses Over 16,000 businesses disappeared.disappeared.
Triggered a stock market crash.Triggered a stock market crash.
Over-extended investments.Over-extended investments.
2.2. Bank failures followed causing a Bank failures followed causing a contractioncontractionof credit [nearly 500 banks closed].of credit [nearly 500 banks closed].
3.3. By 1895, unemployment reached 3 By 1895, unemployment reached 3 million.million.
Americans cried out for relief, but the Americans cried out for relief, but the Govt.Govt.continued its laissez faire policies!!continued its laissez faire policies!!
Written by a Written by a Farmer at the Farmer at the End of the 19cEnd of the 19c
Written by a Written by a Farmer at the Farmer at the End of the 19cEnd of the 19cWhen the banker says he's brokeWhen the banker says he's broke
And the merchant’s up in smoke,And the merchant’s up in smoke, They forget that it's the farmer They forget that it's the farmer who feeds them all. who feeds them all. It would put them to the testIt would put them to the test If the farmer took a rest;If the farmer took a rest; Then they'd know that it's the Then they'd know that it's the farmer farmer feeds them all. feeds them all.
• Please Complete Section E - putting things in order.
• Use letters A-E instead of numbers 1-5
• How did the rise of Populism How did the rise of Populism influence the outcome of the influence the outcome of the Election of 1896?Election of 1896?
Results of 1892 Results of 1892 Election ReturnsElection Returns Results of 1892 Results of 1892
Election ReturnsElection Returns Populist vote
increased by40% in the bi-election year,1894.
Democratic party losses in
the West werecatastrophic!
But, Republicanswon control of
the House.
American Spirit p. 159
P. 618
How did the rise of Populism How did the rise of Populism influence the outcome of the influence the outcome of the
Election of 1896?Election of 1896?
The CandidatesThe Candidates
The “Great Commoner”The “Great Commoner”
William Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings BryanWilliam McKinleyWilliam McKinleyThe “Idol of Ohio”
Bimetallism Bimetallism IssueIssue
Bimetallism Bimetallism IssueIssue
What is it?
Who supports bimetallism?
Who supports the goldgold standard?
Gold / Silver Bug Gold / Silver Bug Campaign PinsCampaign Pins
Gold / Silver Bug Gold / Silver Bug Campaign PinsCampaign Pins
Who is supported by the GoldGold Bugs?
Who is supported by the SilverSilver Bugs?
DemocDemocratic ratic Party Party Taken Taken Over Over
by the by the AgrariAgrari
an an Left Left
(Popul(Populists)ists)
DemocDemocratic ratic Party Party Taken Taken Over Over
by the by the AgrariAgrari
an an Left Left
(Popul(Populists)ists)
Platform tariff reductions; income tax; strictercontrol of the trusts (esp. RRs); free silver.
William Jennings William Jennings BryanBryan(1860-1925)(1860-1925)
William Jennings William Jennings BryanBryan(1860-1925)(1860-1925)
Prairie avenger, Prairie avenger, mountain lion, mountain lion,Bryan, Bryan, Bryan, Bryan, Bryan, Bryan,
Bryan, Bryan,Gigantic troubadour, Gigantic troubadour,
speaking like a speaking like a siege siege gun, gun,Smashing Plymouth Smashing Plymouth Rock Rock with his boulders with his boulders from the West. from the West.
Revivalist style of oratory.
Populists briefly merge with Democrats for Election of 1896.
Bryant’sBryant’s“Cross of “Cross of GoldGold” ”
SpeechSpeech
Bryant’sBryant’s“Cross of “Cross of GoldGold” ”
SpeechSpeechYou shall not You shall not press down press down upon the brow upon the brow of labor this of labor this crown of crown of thorns; you thorns; you shall not shall not crucify crucify mankind upon mankind upon aa cross of goldcross of gold!!
Bryan: The Bryan: The Farmers FriendFarmers Friend(The Mint Ratio)(The Mint Ratio)
Bryan: The Bryan: The Farmers FriendFarmers Friend(The Mint Ratio)(The Mint Ratio)
18,000 miles of campaign “whistle 18,000 miles of campaign “whistle stops.”stops.”
William McKinley William McKinley (1843-1901)(1843-1901)
William McKinley William McKinley (1843-1901)(1843-1901)
• Civil War vet Member of Congress from Ohio
• Member of the “billion dollar” congress
• Supported high tariffs • Favored the goldgold
standard
Mark Hanna: Mark Hanna: The “Front-Porch” The “Front-Porch”
CampaignCampaign
Mark Hanna: Mark Hanna: The “Front-Porch” The “Front-Porch”
CampaignCampaign• Robber Baron of the Iron industry
• “trickle down” econ• Bankrolled McKinley's
campaign • “I love McKinley”
• The “President Maker”
Mark Hanna to Mark Hanna to Candidate Candidate
McKinleyMcKinley
Mark Hanna to Mark Hanna to Candidate Candidate
McKinleyMcKinley
““A Giant Straddle”: A Giant Straddle”: Suggestion for a Suggestion for a McKinley Political McKinley Political
PosterPoster
““A Giant Straddle”: A Giant Straddle”: Suggestion for a Suggestion for a McKinley Political McKinley Political
PosterPoster
The The SeasoSeasoned ned
PolitiPoliticiancian
vs.vs.
The The “You“Young” ng”
NewcNewcomeromer
The The SeasoSeasoned ned
PolitiPoliticiancian
vs.vs.
The The “You“Young” ng”
NewcNewcomeromer
Joshua A. Levering: Prohibition Party
Joshua A. Levering: Prohibition Party
Into Into Which Which Box Box Will Will the the
VoterVoterof ’96 of ’96 Place Place His His
BallotBallot? ?
Into Into Which Which Box Box Will Will the the
VoterVoterof ’96 of ’96 Place Place His His
BallotBallot? ?
1896 Election 1896 Election ResultsResults
1896 Election 1896 Election ResultsResultsBegins the 4Begins the 4thth party system party system p. 623
The Fourth Party System p. 623
• The 1896 victory of William McKinley ushered in a long period of Republican dominance that was accompanied by diminishing voter participation in elections
• The 1896 presidential election marked the last time that a serious effort to win the White House would be made with mostly agrarian votes
Why Did Bryan Why Did Bryan Loose?Loose?
American Spirit P. 171American Spirit P. 171
Why Did Bryan Why Did Bryan Loose?Loose?
American Spirit P. 171American Spirit P. 171 His focus on His focus on silversilver underminedunderminedefforts to build bridges to efforts to build bridges to urbanurbanvoters.voters.
He did not form alliances He did not form alliances withwithother groups.other groups.
McKinley’s campaign was McKinley’s campaign was well-well-organized and highly funded.organized and highly funded.
Gold Triumphs Gold Triumphs Over SilverOver Silver
Gold Triumphs Gold Triumphs Over SilverOver Silver
1900 1900 GoldGoldStandard ActStandard Act
confirmed theconfirmed thenation’s nation’s commitment tocommitment tothe the goldgold standard.standard.
A victory for the A victory for the
forces offorces ofconservatism.conservatism.
Why Did Why Did Populism Populism Decline?Decline?
Why Did Why Did Populism Populism Decline?Decline?1.1. The economy experienced rapid The economy experienced rapid
change.change.
2.2. The era of small producers and The era of small producers and farmers was fading away.farmers was fading away.
3.3. Race divided the Populist Party, Race divided the Populist Party, especially in the South.especially in the South.
4.4. The Populists were not able to The Populists were not able to breakbreakexisting party loyalties.existing party loyalties.
5.5. Most of their agenda was co-opted Most of their agenda was co-opted bybythe Democratic Party.the Democratic Party.
1964: Henry 1964: Henry Littlefield’s Littlefield’s “Thesis”? “Thesis”?
1964: Henry 1964: Henry Littlefield’s Littlefield’s “Thesis”? “Thesis”?
The The Wizard Wizard of Ozof Oz by L. by L. Frank Frank Baum Baum - -
19001900
The The Wizard Wizard of Ozof Oz by L. by L. Frank Frank Baum Baum - -
19001900
What could this What could this possibly have to do possibly have to do with Populism?with Populism?
1964: Henry Littlefield’s “Thesis”?1964: Henry Littlefield’s “Thesis”?
““Parable of the Parable of the Populists”?Populists”?
““Parable of the Parable of the Populists”?Populists”?
Tornado Tornado Rhetoric of Rhetoric of WJBWJB
Dorothy Dorothy Everyman Everyman
Toto Toto Temperance Temperance activists (allies of activists (allies of Populists)Populists)
Kansas Kansas The west The west
Wicked Witch of theWicked Witch of theEast East Eastern bankers Eastern bankers & industrialists & industrialists
Tin Woodsman Tin Woodsman Industrial workers Industrial workers
Scarecrow Scarecrow Farmers Farmers
Cowardly Lion Cowardly Lion WJBWJB
Silver Slippers Silver Slippers Magic Magic of free silver of free silver
Emerald City Emerald City Washington D.C. Washington D.C.
Oz Oz abbreviation for abbreviation for ounce. How ounce. How gold gold is is measured.measured.
The Wizard The Wizard President President of the USA of the USA
Wicked Witch of the Wicked Witch of the West West difficult difficult environment of the environment of the plains plains
Yellow Brick Road Yellow Brick Road “Gold” many dangers for “Gold” many dangers for regular people (like Dorothy)regular people (like Dorothy)