What is the difference between Phylogeny, Cladistics, and Taxonomy?

Taxonomy is the biological science that deals with arranging and naming groups and organisms. Early system based on morphological

similarities and differences. Today mostly based on known phylogenetic relationships and similarities in DNA

Phylogeny refers to the development of a group, particularly through evolutionary lines.  

Cladistics is a study in which groups (species, etc) are arranged on a phylogenetic tree according to the TIME at which they arose from other groups. For example, on a cladistic-type diagram, and earlier-evolving species would form a lower branch on the tree than one that evolved later.

Taxonomy

Science of Classification

Classification

The process of putting similar things into groups.

Taxonomy – The science of classifying organisms

History of Classification:

4000 BC – AristotleCreates first written classification scheme

Two Groups: Animal Group – anything that lived on land, in the

water, or in the air Plant Group – based this on their different stems

History of Classification:

1500’s-1700’s: Many different systems, most of which were

extremely complicated Names were based on common names

(confusion) Names also based on long scientific definitions

What is this animal?

Puma, Cougar, Mountain Lion, etc.

History of Classification:

1700’s – Carolus Linnaeus Establishes system for classifying and naming

organisms Based on the structural similarities of the

organisms Binomial Nomenclature – 2 Name naming

system Created groups called Taxa or Taxon Each Taxon is a category into which related

organisms are placed Approximately 2.5 million kinds of organisms identified

Modern Day Levels of ClassifcationKINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES

KING PHILLIP CAME OVER FOR GOOD SPAGHETTI

KIDS PLAYING CATCH ON FREEWAY GET SMASHED

Modern Day Levels of ClassificationMan Box Elder

TreeBobcat Canadian

LynxKingdom Animalia Plantea Animalia Animalia

Phylum Chordata Anthophyta Chordata Chordata

Class Mammalian Dicotyledonae Mammalia Mammlia

Order Primates Sapindales Carnivora Carnivora

Family Hominidae Aceracae Felidae Felidae

Genus Homo Acer Lynx Lynx

Species sapiens nugundo rufus camadensis

Modern Taxonomy:

Evidence used to classify into taxon groups Embryology Chromosomes / DNA Biochemistry Physiology Evolution Behavior

Binomial Nomenclature

A system of scientific naming using two names for every organism

Use the genus and the species nameFor Example:

Human Scientific Name Genus species Homo sapiens

Felis concolor

Rules for Binomial Nomenclature:

Name is in Greek or Latin First word is the genus Second word is the species Words are italicized or underlined First word capitalized Second word lower case

5 Kingdom System

Kingdom MoneraKingdom ProtistaKingdom FungiKingdom PlantaeKingdom Animalia

Kingdom Monera

Prokaryotes (no nuclei)Heterotrophic (have to

ingest food) and Autotrophic (can make own food)

Anaerobic and AerobicAquatic, terrestrial, and in

airMostly asexualMostly non-motileExamples: Bacteria,

eubacteria, archebacteria

Kingdom Protista

Eukaryotes (have nuclei)

Heterotropic and autotrophic

UnicellularMostly aquaticMostly asexualMotile and non-motileExamples: protozoa,

slime molds, algae

Kingdom Fungi

EukaryotesHeterotrophicMostly terrestrialAsexual and sexualNon-motileExample:

Mushrooms, bread molds, yeasts

Kingdom Plantae

EukaryoticMulticellularAutotrophicMostly terrestrialAsexual and sexualNon-motileExample: mosses,

ferns, conifers, and flowering plants

Kingdom Animalia

EukaryotesMulticellularHeterotrophicTerrestrial and aquaticSexual (a few asexual)Motile (a few non-motile)Examples: sponges,

jellyfish, fish, mammals, arthropods, reptiles, birds