What is the difference between a monomer and polymer?Give an example of each.

#1 - Question

A monomer is a small molecule that may bind chemically to other monomers to form a polymer.

A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating structural units typically

connected by covalent chemical bonds.

The most common monomer is glucose, which is linked by glycosidic bonds into polymers such as cellulose, starch, and glycogen. Amino acids are

monomers linked by peptide bonds to form polymers called polypeptides.

#1 - Answer

What are the subunits of a triglyceride molecule?

What is the bond called between the subunits?

#2 - Question

Three fatty acids (can be saturated or unsaturated) and

a glycerol molecule.

The fatty acids are bonded to the glycerol backbone by

ester bonds.

#2 - Answer

Glycerol Fatty acids

unsaturated

saturated

saturated

What are the subunits of a nucleic acid?

#3 - Question

Chains of Nucleotides:

- Phosphate- Sugar

- Nitrogenous base

#3 - Answer

What is the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides

and polysaccharides?Give an example of each.

#4 - Question

Monosaccharides, like glucose, fructose, and galactose are the

building blocks of disaccharides (a “two-sugar” containing

molecule) such as maltose, sucrose, lactose and

polysaccharides, such as cellulose, starch and glycogen

(“many-sugar” containing molecule).

#4 - Answer

What is primary source of energy used by cells?

#5 - Question

Carbohydrates

i.e., glucose

#5 - Answer

Describe what happens during a condensation synthesis reaction between two glucose molecules.

What are the products of this reaction?

#6 - Question

One glucose molecule is joined to another glucose molecule through an interaction of the hydroxyl (-OH) functional groups.

Water (H2O) is removed and maltose (a disaccharide) is formed.

#6 - Answer

Describe what happens during a hydrolysis reaction for the disaccharide sucrose.

What are the products of this reaction?

What enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

#7 - Question

The disaccharide sucrose is broken down into glucose and

fructose molecules by the addition of a water (H2O)

molecule. The hydroxyl (-OH) groups are reformed. This

reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme sucrase.

#7 - Answer

Which macromolecule(s) is/are formed by a condensation

synthesis reaction?

#8 - Question

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

#8 - Answer

Which macromolecule(s) is/are broken down by a hydrolysis

reaction?

#9 - Question

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

#9 - Answer

What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a carbohydrate molecule?

Explain using the molecular formula of glucose as an example.

#10 - Question

C : H : O 1 : 2 : 1

Glucose C6H12O6

#10 - Answer

Which chemical formula represents a unsaturated acid? How do you know?

a) C17H35COOH b)C17H33COOH

What state will this lipid be at room temperature. Give a food example.

#11 - Question

b) C17H33COOH; there is a double bond between one of the carbon molecules which reduces the number of bonded hydrogen atoms. This lipid will be liquid at

room temperature; for example – olive oil or vegetable oil

#11 - Answer

C17H33COOH

What are the subunits of a phospholipid?

Where are phospholipids found in the cell?

#12 - Question

Two fatty acids, a glycerol backbone, a phosphate group and a nitrogen containing group.

Phospholipids are an important part of the cell membrane.

#12 - Answer

Nitrogen-containing group

Identify which parts of the phospholipid

are hydrophilic and hydrophobic.

#13 - Question

#13 - Answer

Polar Head hydrophilic (water-loving)Non-Polar Tails (fatty acids)

hydrophobic (water-hating)

Identify (circle and label) all of the functional groups present in each

molecule

#14 - Question

#14 - AnswerHydroxyl group

Carbonyl - ketoneCarboxylAmine

Carbonyl - aldehyde

Name these subunits and the macromolecules they belong to.

#15 - Question

(A) (B) (C) (D)

#15 – Answer

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

Amino acid

Protein

Glycerol

Lipids (triglyceride or phospholipid

Fatty acid

Lipids (triglyceride or phospholipid)

Glucose

Carbohydrate (starch, cellulose, glycogen)

+

H2O

#16 - Question

What type of reaction is

shown here?

What are the products?

#16 - Answer

+

H2O

Hydrolysis Reaction

Dipeptide and water (H2O)

#17 - Question

What are the nitrogen bases called in a DNA molecule and how do

they pair up?

#17 - Answer

AdenineGuanineThymineCytosine

Adenine must pair with Thymine

Guanine must pair with Cytosine

#18 - Question

Match the nucleotides with the correct label

a)

b)

c)

-Sugar-Phosphate-Nitrogen base

#18 - Answer

a)

b)

c)

c) Sugara)Phosphateb)Nitrogen base

#41 - Question

Is the nitrogen base shown here a purine or a pyrimidine?

Phosphate

Sugar

#41 - AnswerPurine – double ring

Pyrimidine – single ring

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

#19 - Question

If the blood is too acidic, this reaction moves to the left or to the right?

CO2

H2O

H+H+

H2CO3 (aq)

H+

H+

carbonic acid

H+

surplus hydroge

n ion

HCO3-

(aq)

H+

bicarbonate ion

CO2

H2O

H+H+

H2CO3 (aq)

H+

H+

carbonic acid

H+

surplus hydroge

n ion

HCO3-

(aq)

H+

bicarbonate ion

If blood too acidic ( H+), rxn moves left

#19 - Question

#20 - Question

If the blood is too basic, this reaction moves to the left or to the right?

CO2

H2O

H+H+

H2CO3 (aq)

H+

H+

carbonic acid

H+

surplus hydroge

n ion

HCO3-

(aq)

H+

bicarbonate ion

CO2

H2O

H+H+

H2CO3 (aq)

H+

H+

carbonic acid

H+

surplus hydroge

n ion

HCO3-

(aq)

H+

bicarbonate ion

#20 - Question

If blood too basic ( H+), rxn moves right

#21 - Question

Nutrient Test

Based on the nutrient test conducted, is sample E most likely to be steak, bread, or butter?

#21 - Answer

Steak – sample E tested positive for protein and fat.

#22 - Question

Nutrient Test

Based on the nutrient test conducted, is sample G most likely to be table sugar, pasta, or lard?

#22 - Answer

Table sugar – sample G tested negative for monosaccharides but may contain disaccharides like sucrose.

#23 - Question

Match the enzymes with their specific substrates.

a)Proteaseb)Phosphatasec)Lipased)Amylasee)Lactasef) Sucrase

1. Chicken2. Table sugar (sucrose)3. Triglyceride4. Starch5. Phosphate6. Milk

#23 - Answer

a)Proteaseb)Phosphatasec)Lipased)Amylasee)Lactasef) Sucrase

1. Chicken2. Table sugar (sucrose)3. Triglyceride4. Starch5. Phosphate6. Milk

#24 - Question

Which of the foll0wing correctly represents the mechanism of enzyme function?a)S + P E-P E +Pb)E + P E-P E-S -> E + Sc)E + P E-S E-P E + Pd)E + S E-S E-P E + Pe)E + S E-P E-S E + S

Where:E = enzymeS = substrateP = product

#24 - Answer

a)S + P E-P E +Pb)E + P E-P E-S -> E + Sc)E + P E-S E-P E + Pd)E + S E-S E-P E + Pe)E + S E-P E-S E + S

Enzyme + substrate forms an enzyme-substrate complex the substrate is converted to a product by the enzyme the product is released from the enzyme

#25 - Question

Which factor(s) denature enzymes?

a)Cookingb)NaOHc)H+ ionsd)All of the above

#25 - Answer

a)Cooking (high heat)b)NaOH (basic solution)c)H+ ions (acidic solution)d)All of the above

#26 - Question

You are testing a new inhibitor of catalase – sodium fluoride (liquid). This inhibitor is structurally different from hydrogen peroxide. Using the assay technique from the enzyme lab, you found that no reaction occurred when you incubated the enzyme with the substrate in the presence of the inhibitor.

Is the inhibitor acting via competitive or non-competitive inhibition? How do you know?

#26 - AnswerIf the inhibitor is structurally different from hydrogen peroxide then it will not be competing with the substrate for a position on the enzyme’s active site.

Therefore, the inhibitor is acting via non-competitive inhibition – specifically via allosteric inhibition. The inhibitor bound to the allosteric site which change the shape of the active site causing the enzyme to become deactivated and stop the reaction altogether, or cause a reduced affinity for the substrate (decreased attraction) and slow down the reaction.

#27 - Question

What is an example of an organic co-factor?

#27 - Answer

NAD or FAD

Active site

Enzyme

Coenzyme(detaches)

Coenzyme

e.g., NAD

Active site

Enzyme

Prosthetic group(perm. attached)

Prosthetic Group

e.g., FAD

#28 - Question

How does an enzyme affect activation energy?

#28 - Answer

Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions by lowering the amount of energy required to activate the reaction.

#29 - Question

Name two structures that can

be identified

on the HSL enzyme.

#29 - Answer

Beta-pleated sheets

Alpha helices

#30 - Question

What is one difference and one similarity between competitive and non-competitive enzyme

inhibition?

#30 - Answer

Competitive

Non-competitive

Normal enzyme reaction

#31 - Question

What is one similarity and one difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport via the

Na+/K+ pump?

#31 - Answer

Similarities• Both move polar

molecules across the membrane

• Both use highly selective carrier proteins that bind to the molecules

Differences• Facilitated diffusion does not

require ATP to move molecules across the membrane and the Na+/K+ pump does

• Facilitated diffusion and the Na+/K+ pump move molecules from [high] to [low] and [low] to [high], respectively

#32 - Question

Describe the six steps of the Na+/K+ pump

#3

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#33 - Question

How is direct diffusion and protein channel diffusion the

same and different?

#33 - Answer

Similarities• Both move

molecules down their concentration gradient from [high] to [low]

• Both are passive processes

Differences• Direct diffusion is the

movement of non-polar molecules across the membrane, while protein channel diffusion is the movement of polar molecules through a hydrophilic protein channel that spans the membrane.

#34 - Question

How is protein channel and facilitated diffusion the same

and different?

#34 - Answer

Similarities• Both move polar

molecules down their concentration gradient from [high] to [low]

• Both are passive processes

Differences• Protein channel diffusion is not as

selective with respect to the type of molecules that pass through the channels. Facilitated diffusion via protein carriers involves the binding of specific molecules to protein carriers that are highly specific (like enzymes are with their substrates)

• The specific nature of facilitated diffusion is way for the cell to tightly regulate the entry or exit of certain molecules through the principle of saturation. When all protein carriers are occupied, the rate at which molecules can pass through is held constant (much like ticket holders entering a stadium through packed turn style gates)

#35 - Question

How is the Na+/K+ pump involved in helping to facilitate coupled

transport?

#3

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#36 - Question

How is endocytosis and exocytosis the same and

different from other active processes (e.g., Na+/K+

pump and coupled transport ?

#36 - AnswerSimilarities• Like the Na+/K+ pump

and coupled transport, receptor-mediated endocytosis involves the use of a proteins to help move across the mombrane

• Both are active processes that require ATP

Differences• Endocytosis and exocytosis transport

large polar molecules in bulk amounts across the membrane

• Phagocytosis and pinocytosis do not use proteins to move molecules across the membrane, but instead involve the membrane enveloping around molecules or liquids to bring them in

• Endocytosis (all types) only bring in materials, while the Na+/K+ pump and coupled transport bring molecules in and out of the cell

#37 - Question

How is phagocytosis

and pinocytosis the same

and different?

#37 - AnswerSimilarities• Both involve the bulk

movement of molecules

• Both move bulk amounts of molecules into the cell

Differences• Phagocytosis moves

particles into the cell (phagein = “to eat”), while pinosytosis moves liquid into the cells (pinein = “to drink”)

#38 - Question

What is the main

difference between

endocytosis and

exocytosis?

#38 - Answer

Endycytosis moves molecules into the cell, while exocytosis moves molecules out of the cell.

#39 - Question

Explain the process of osmosis.

#3

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#40 - Question

Explain how the movement of water will be affected in an

animal cell under hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic

conditions.

#4

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#42 - Question

Explain how electronegativity is related to molecular

polarity, and why this is important with respect to

functional groups and macromolecules.

#42 - AnswerElectronegativity is a measure of the attraction of an atom for electrons in a covalent bond (like a game of tug-of-war). The electronegative difference (ΔEN) between two atoms can be used to predict the bond type formed (e.g., <0.5 = non-polar covalent, 0.5-1.7 = polar-covalent, >1.7 = ionic).

ΔEN = larger minus (-) smaller electronegative numbere.g., oxygen(3.5) – hydrogen(2.1) = 1.4 (polar-covalent; oxygen δ-, hydrogen δ+)

Functional groups are groups of polar molecules that are attached to macromolecules. They are involved in reactions to make or break macromolecules and help make them soluble in the aqueous environments of human body cells and the blood.