• What is a map?• What is Cartography? • MAP Components

– Projections– Scale– Grid Systems

• Cartographic Elements

MAPS AND CARTOGRAPHYMAPS AND CARTOGRAPHY

Maps and CartographyMaps and CartographyMAPS: A map is a simplified depiction of a space, a

navigational aid which highlights relations between objects within that space. Most usually a map is a two-dimensional, geometrically accurate representation of a three-dimensional space.

CARTOGRAPHY: The science and art of map-making is cartography.

Maps and CartographyMaps and Cartography• A map is a graphic representation or scale model of

spatial concepts. It is a means for conveying geographic information.

• Maps are a universal medium for communication, easily understood and appreciated by most people, regardless of language or culture.

• Maps are human representations of the world

The fool's cap world map, about 1590. Ptolemaic projection on the face of a clown. Maker, date and place of publication are unknown. Maps are human representations of the world, as seen through the eyes of a fool in this example.http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/map/h_map/h_map.htm

Maps and CartographyMaps and Cartography• 1st Map: 150 AD – Ptolemy

• Medieval times – maps dominated by religious views. Jerusalem at the center.

• The first whole world maps began to appear in the early 16th century, following voyages by Columbus and others to the New World.

• Mercator -1569. Created a navigational map. All straight lines were true bearings

•MORE HISTORY @ http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/map/h_map/h_map.htm

Purpose of a MapPurpose of a Map

• Maps have THREE principle uses:

– To locate PLACES on the surface of the earth.

– To show PATTERNS OF DISTRIBUTION of natural and man-made phenomenon.

– To COMPARE and CONTRAST map information and discover relationships between different phenomena.

Map TypesMap TypesWe need different types of maps to

portray different information

The three most common types are:1. General Purpose Maps 2. Thematic Maps3. Topographic Maps

IMPORTANT MAP IMPORTANT MAP COMPONENTSCOMPONENTS

– Map ProjectionsMap Projections When the features of a globe are transferred onto flat surfaces.

– Map ScaleMap Scale Represents the RATIORATIO of the distance between the

points on the earth and the distance between the two corresponding points on the map.

– Grid ReferencesGrid References Used to locate places on a map. Can be latitude,

longitude or military grid, or alpha-numeric.

MAP PROJECTIONSMAP PROJECTIONS

• Since the globe is in 3D and a flat surface is in 2D. All 2D maps have some “Distortion”.

• There are many types of “Map projections” to try and preserve some of the following:

1. Area eg. Lambert Azimuthal2. Angles and bearings eg. Mercator projection3. Shapes and Sizes eg. Robinson4. Distance and Direction eg. Sinusoidal

Map ScaleMap Scale Map scale can be represented in 3 ways:1. Representative Fraction: A ratio expressing the

relationship of the number of units on the map to the number of the same units on the real earth.Example- 1 : 500 000 1 / 500 000

2. Graphic Bar: A bar is divided into equally spaced segments and labeled with familiar linear units.

Example-

Map ScaleMap Scale 3. Verbal Scale: A simple expression on the face of

the map stating the linear relationship.Example: 1cm = 5km

1cm equal to 5km

To calculate scale, use the following formula:map scale = map distance / earth distance

Remember to convert everything into the same units! Then convert back to what you were asked.

Map ScaleMap Scale • LARGE SCALE – maps that show small area

with a LARGE amount of detail. Eg. A map of Toronto. Scale - 1:50 000

• SMALL SCALE – maps that show large area with a SMALL amount of detail. Eg. A world map. Scale – 1: 250 000

Grid SystemsGrid SystemsWe can use grid systems to locate

places on a map.

The 3 grid systems used today are:

1. Latitude and Longitude2. Military Grid3. Alphanumeric Grid

1. Latitude and 1. Latitude and LongitudeLongitude

• Grid work of lines extending north-south and east-west.

• Measured as angles• Latitude is measured north and

south of the equator• Longitude is measured east and

west from the prime meridian.

Latitude and LongitudeLatitude and Longitude

Parallels of Latitude

Meridians of Longitude

The Graticule

Latitude and LongitudeLatitude and Longitude

Picture latitude and longitude as an angle measured from the centre of the earth.

2. Military Grid 2. Military Grid

• A grid of blue lines (eastings and northings) is used to identify squares in a grid pattern.

• This grid system is used mainly on topographic maps.

Why was the military Why was the military grid system grid system introduced?introduced?

• It was easier to place a grid system on a map then to use degrees, minutes and seconds from a globe.

• With the increasing range in artillery in WWI, latitude and longitude was too cumbersome.

Reading a Military GridReading a Military Grid Easting: vertical line running from

top to bottom of the map

Northing: horizontal line across the map.

Reading a Military GridReading a Military Grid By combining the digits from the

easting and from the northing we are able to identify a square on the map.

Remember: “Read Right Up”“Read Right Up”First: read to the RIGHTRIGHT of the easting.Second: read UPUP from the northing.

An Example: 567893

567 – Find the vertical 56 line and then go to the right 7.

893 – Find the horizontal 89 line and then go up 3.

56 57 58 59 60

87

88

89

90

567893

3. Alphanumeric Grid3. Alphanumeric Grid

• This system uses LETTERSLETTERS and NUMBERSNUMBERS to identify squares in a grid pattern.

• This grid system is used mainly on Road Maps.Road Maps.

Reading an Reading an Alphanumeric GridAlphanumeric Grid

The LETTERS represent the horizontal lines.

The NUMBERS represent the lines running from the top to the bottom of the map.

The Alphanumeric grid system is not as not as accurateaccurate as the Military grid system or Latitude and Longitude.

CARTOGRAPHIC ELEMENTS of a Map

• Title – must make sense and stand out

• Legend – if required, describes units

• Border – Map and/or Frame border

• Scale – usually Linear

• Direction – North Arrow

• Overall neatness

• Balance!! Very little white space.

The End!