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Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society
Welcome to the Canadian Red CrossFirst Aid & CPR Course
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 2
Day 1
Preparing to Respond
EMS
Check, Call, Care
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 3
Preparing to Respond
What would you do?
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 4
Chain of Survival
The key to surviving emergencies is a CHAIN REACTION:• Early Healthy Choices – making lifestyle decisions• Early Recognition – recognizing a serious developing
emergency• Early Access – calling 911 for help• Early CPR – maintaining a person’s breathing and
circulation until help arrives• Early Defibrillation – a machine that delivers a shock to
the heart• Early Advanced Care – paramedics racing to the side of a
sick person• Early Rehabilitation – returning to a normal lifestyle after a
cardiac problem
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 5
The 4 R’s of CPR
• RISK – factors in your life that predispose you to developing heart problems or a stroke
• RECOGNIZE – how to recognize a serious developing emergency
• REACT – what to do when you see a developing emergency
• RESUSCITATE – how to do CPR and how to help someone who is choking
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 6
Definition of First Aid
The First Aider’s Role:
1. Recognize the emergency
2. Call EMS/9-1-1
3. Act according to your skills, knowledge, and comfort level
First aid is the immediate care that you give to a sick or injured person until more advanced care can be obtained.
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 7
Common Concerns About Providing First Aid
• Other people at the scene• The ill or injured person• Unpleasant injuries or illnesses• Catching a disease• Doing something wrong
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 8
Laws that Protect First Aiders
Ontario• The Good Samaritan Act, 2001• a legal principle that prevents a rescuer who has
voluntarily helped a victim in distress from being successfully sued for 'wrongdoing.'
• Its purpose is to keep people from being so reluctant to help a stranger in need for fear of legal repercussions if they made some mistake in treatment.
***It is KEY to get the person’s consent before you help, or parent/guardian consent for an injured child. For an UNCONSCIOUS person, consent is IMPLIED.
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 9
Infection
An infection is a condition caused by the invasion of the body by germs.
1. Germs in the environment
2. The germs enter body
3. Enough germs to cause infection
4. The individual’s natural defences must be weak
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 10
How is an Infection Spread Between People?
Direct contact >
Indirect contact >
Airborne transmission >
Vector transmission >
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 11
Preventing Diseases From Spreading
• Take personal precautions
• Wear protective equipment
• Take
environmental precautions
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 12
Preparing to Respond – Summary Questions
1. List three examples of a medical emergency. Good job!
2. How can a disease be transmitted in first aid? Direct, indirect, airborne, or vector transmission
3. How can disease transmission be prevented in first aid? Personal precautions, protective equipment, environmental
precautions
4. Can you be sued for doing first aid? Nope! (Good Samaritan Act, 2001)
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 13
Preparing to Respond – Scenario Review
So, what would you do?
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 14
Check, Call, Care – Be Systematic
Check
Call
Care
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 15
Check – Begin a Primary Survey
Before helping at an emergency, check the scene:
1. Is it safe?
2. What happened?
How did it happen?
3. How many ill or injured people are there?
4. Is there someone to help me?
5. Is there someone who looks unconscious?
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 16
If the scene is safe, check the person:
• Do they respond?– Ask the person, “Are you okay?”– If it is safe, get closer– Gently tap the person on the shoulder
• Do they want your help?– Tell them:
• Who you are• You are trained in first aid• You are here to help
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 17
Call
• Call 9-1-1• Be ready to tell the dispatcher the
following:1. Where exactly the emergency is
2. What phone number you are calling from
3. What your name is
4. What has happened
5. How many people are involved and what their condition is
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 18
Care
• Determine care required: check ABCs (on next slide)• Treat life-threatening emergencies immediately
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 19
Check ABCs for Life-Threatening Emergencies
Check: • Airway • Breathing • Circulation
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 20
Secondary Survey: Are there any other injuries?
Only do a secondary survey if the ABCs are okay.
Do the three-steps of a secondary survey:
1. Ask SAMPLE questions
2. Check vital signs
3. Do a head-to-toe check
Always complete the secondary survey before treating any non-life-threatening injuries.
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 21
Secondary Survey – SAMPLE Questions
S Signs and symptoms
A Allergies
M Medications
P Past medical history
L Last meal
E Events leading up to the emergency
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 22
Secondary Survey – Vital Signs
• Level of consciousness • Breathing • Skin
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 23
Secondary Survey – Head-to-Toe Check
Hands-Off Check
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 24
Secondary Survey – Head-to-Toe Check
Hands-On Check
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 25
Shock
Shock can be caused by:
injury, illness, infection, or emotion.
Signs & Symptoms: anxiety, cold or clammy skin, skin that is paler than usual, weakness, confusion, unconsciousness, weak/rapid pulse, rapid breathing, excessive thirst, nausea
and vomiting, drowsiness
Treat everybody for shock.
Shock is a potentially life-threatening condition in which vital organs do not receive enough oxygen-rich blood.
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 26
First Aid – Shock
While you are waiting for EMS personnel to arrive:
1. Care for the cause of the shock.
2. Keep the person warm.
3. Monitor ABCs.
4. Have the person rest.
5. Give comfort and reassurance.
**FLASH the paramedics!
(…wave and/or flash lights when you see them, that is…!)
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 27
Continual Care
• Keep the person comfortable
• Put an unconscious person in the RECOVERY POSITION if:
– The airway is open– The person is
breathing– There is no deadly
bleeding– You don’t suspect a
neck or back injury
• Monitor the person
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 28
Summary
Check• Check the scene• Check the person
Call• Call EMS/9-1-1
Care• Deal with life-threatening conditions (ABCs)
Secondary Survey• Perform a secondary survey and treat any non-life-threatening
injuries
Continual Care• Keep the person comfortable and monitor vital signs
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 29
Check, Call, Care – Summary Questions
1. What should you do during the “Check”? Check the scene, check the person
2. What actions must you take in “Call”? Call 9-1-1
3. What actions must you take in “Care”? Check ABCs, treat life-threatening emergencies
immediately, follow with secondary survey
4. What do you do during the secondary survey? Ask SAMPLE questions, check vital signs, head-to-toe
check
5. What should you look for in a head-to-toe check? Bumps, bruises, blood, etc.
***PRACTICE THE RECOVERY POSITION!
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 30
Check, Call, Care – Scenario Review
So, what would you do?
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 31
Cool Idea!
• ICE your phone!
• ICE stands for In Case of Emergency. Putting ICE before your designated next of kin in your list of contact numbers lets emergency personnel know who to contact in case of emergency!
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 32
Day 2
Choking
&
Airway Emergencies
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 33
Airway Emergencies
What would you do?
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 34
Airway System – Anatomy and Physiology
Nose
Mouth
Epiglottis
Trachea
Lungs
Bronchioles
Alveoli
• We breathe in 21% oxygen and breathe out 16% oxygen…This is more than enough to sustain life.
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 35
Airway Blockages
• A mild airway obstruction occurs when the airway is partly blocked, reducing the flow of air to the lungs
• A severe airway obstruction occurs when the airway is totally blocked, stopping air from reaching the lungs
Signs & Symptoms:
If the person can speak, cough, or breathe, it is mild choking.
Blockage
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 36
Recognizing and Treating Choking
Complete the following:
1. Demonstrate the universal sign for choking. hands to the throat
2. Name the 2 types of choking. mild and severe
3. Describe signs and symptoms of each type of choking. Mild: Person can still speak, cough, or breathe. Treatment: Encourage the person to keep coughing! Severe: No air getting in (can’t speak, cough, or breathe). Treatment: Act quickly with first aid for conscious or
unconscious choking…
DVD#3 & DVD#6
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 37
DVD’s & Practice:
• DVD 3 – Conscious Choking Adult• DVD 6 – Unconscious Choking Adult
• Practice Time!
Pair up and practice conscious and unconscious choking first aid!
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 38
Airway Emergencies – Summary Questions
1. How would you recognize that someone is choking? Universal sign, coughing, wheezing, turning blue
2. What are the first aid steps for mild choking? Encourage the person to cough it up
3. What are the first aid steps for conscious severe choking? Perform 5 firm back blows followed by 5 abdominal thrusts (fist
just above belly button, other hand over fist, pull sharply in and up). Repeat this process…
4. What are the first aid steps for someone who is choking and becomes unconscious? ...you will need to be able to show this skill!
Go through Check, Call, Care for unconscious choking adult
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 39
Breathing Emergencies
What would you do?
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 40
Reminder Tips!
• Ask the person if he/she is choking.• Be prepared for the person to become unconscious.• With an adult, when the first breath does not go in, tilt the
head back further.• Check in the mouth for objects after using chest
compressions to unblock the airway and BEFORE trying to give rescue breaths again.
• Keep the jaw open with one hand while removing the object with the other hand. (tongue-jaw grab)
• Go back to the ABC’s every time the situation changes.
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 41
Day 3
Circulation
Emergencies
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 42
No Oxygen: Brain Cells Die
0 minute: Breathing stops. Heart will soon stop
beating. Clinical death.
4-6 minutes: Brain damage possible.
6-10 minutes: Brain damage likely.
10+ minutes: Irreversible brain damage certain.
Biological death.
Without oxygen, brain cells begin to die in 4 to 6 minutes.
Doing CPR “resets” the clock.
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 43
Anatomy and Physiology
Aorta
To lung
From lung
Left atrium
Left ventricle
To lower bodyFrom lower body
To lung
From lung
Right atrium
Right ventricle
To upper body
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 44
Chest Pain
Partial blockage
• Angina A blockage that opens up after a little bit and the pain goes away (temporarily).
• Heart attack An artery that STAYS blocked, the pain remains, and the area of affected heart muscle starts to die. (aka – myocardial infarction)
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 45
Risk Factors for Developing Cardiovascular Disease
Controllable factors:
Major:• Smoking • Poor diet (cholesterol: HDL/LDL)
• High blood pressure • Diabetes (*)
Minor• Obesity• Stress• Lack of regular exercise
Other factors:
• Gender• Heredity• Age
(Can’t do anything to change these ones!)
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 46
Signs and Symptoms of Heart Attack and Angina
• Squeezing chest pain • Problems breathing• Abdominal or back pain (most commonly in women)• Cold, sweaty skin• Skin that is bluish or paler than normal• Nausea and vomiting• Denial
Signs and symptoms vary from person to person.
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 47
5P’s (Symptoms of Heart Attack/Angina)
• Pain• Pale• Puking• Puffing• Pooped
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 48
First Aid – Heart Attack and Angina
1. Have the person rest.2. Ask if they have taken any erectile dysfunction drugs. If
they have, do not allow them to take nitroglycerin.3. Help the person take their nitroglycerin and ASA.
• Take one dose every 5 minutes (3 doses maximum).• If they don’t carry nitroglycerin, or if the first dose
doesn’t make the pain go away, suggest they chew two 80 mg ASA tablets or one 325 mg ASA tablet.
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 49
Cardiac Arrest
Causes:• Cardiovascular disease• Drowning• Suffocation• Certain drugs• Severe chest injuries• Severe blood loss• Electrocution
Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart stops beating.
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 50
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) andAutomated External Defibrillation (AED)
• Clinical death occurs when the heart stops. It is reversible.
• CPR keeps oxygen-rich blood circulating throughout the body.
• AED can deliver a shock to re-establish an effective rhythm. Quick defibrillation greatly increases chances of survival.
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 51
DVD
• DVD #9
-CPR technique
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 52
Stroke
Causes:• A clot in an artery to the brain• An artery that ruptures in the brain• A tumour
A stroke happens when the blood flow to the brain gets interrupted
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 53
Signs and Symptoms of Transient Ischemic Attacks and Stroke
F – Face (numb/weak, especially on one side)
A – Arm (numb/weak, especially on one side)
S – Speech (slurred, or difficulty speaking)
T – Time (is important; call 9-1-1 immediately!)
First Aid:• Call 9-1-1• Have the person rest• Place the person in the recovery position
with the affected side up• Monitor ABCs and provide reassurance
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 54
Circulation Emergencies – Summary Questions
1. List the risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease. Smoking, diet, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, stress,
lack of exercise, gender, heredity, age
2. What is the first aid for someone complaining of chest pain? Rest, ask about erectile dysfunction drugs, help them take
nitroglycerin and/or ASA
3. When do you do CPR? When the ABC’s are not present
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 55
Circulation Emergencies – Summary Questions
4. What are the signs and symptoms of a stroke? F.A.S.T. – Face, Arm, Speech (and Time is important!)
5. What is the first aid for a suspected stroke? 9-1-1, rest, recovery position, monitor ABCs and provide
reassurance
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 56
Circulation Emergencies – Scenario Review
So, what would you do?
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 57
Day 4
Cardiac Arrest
&
Automated External Defibrillator
(AED)
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 58
Small Change…ABCD!
• Airway• Breathing• Circulation• DEFIBRILLATION!
• What’s a defibrillator?
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 59
Chase McEachern Act
• In addition to Ontario’s Good Samaritan Act, there is also now liability protection for people using public automated external defibrillators (AEDs). The Chase McEachern Act came into force on July 3, 2007 and is named after 11 year old Barrie resident Chase McEachern.
• After being diagnosed with an irregular heartbeat, and hearing that two professional hockey players also have irregular heart beats like his, Chase decided to start a campaign to make defibrillators mandatory in hockey arenas and schools everywhere.
• In February 2006, Chase passed out in gym class and was rushed to the hospital. Efforts to resuscitate him failed. The McEachern family created a tribute fund in honour of their son. A donor made a $100,000 gift to the fund with the condition it be used to put defibrillators in arenas in Grey and Bruce counties.
• The Chase McEachern Act protects individuals and health care professionals from liability for damages that may occur in relation to their use of an AED to save someone’s life at the immediate scene of an emergency. It also protects the owners and occupiers of the buildings where AEDs are installed from liability that may occur in relation to the use of the AED provided that the owner or occupier of the building made the AED available for use in good faith.
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 60
Chase McEachern Act
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 61
Chase McEachern Act
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 62
Early AED
• Survival rate decreases 7% to 10% with each minute there is a delay
• Defibrillation combined with CPR, is the key treatment in more than 80% of all sudden cardiac arrest victims
For cardiac arrest victims:• 2 minutes of CPR can increase chances of the AED
detecting a shockable rhythm
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 63
Using an AED
When using an AED:• Turn on the machine• Follow the diagrams to place the pads• Use the age-appropriate pads• Follow the voice prompts!
No one touch the person.
When shocking, state, “I’m clear, you’re clear, everybody’s clear.”
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 64
A Properly Prepared AED Should ALSO Have:
• Razor• Scissors• Cloth
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 65
DVD
• DVD #9
– Review Check, Call, Care, CPR & AED
• Demonstrate AED
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 66
Practice Time!
• Work in groups of 3 to practice with the AED.
• Be able to:
-describe special considerations with the AED, particularly safety considerations! -describe adjuncts used with the AED (pocket mask, scissors, towel, razor)
First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 67
Day 5
Practical
&
Written Testing