Post on 17-Dec-2015
What is Pathophysiology?
A subject to explore the rule of origin and evolution of diseases and the underlying mechanisms.
Subjects involved in Pathophysiology
All diseases seen in all clinical departments All diseases reproduced in animal models
Differences from Physiology
Physiopathology Physiology of Disease Clinical Physiology Medical Physiology Physiology of Disordered Function
Physiology under diseased situation
Differences from Pathology
“Pathology” emphasizes the structural changes
pathophysiology deals with functional and metabolic alterations and the mechanisms.
The Methodologies Used in Pathophysiology
As a subject, the experiments are assigned in systemic or organic levels. Animal study Clinical observation Epidemiological study For scientific research, studies in cellular and molecular levels are required.
Why Is Pathophysiology Important?
An essential introduction to clinical medicine. A bridge: basic medicine and diseases. Enables us to understand why and how diseases develop and various clinical manifestations appear. What are the underlying mechanisms, and in so doing devise rational therapeutics.
How Pathophysiology is Arranged?
Introduction: what pathophysiology is and what disease is. Fundamental pathological processes: fluids and electrolytes imbalance, acid and base disturbances, stress, fever, edema, ischemia and reperfusion, shock, multiorganic dysfunction, and hypoxia.
Fundamental pathological processes
Some common and whole set alterations in metabolism, function and structure, which may appear in different disorders
How Pathophysiology is Arranged? (cont.)
Organic pathophysiology: heart, lung, liver, kidney and brain Cellular and molecular pathophysiology: signal transduction and diseases and cell apoptosis in diseases
Major Points in Learning Pathophysiology
The general concepts The etiology and pathogenesis The alterations of metabolism and function The principles for prevention and therapies
How to Learn Pathophysiology
Grasp the major points: causes, pathogenesis, alterations in metabolism and functions
Use dialectical thinking and methods, such as views of contradictory and unification, transformation, etc.
Selectively review related knowledge learned previously, such as physiology, biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology, pathology, and so on.
Pay attention to experimental courses Pay attention to clinical practices
How to Learn Pathophysiology
Concept of Disease
Aberrant manifestation of deregulated homeostasis caused by harmful agents.
The development of a disease is a pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms involved in the whole body or any of its parts.
Concept of Health
The state of the organism when it functions optimally without any evidence of disease.
The definition of health from WHO: Without any evidence of disease, and a state of complete well-being physically, socially and psychologically.
Etiology of Disease
Etiology is to study the causative agents, microorganisms, environmental, social factors and personal habits as contributing factors that cause diseases.
Answer the question why disease happens.
Healthy bodyHealthy body PathogenPathogen Diseased bodyDiseased body
Dis-beneficial Dis-beneficial
Beneficial Beneficial
Pathogeny: causes disease and endue the Pathogeny: causes disease and endue the characteristics of the diseasescharacteristics of the diseases
( + )
( )
(( InducerInducer ))
Etiology
Etiological Factors
1. Extrinsic Factors Biological agents: microorganisms and parasites: Roup virus Chemical agents: non-specific and specific Physical agents: mechanical injuries, extremes of temperature, electricity, and radiation Nutritional imbalance: excesses or deficiencies
2. Intrinsic Factors
Genetic factors: gene mutation, sickle cell anemia, colorblindness Congenital factors: abnormal embryonic developmental error Immunological factors: the immune response is deficient or inappropriately strong or misdirected. Psychological factors: Anxiety, strong or persistent psychological stress, such as hypertension, peptic ulcer, coronary heart disease, and depression.
Predisposing factors
Genetic constitution Physiological diathesis Psychological characteristics Psychological characteristics
Neural regulationsNeural regulations Hormonal regulationsHormonal regulations Organic regulationsOrganic regulations Cellular regulationsCellular regulations Molecular regulationsMolecular regulations
Basic Mechanisms for Disease
General rules for the onset and development of diseases
(1) Disruption of homeostasis
(2) Process of damage and anti-damage
(3) Reversal role of cause and result
(4) Correlation between systemic and local regulations
Eyewinker
Monocyte
Physic barrier
Stress
Immunoreaction
Inflammation
Coagulation
Detoxification
Radiation
Microbe
StressorPyrogen
Teratologic
Carcinoma
Trauma
Process of damage and anti-damage
Primary Primary causescauses
ResponsesResponsesFurther Further alterations alterations
Secondary Secondary alterationsalterations
(cause)(cause)
(+)(-)
Reversal rule of cause and result
Brain Death (WHO criteria)
Cessation of spontaneous respiration Irreversible coma Absence of cephalic reflexes Dilated or fixed pupils Absence of any electrical activity of the
brain Absence of brain blood flow