Post on 31-Mar-2015
Wechsler Individual Wechsler Individual Achievement TestAchievement Test
- Second UK Edition- Second UK Edition®
WORD
WOLD
WOND
UK
Link to WISC-IVLink to WISC-IVUKUK
WORDWOLDWOND
WISC-IIIUK
WIAT-IIUK WISC-IVUK
Kit ComponentsKit Components
Examiner’s Manual
UK Scoring/Normative Supplement
2 Stimulus books
25 Record forms
25 Response Booklets
Word Card
Pseudoword Card
Pseudoword CD
New WIAT-IINew WIAT-IIUKUK Record Forms- Record Forms- Available to purchase separatelyAvailable to purchase separately
1. Reading SubtestsWord Reading
Reading Comprehension
Pseudoword Decoding
2. Mathematics Subtests
Numerical Operations
Mathematical Reasoning
3. Language Subtests
Spelling
Written Expression
Listening Comprehension
Oral Expression
Use of WIAT-IIUse of WIAT-IIUKUK with Adults with Adults
UK norms up to 16 years 11 months
US norms for adults 17 to 85 years
UK Kit:
Adult Scoring and Normative Supplement
Plus
Comprehensive
Individually administered
9 subtests in 4 content areas
Administration Time
Ages 4-5 45 minutes
Ages 6-11 90 minutes
Ages 12+ 90-120 minutes
Overview ofOverview of WIAT-IIWIAT-IIUKUK
Offers a full array of normative information
Standard Scores Percentiles Stanines Normal curve equivalents
(NCEs) Age equivalents for each of the
subtests Co-normed with WISC-IVUK
Overview ofOverview of WIAT-IIWIAT-IIUKUK
Update the norms
Modification of subtests
Strengthen the link between assessment and intervention
Extend the age range
Improve scoring
Develop computer scoring programme
Development Goals Development Goals ofof WIAT-IIWIAT-IIUKUK
Reading
Mathematics
Written Language
Oral Language
Content areas covered by Content areas covered by the WIAT-IIthe WIAT-IIUKUK
Reading Composite Word Reading Reading Comprehension Pseudoword Decoding
WIAT-IIWIAT-IIUK UK and Readingand Reading
Mathematics Composite Numerical Operations Mathematical Reasoning
WIAT-IIWIAT-IIUK UK and Mathematicsand Mathematics
Written Language Spelling Written Expression
WIAT-IIWIAT-IIUK UK and Written Languageand Written Language
Oral Language Listening Comprehension Oral Expression
WIAT-IIWIAT-IIUK UK and Oral Languageand Oral Language
WIAT-IIWIAT-IIUKUK testing considerations testing considerations
-Sit so that both you and the examinee can see the stimuli.-Evaluate the examinee’s mood, affect and attitude.-Build rapport and engage the examinee before starting testing.-Maintain a steady pace but be flexible. Pay attention to changes in the examinee’s mood, activity level and co-operation.
Some basic things to remember:
WIAT-IIWIAT-IIUKUK testing considerations testing considerations
-If you must take a break, do so at the end of the subtest.-If you need to make modifications to the standard procedures (e.g. for an examinee with physical impairment, note these modifications on the record form and in your report).-Modifications may invalidate the use of norms; but still result in useful qualitative and quantitative information.
WIAT-IIWIAT-IIUKUK Administration Administration
Stimulus Book One:
Word Reading
Numerical Operations
Reading Comprehension
Spelling
Pseudoword Decoding
Stimulus Book Two:
Mathematical Reasoning
Written Expression
Listening Comprehension
Oral Expression
The order of subtest administration:
Some things to rememberSome things to remember
Starting Points
Reversal Rules
Discontinue Rules
Timing
Teaching of items
Repetition of items
Prompting
Querying
Qualitative Observations
Consult the Stimulus Booklets and Record Form about:
WIAT-IIWIAT-IIUKUK scoring considerations scoring considerations
- Don’t penalise for slang, informal language or regional variations of pronunciation.
- Don’t penalise for articulation problems.- Give credit for spontaneous corrections.- Don’t give credit for spoiled responses.- On multiple responses, score only the last response.- If an examinee gives a correct response and an incorrect
response, ask which one is intended, and score that response.
Completing the WIAT-IICompleting the WIAT-IIUK UK Record Record FormForm
WIAT-IIWIAT-IIUK UK Parent ReportParent Report
- Front page folds out and can be detached from the rest of the record form
- The detachable page contains the Parent Report on which test results can be provided.
Helpful abbreviations when Helpful abbreviations when recording responsesrecording responses
Q – Query or question
DK – Don’t know
CR – Can’t remember
PC – Pointed Correctly
PX – Pointed incorrectly
NR – No response
Completing the score conversion Completing the score conversion worksheetworksheet
- Transfer the Total Raw Score from each of the subtests to the space provided.
- Use Appendix C to obtain the standard score for each subtest.
- Transfer the subtest standard scores to the Summary Report on the record form.
Supplemental Score Conversion Supplemental Score Conversion WorksheetWorksheet
- Transfer the Total Raw Scores for the supplemental scores from the subtests to the space provided.
- Use Appendix B to obtain the quartiles or deciles for each total raw score.
- For Oral Expression – Word Fluency only, transfer the converted score from the Oral Expression subtest. Divide the converted score by 2 and record the quotient in the oval to the right of the previously recorded converted score.
- Transfer the supplemental quartiles or deciles to the Summary Report.
Completing the Summary ReportCompleting the Summary Report
- Complete the demographic information and calculate age.
- Transfer the subtest standard scores from the Raw Score Conversion worksheet.
- Calculate the composite standard scores by summing the subtest standard scores, then use Table C.2.
- If desired, supply the confidence interval information for each subtest and composite.
- If you wish to obtain age equivalents (Table D.4.), then you must use the raw scores rather than the standard scores.
Completing the Summary ReportCompleting the Summary Report
- To calculate the Total Composite score, sum the standard scores of all 9 of the subtests, then use Table C.2. to convert this sum to a Total Composite Standard score.
- If desired, transfer the Supplemental scores from the Supplemental Score Conversion worksheet.
Completing the Ability-Achievement Completing the Ability-Achievement Discrepancy AnalysisDiscrepancy Analysis
- Record the name of the ability test used and date of ability testing.
- For each ability-achievement discrepancy you wish to calculate, enter the score in the Ability Standard Score column.
- Decide whether you want to use the Predicted-Achievement method or the Simple Difference method.
- Use Appendix E to determine the WIAT-IIUK
predicted from Wechsler scores. Subtract the actual WIAT-IIUK score from the predicted score.
Completing the Ability-Achievement Completing the Ability-Achievement Discrepancy AnalysisDiscrepancy Analysis
- If using Simple Difference, subtract the actual WIAT-IIUK subtest score from the ability standard score.
- Determine whether each Ability-Achievement discrepancy is statistically significant using Appendix H.
- Determine how frequently a statistically significant difference occurred in the standardisation sample using Appendix H.
Word ReadingWord Reading
Description
Assesses early reading (phonological awareness) and word recognition and decoding skills. Items evaluate the naming of letters of the alphabet, the identification and generation of rhyming words, the identification of beginning and ending sounds of words, the blending of sounds into words and the matching of sounds with letters and letter blends. Both word reading accuracy and automaticity can be evaluated.
Word ReadingWord Reading
Scoring Considerations- If you want to evaluate automaticity, tick the >3
seconds column next to the item when the examinee requires more than 3 seconds to respond correctly.
- You may also mark when the examinee self corrects on an item by placing a tick in the column labelled SC.
- The >3 seconds and SC tick boxes are not used when calculating the Total Raw Score for the subtest, but they provide useful qualitative information.
Word ReadingWord Reading
Letter Identification & Phonological
Awareness Items- Items 4-29: Letter recognition and
identification using all 26 alphabet letters- Items 30-33: Phonological awareness- Items 34-38: Phonemic categorisation- Items 39-41: Phonemic blending- Items 42-47: Sound-symbol relationships
Word ReadingWord Reading
Word Reading Items
High frequency “sight” words
Initial or final consonants
Consonant digraphs (/th/,/sh/,/ph/,/ch/)
Consonant blends (/sl/,/fr/,/pl/)
CVVC (consonant, vowel, vowel, consonant pattern)
Syllabication (dividing the word into syllables)
Prefixes, suffixes, and roots
Applying pronunciation and accent rules
Word ReadingWord Reading
Use the Qualitative Observations to note the
frequency of the following:- Substitutes visually similar letters- Provides nonword responses for rhyming words- Pronounces words automatically- Laboriously “sounds out” words- Makes accent errors- Adds, omits, or transposes syllables
Numerical OperationsNumerical Operations
DescriptionAssesses the ability to identify and write numbers, count using 1:1 correspondence, and solve written calculation problems and simple equations involving the basic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
ConsiderationsUse a pencil without an eraser. If a mistake is made, the examinee should cross it out and write the correction beside it.
Numerical OperationsNumerical Operations
Items 1-7: Identification, discrimination, and ability to write numerals.
Items 3 and 6: Rote counting and counting with 1:1 correspondence.
Items 8 - 54: Basic operations, in increasing complexity, of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
Numerical OperationsNumerical Operations
Interpretation
Use the Skill Analysis to evaluate:- Inconsistent performance of specific skills- Difficulty with multi-digit calculation- Difficulty with specific processes (addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division)- Difficulty with specific types of numbers
(fractions, decimals)
Numerical OperationsNumerical Operations
Use the Qualitative Observations to note the
frequency of the following:
Writes incorrectly formed or reversed numerals
Uses fingers/aids for counting or calculating
Demonstrates automaticity of mathematical knowledge
Conversion problems (horizontal and vertical)
Uses place value correctly
Makes sequential errors
Reading ComprehensionReading Comprehension
Designed to measure the types of reading comprehensionskills taught in the classroom and used in everyday life.Initial items involve matching written words withrepresentative pictures. Later items include readingsentences aloud and reading different types of passages,then answering questions involving the comprehension ofcontent, such as identifying the main idea and specificdetails, making inferences, and defining vocabulary byusing context cues.
Supplemental scores available for Target Words & ReadingSpeed.
Target Words: Reading Sentences Target Words: Reading Sentences AloudAloud
- Evaluates the ability to read words in context- Assesses oral reading in conjunction with
comprehension- Yields a supplemental score for Target Words
which is reported as a quartile score
Reading Comprehension PassagesReading Comprehension Passages
- Three types of passages are included in each set of items
- Yields a supplemental score for Reading Speed, which is reported as a quartile score
- Scored 0, 1 or 2 based on accuracy and quality or response
- Additional scoring examples are included in the Scoring and Normative Supplements
Reading ComprehensionReading Comprehension
Interpretation- Look at each of the following eight objectives and
analyse the examinees mastery of that objective:- Using Picture Clues – Given a sentence and a
picture depicting the content of the sentence, answer a question directly relating to an action or detail in the picture.
- Recognising Stated Detail – Given a passage, restate a piece of information directly in the passage.
Reading ComprehensionReading Comprehension
- Sequencing – Given a passage that contains a sequence of events or steps in a process, identify the event or step requested.
- Recognising Stated Cause and Effect – Given a passage, state the cause or effect in a cause-effect relationship stated directly in the passage.
- Recognising Implied Cause and Effect – Given a passage, state the implied cause or implied effect for a cause-effect relationship occurring within the passage.
Reading ComprehensionReading Comprehension
- Predicting Events and Outcomes – Given a passage containing a series of events or background information, state an event or outcome that is likely to happen.
- Drawing Conclusions – Given a passage, state the conclusion that can best be inferred from information stated in the passage.
- Comparing and Contrasting – Given a passage, explain either the similarity or the difference between characters, objects, or events in the passage.
NoteResearch on the relationship between reading and listening has shown that listening comprehension is developed earlier than reading comprehension and that the young child has a larger listening vocabulary than reading vocabulary.
Reading ComprehensionReading Comprehension
Use the Qualitative Observations to note the frequency of the following:
- Reading passage aloud or silently when given a choice
- Refers back to the passage in order to answer questions
- Reads sentences fluently- Makes self-corrections- Uses context clues when decoding- Uses phonetic decoding skills
SpellingSpelling
Description
Assesses the examinee’s ability to spell by writing letters and letter blends that match specific sounds and writing words. Homonyms were included to reflect utilisation of context clues to select the appropriate spelling.
Considerations
Examinee uses a pencil without an eraser. Allow the examinee about 10 seconds to begin writing.
SpellingSpelling
Use the Qualitative Observations to note the frequency of the following:
- Difficulty with single consonant letter/sound orconsonant letter cluster/sound relationships
- Spelling errors occur at the beginning, medial position, or ending of words
- Write and rewrites a word several ways to determine which “looks” right
- Spells phonetically
SpellingSpelling
- Self-corrects errors- Omits suffixes that mark tense or part of
speech (-ed, -ing, -ly)- Makes errors on contractions- Writes the incorrect homonym
SpellingSpelling
InterpretationMis-spellings are indicative of the developmental stage of the
speller.
The cross-checking of spelling and word-reading performance
can provide important supplemental information about an
examinee’s ability to visualise and manipulate the sounds in
words.
SpellingSpelling
For example
- Difficulty spelling regular words suggests a review of spelling rules and word analysis skills.
- Good spelling of regular words but difficulty spelling irregular words suggests a review of the concept of “exceptions” to spelling rules.
- Poor spelling of homophones suggests instruction in detecting context clues in sentences, along with direct practice with homophones.
Pseudoword DecodingPseudoword Decoding
DescriptionMeasures the ability to apply phonetic decoding skills. The list of nonsense words are designed to be representative of the phonetic structure of words in the English language.
ConsiderationsRecording errors phonetically can help with later error analysis.
Pseudoword DecodingPseudoword Decoding
InterpretationThe Pseudoword Decoding subtest can be used to evaluate
whether the phonological decoding mechanism is developing
in an age-appropriate manner.
Frequently, older students who are struggling in reading will
demonstrate non-mastery of the alphabet principle as they are
unable to decode unfamiliar words.
Mathematical ReasoningMathematical Reasoning
DescriptionThe examinee counts, identifies geometric shapes, and solves single- and multi-step word problems, including items related to time, money, and measurement in response to both verbal and visual prompts. The examinee solves problems with whole numbers, fractions or decimals, interprets graphs, identifies mathematical patterns, and solves problems related to statistics and probability.
Mathematical ReasoningMathematical Reasoning
Interpretation
Use the Skills Analysis to evaluate:
- Problem Solving (Word Problems and ConsumerMaths)
- Numeration and Number Concepts- Graphs- Probability and Statistics- Geometry- Measurement
Mathematical ReasoningMathematical Reasoning
Use the Qualitative Observations to note the frequency of the following:
- Uses paper and pencil for calculation- Organises work to facilitate problem-solving- Uses concrete aids for computation- Breaks multi-step problem into smaller units- Disregards irrelevant information- Uses correct operation to calculate solution- Employs use of an effective strategy to problem
solve
Examples of Strategies Examples of Strategies Include:Include:
- Guessing and checking- Drawing pictures and tables of information- Eliminating extraneous information- Developing a formula or written equation- Constructing a model- Estimating an answer and then working
backwards- Attempting to simplify a problem
Written ExpressionWritten Expression
DescriptionAssesses the writing process. It is divided into 5 sections: Alphabet Writing, Word Fluency, Sentences, Paragraph and Essay.
- Alphabet Writing is timed and is a measure of automaticity and recall of sequential information.
- Word Fluency assesses the ability to generate and write a list of words that match a prescribed category.
- Sentences evaluate the ability to combine multiple sentences into one, meaningful sentence, or the ability to generate a sentence from visual or verbal cues.
Written ExpressionWritten Expression
- The Paragraph (given to younger children) can be evaluated analytically using a rubric scoring system based on organisation, vocabulary, and writing mechanics (spelling and punctuation).
- The Essay (given to older children and adults) can be evaluated analytically using a rubric scoring system based on organisation, vocabulary, theme development and writing mechanics.
- Both the the Paragraph and the Essay can be scored holistically, but analytic scoring is required for a subtest standard score.
- Word count is a Supplemental score.
Written ExpressionWritten Expression
Interpretation- This is a direct way of measuring an examinee’s
written discourse.
- This goes beyond the indirect method of assessing writing ability by measuring vocabulary and editing skills. Written Expression addresses vocabulary, editing skills, and skills in formulating an idea and developing that idea into coherent discourse.
Written ExpressionWritten Expression
Analytic-Considered somewhat more reliable than holistic method.-Provides differentiated information on strengths and weaknesses.-Necessary for ability-achievement discrepancy analysis.
Holistic-Quicker-Skilled scorers can accomplish the same things as those using analytic approach.-Provides general overview of child’s writing ability.-May be used initially to screen responses.
Listening ComprehensionListening Comprehension
DescriptionDivided into three sections: Receptive Vocabulary, Sentence Comprehension and Expressive Vocabulary.
Subtest is designed to measure the ability to listen for detail by selecting the picture that matches a word or sentence, and generating a word that matches a picture and an oral description.
Listening ComprehensionListening Comprehension
Interpretation
The verbal communication skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing are interrelated. Performance on each objective can also be compared to performance on the parallel Reading Comprehension objective.
Listening ComprehensionListening Comprehension
Things to look for:- A response indicating that the child is focusing
either on the picture or the definition for the item word, but not both.
- A response in which the child re-states the definition in the item.
- A response that is an invented word, such as “clockulator” rather than “calculator.”
Listening ComprehensionListening Comprehension
Remember
When comparing Reading Comprehension to Listening Comprehension, children typically
develop listening comprehension earlier than reading ability.
Oral ExpressionOral Expression
Description
Oral Expression has four sections: Sentence Repetition (administered only to younger children), Word Fluency, Visual Passage Retell, and Giving Directions.
Requires the examinee to produce oral language to recall and repeat, categorise, describe, and provide information to direct others.
Ability - Achievement Ability - Achievement Discrepancy AnalysisDiscrepancy Analysis
Two Basic Approaches:
Predicted - Achievement Method
Simple - Difference Method
Ability - Achievement Discrepancy Ability - Achievement Discrepancy AnalysisAnalysis
Limitations of Ability - Achievement Discrepancy Analysis
Evidence separate from test results should indicate that the child has a “failure to achieve” or lack of attainment in one of the principal areas of school learning.
Clinical evidence and direct observations must indicate that the child may have some form of “psychological process disorder” such as attention and concentration difficulties or problems of conceptualisation, information processing, or comprehension of written and spoken language.
Ability - Achievement Ability - Achievement Discrepancy AnalysisDiscrepancy Analysis
Limitations of Ability - Achievement Discrepancy Analysis- The examiner must ascertain that observed behaviour,
symptoms, or deficits in the child’s learning are not due to other factors such as sensory incapacity (visual or hearing impairment), emotional disturbance, and educational and economic disadvantages.
- Similarly, the examiner must determine that deficits do not result from factors in the medical or developmental history of the child. These factors include prenatal medical problems; delayed speech; hearing or visual development; brain injury or illnesses that cause neurological damage; difficulties with physical development or motor co-ordination problems; and many other risk factors.
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