W. H. Reissig, E. A. Heinrichs, L. Antonio, M. M. Salac, A. C. Santiago, A. M. Tenorio. 1981. Management of pest insects of rice in farmers’ fields in the Philippines. Protection Ecology 3: 203-218.

Abstract: Farmers' insecticide use, expenses, yields and profit were monitored during two consecutive rice crops in an integrated pest control (IPC) pilot project and reference area in the Philippines. Both areas were irrigated and planted to varieties resistant to insects and diseases. Research plots were established in the IPC area to measure yield loss from insects at different crop growth stages, test economic thresholds and sampling techniques, and evaluate insecticides. Insect populations were usually below economic thresholds during both crops and yields in untreated research plots were not

significantly different from those receiving up to seven insecticide applications. IPC and reference area farmers applied similar rates of insecticides averaging between 0.3-0.5 of the recommended dosage, but fields in the project area were treated more frequently. About 50% less insecticide was applied in insect management research plots compared to adjacent farmers' fields in the IPC project. Yields and profit were similar in the management research plots, and fields in the IPC project and reference area.