WEATHERING WEATHERING and SOILand SOIL

1. _____________ - the process that breaks rocks down into smaller and smaller fragments.

2. _________- carrying pieces away

3. _______________- the principle that states that processes operate the same as they did in the past

4. -weathering;

breaking into pieces caused by freezing and thawing

Weathering

mechanical

erosionuniformitarianism

A.______________- water freezes in cracks and expands

Ice wedging

B. ____________ - roots grow under and into other materialsC.____________-digging can expose new rock surfaces to weathering

Plants

Animals

Vegetation growing in Joints

D. __________-rubbing or pulling due to __________, ___________, or _______

abrasion

gravity, running water wind

E.________________- peeling action of weather rocks.

exfoliation

This is a picture of the Half

Dome. The rock is peeling away

from the mountain in

layers just like an onion. This is exfoliation.

5. ________ weathering; process that causes chemical changes to occur ;

caused by the action of water, oxygen, CO², living organisms and acid rain

chemical

A.______________- carbonic acid

(carbon dioxide and water) react

with rock to form new substances.

CarbonationCarbonation

B. _________- oxygen combines with metallic materials (such as iron) to form rust.

oxidation

C. ______________- organisms that break down the remains of dead organisms (fungi, bacteria, worms)

decomposers

permeability6. ___________ rocks with a _______ density; many spaces

low

impermeability7.________________rocks with a ____ density; tightly packed high

Look at the 2 examples of WEATHERING

Chemical

Mechanical

Are these mechanical

or chemical?

8. Rates of weatheringA._____________- eventually break down.

All rocks

B. _________- rocks decompose ______ if they crystallize fast. (Ex. Marble will decompose faster than granite).

Igneousfaster

C. Sedimentary rocks decompose faster in _______ climates.humid

D. __________and ____________

speed up chemical weathering.

Heat moisture

E. _____________and __________ speed up mechanical weathering.

Freezing thawing

9. mixture of weathered rock, decayed organic matter, mineral fragments, water, and air.

10. Factors that affect soil formation

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

soil-

ClimateSlope of landType of rockTypes of vegetationAmount of time rock has been weathered

11. __________- layer of solid rock beneath the soil layers

bedrock

12._______ - decayed organic matter.humus

13.- ______________

differentlayers of soil.

soilhorizon

14. _____

_______ -

vertical layering of all soil horizons.

soilprofile

topsoil

subsoil

15. ____- soil made up of equal parts of clay, sand, and silt; great for growing plants

loam

16. Causes of erosion

A. ___________

B. ___________________

slopeagricultural cultivation

C. __________________ -the removal of plants, trees, etc. for lumber, farming and grazing.

deforestation

D. ______________Overgrazing

E. _____________________Urban construction

A. ______________ - cultivating sideways rows on a hill.

contour plowing

B. _________ - buildingstep-like levels on a hill.

terracing

C._____________and

____________-planting different crops in different places each year.

strip croppingcrop rotation

D. ______________ -

planting trees to block the wind.

shelter belt

E. _____________ ____________-not allowing animals to eat too much of any one pasture area.F.__________________- leaving plant stalks to be tilled under in the spring when planting.

Proper grazing management

No till-farming

G. Use of _____, ____________, _____, _________ or ____________ to slow erosion.H.____________- planting trees on barren areas

mulch concrete wallsstone wood mats plastic coverings

reforestation

18._____________ - soil is damaged from little or no rainfall causing desert-like conditions.

desertification

19. ___________- area of the Midwest where in the 1930’s the soil was ruined by poor farming techniques

Dust Bowl

20. ________- water soaks into lower soil horizons

leaching