Post on 16-Jul-2015
12/16/2014
Institutional Changes of
Watershed Development
Programmes - India
Archana Raghavan Sathyan
PhD student
Outline
• Introduction
• Watershed concept
• Methodology-Theories
• Institutional arrangements
• Conclusion
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Watershed
• ‘Wasserscheide’(German) -‘Water divide’
‘A topographically delineated
area that is drained to a particular
point by a stream system’ (Dixon, 1994)
• Natural boundary
• A stream/channel/water body
• Outlet
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Common outlet
point of the
watershed
Major drainage line in
the watershed
Drainage area of the watershed
12/16/2014 8Source: Own compilation
Outline of a watershed
• Mini Watershed - 100 ha
• Micro Watershed - 500 ha
•Sub Micro Watershed - 2500 ha
•Milli Watershed - 5000 ha
•Major Watershed - 10000 ha
•Drainage basin - >10000 ha 9Source: MoRD, GoI
Classification of watershed
(size/scale)
Rain fed area
• 68% of the Total Cropped Area
• 55% of Agricultural Production
(Planning Commission, 2012)
Livelihood to
480 million
people•29 states
•7 UTs
•655 districts
•256000 villages
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Watershed
Management
Natural Resource
Management
Production system
Livelihood support
•Soil
•Water
•Biomass •Area
•Productivity
•Income generation
•Marketing
Source: Own compilation
3-Pong approach
Farm pond1.Store water
2.Reduce soil erosion
3.Increase ground water
recharge
Retaining wall1.Protect river banks
2.Reduce soil erosion
3. Increase water
recharge
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Institutions
• Institutions are the constraints that human
beings impose on human interaction. They
constitute formal rules and informal
constraints (North, 1990)
2 kinds
• 1. Formal- State enacted e.g: Constitutions,
common law etc
• 2. Informal-Unwritten rules & norms (Schmid, 2004)
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Sl. No Year Programme Institution Objective
1 1973-74 DPAP MoRD Economic development of drought
prone areas through soil and
water conservation measures
2 1977-78 DDP MoRD Minimise the adverse effect of
drought and deforestation through
reforestation
3 1989-90 IWDP MoRD Regeneration of degraded forest
land through soil and water
conservation measures
4 1990-91 NWDPRA MoA Sustainable NRM - Agricultural
production, restore ecological
balance, generate employment
5 2008-till
date
IWMP MoRD ‘Watershed plus concept’
Table No 1: Chronology of various government WDP in India
Source: Ministry of Rural Development, Govt. of India.12/16/2014 17
Theories of Institutional change
• Institutions are not static, but dynamic!
• Actors seek distributional advantage through
bargaining- access and ownership of actors
to resources (Knight,1992)
• Either by themselves or lobbying government (Libecap, 1989)
• Design new rules consciously to solve
collective action dilemma (Ostrom, 1998)
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The Mechanism Design Theory
emphasize the problem faced by a
principal/planner (Government) in designing
a ‘mechanism’ by which a set of agents with
productive capacities or consumption needs
will interact with one another to yield resource
allocation outcomes (Hurwicz, 1960)
•Individual preferences are not visible (Ananda, 2013)
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Mechanism Design Theory (Hurwicz, Maskin, Myersen)
Contd…
• ‘Mechanism’ - Institutions and rules of the game
• ‘Design’ - New situation with flexibility
• Asymmetric information flow – Technology,
productive capacity and agent's preferences
• Incentive compatibility problem - Lack of
incentives for economic agents
• Revelation principle (Myerson, 1979) - Calculating the
most efficient rule for the game to extract private
information.
• Aim - Efficient allocation of resources within
information gap
12/16/2014 20(Hurwicz, 1960)
Central Watershed Programme Implementation and Review
Committee
State Dept of Rural Development
Multi Disciplinary Teams (MDTs)
WDT
WUGWUGWUG
District Rural Development Agency
State level Watershed Programme
Implementation and Review Committee
Watershed Committee
(WC)
PIA
Figure 2: Institutional framework of watershed programmes before 2001
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State
District
Panchayath
Role Institution Structure
NRAA
Nodal Agency
PIA
WDT
SLNA
WCDC
WC
MoRD
Multidisciplinary experts-
Agriculture, water management
Chairperson, CEO, NRAA
members, GWB, Dept Experts
Project Manager & subject matter
specialists
Govt .dept, NGOs, voluntary
organisations, PRIs
4 member team
Strategic planning, National
Data Centre
Fund facilitation , allocation
Evaluation
Sanction of WSD
Approve PIA, M&E
Carryout WSD activities
Keep records
Guidance, Resource
development plans &
CPR management
Identify PIA
Capacity building
Technical support,
M&E
SHGs UGs
Figure 3: Institutional framework after ‘Common Guidelines’ (2008)
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11 members
WD Institutions & MDT
• Planner (Government)-Top-down/ Centralised
Public involvement in designing is weak
High technical capacity to process data (so data
cells at the top)
Equipped to deal externalities, increasing returns…
• Decentralised system- communication & information
processing cost less (PRIs –Key actors) (Ananda, 2013)
• PIAs - selected by DWCU (one superior line of
command)
12/16/2014 24(Mookherjee, 2005)
• Economic agents – ‘Landholders’ hide benefit &
actual cost - never disclose true information!!!!
(provided incentives)
• Incentives incompatibility problem –
WD works - 50%
Livelihood activities - 10%
Microenterprises -13%
• Revelation principle gives a weak preference to
Centralised system (Myerson, 1979)
• Design optimal contracts -better communication &
governance multiple scales with less transaction cost
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Contd….
Conclusion
• Failure - Equity & inclusion of marginalised
population
• Spill over effects & coordination across scale-
magnitude (upstream and down streams must be
ascertained)
• Farmers show little enthusiasm - High initial
investments and maintainance cost (incentives-
not match with real cost)
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(Gandhi & Crase, 2012)(Ananda, 2013)
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•Information needs - Present situation,
expected damages & threatening processes
of watershed (PRIs less time)
•Less transparency in PIA & village selection
•Self interest and political economy of the
governments and organisations
Contd….