Post on 16-Apr-2017
Where does it all go!Where does the water from the washer go?
When you flush the toilet where does the contents go?
By gravity flow, the waste is on its way to your local wastewater treatment plant!
Why treat wastewater?• Causes a demand for dissolved oxygen
(lower DO levels of streams)
• Adds nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) to cause excessive growth
• Increases suspended solids or sediments in streams (turbidity increase)
Western Branch WWTP
Blue Plains WWTP
Mattawoman WWTP
Sewagesheds
Piscataway WWTP
Parkway WWTP
Marlboro Meadows WWTP
Bowie WWTP
approximate boundaries
- an area where sewage is collected and delivered to a WWPT
Levels of TreatmentPrimary– removal by physical separation of grit and
large objects (material to landfill for disposal)
Secondary– aerobic microbiological process (sludge)
organic matter + O2 CO2 + NH3 + H2ONH3 NO3
-
- lowers suspended solids content (into sludge)
aquatic nutrient
Mostly dead microbes
Aeration and
rapid mixing
Settlingcollects sludge
on bottom
Secondary process
airdiffuser
From
prim
ary
proc
ess
To tertiary process
Slow mixingto keep
suspended and O2 out
Settlingcollects sludge
on bottom
Tertiary processFr
om se
cond
ary
proc
ess
Effluent
add methanol as food source
When the treatment is done…
• Effluent back to stream after– a final carbon filtration and– chlorination/dechlorination
• Sludge – very nutrient rich– applied directly to land as fertilizer– incinerated– composted
• We all know that planet earth has more water than land but sadly just about 3% of the Earth’s total water is fresh water and over two third of that is in glaciers.
• That makes it about less than 0.5 percent of our fresh water available in lakes, ponds and rivers
WATER MANAGEMENT
The availability and quality of water are being improved.
•Rooftop rainwater harvesting systems, storage tanks, bio-sand filters, and stand posts with water taps in schools and homes provide water for drinking and sanitation—•Groundwater levels are augmented with check dams, contour trenches, dug well recharging, pressurized recharge wells, and pond development; and •Villagers and development committees are being trained to effectively manage water resources, and water literacy sessions motivate villagers to conserve water.
CONTENT• Definition• Categories of Biomedical Waste• Problem associated with Biomedical
waste• Need for Biomedical Waste
Management• Treatment techniques• Biomedical waste management in
India• Environmental legislation• Conclusion
Biomedical Waste (BMW) is…
• Solid waste generated during the diagnosis,
testing, treatment, research or production of biological products for humans or animals (WHO)
• WHO estimates
– 85% of hospital waste is non-hazardous– 10% is infectious– 5% is non-infectious but consists of hazardous
chemicals like methylchloride and formaldehyde.
TYPES OF BIOMEDICAL WASTES
WASTE CATEGORY TYPE OF WASTE
Category No. 1 Human Anatomical Waste
Category No. 2 Animal Waste
Category No. 3 Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste
Category No. 4 Waste Sharps
Category No. 5Discarded Medicine and Cytotoxic drugs
Category No. 6 Soiled Waste
Category No. 7 Solid Waste
Category No. 8 Liquid Waste
Category No. 9 Incineration Ash
Category No.10 Chemical Waste
Waste Sharps eg: Needles
Human anatomical waste
Discarded medicines
Solid waste eg: cotton swabs
Pharmaceutical Waste
PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH BMW
ORGANISM DISEASES CAUSED RELATED WASTE ITEM
VIRUSES HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis A,C, Arboviruses, Enteroviruses
AIDS, Infectious Hepatitis,Infectious Hepatitis,Dengue, Japaneseencephalitis, tick-bornefevers, etc.
Infected needles, bodyFluids, Human excreta, soiled linen, Blood, body fluids.
BACTERIASalmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, Clostridium Tetani, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus
Typhoid, Cholera, TetanusWound infections,septicemia, rheumaticfever, endocarditis, skinand soft tissue infections
Human excreta andbody fluid in landfills andhospital wards, Sharps such as needles, surgical blades in hospital waste.
PARASITESWucheraria Bancrofti, Plasmodium
Cutaneous leishmaniasis,Kala Azar, Malaria
Human excreta, blood andbody fluids in poorlymanaged sewage system ofhospitals.
NEED FOR BMW MANAGMENT Infections in patients from poor infection
control practices and poor waste management.
Drugs which have been disposed of, being repacked and sold off to unsuspecting buyers.
Risk of air, water and soil pollution directly due to waste, or due to defective incineration emissions and ash.
Risk of infection outside hospital for waste handlers and scavengers, other peoples.
TECHNIQUESSEGREGATION :- to segregate the
wastes.Colour Coding Type of Container
Yellow Plastic Bag
Red Disinfected container/Plastic bag
Blue/White Translucent
Plastic Bag / punch proof containers
Black Plastic Bag
TRANSPORTATION
• Transportation of BMW can be divided into internal and external transportation.
• INTERNAL: it is for yellow ,red ,blue and white bags.
• EXTERNAL: it is for the general waste collected in the black coloured plastic bags.
Bio medical waste management in India
Biomedical waste (management and handling) rule 1998, prescribed by The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt of India, came into force on 20th July 1998. This rule applies to those who generate, collect, receive, store, dispose, treat or handle bio medical waste in any manner.Thus bio medical waste should be segregated into containers/bags at the point of generation of waste. Thus Colour Coding & type of containers used for disposal of waste is came into existence which is shown as follows.
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Environmental Legislation Environmental Legislation The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 The Biomedical Waste (Management & The Biomedical Waste (Management &
Handling) Rules, 1998Handling) Rules, 1998 The Municipal Solid Waste (Management & The Municipal Solid Waste (Management &
Handling) Rules, 2000Handling) Rules, 2000 The Hazardous Waste (Management & The Hazardous Waste (Management &
Handling) Rules, 1989Handling) Rules, 1989 The National Environmental Tribunal Act, The National Environmental Tribunal Act,
19951995 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1981Act, 1981