Post on 03-Jan-2016
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WATERWATERHH22OO
Earth’s WaterEarth’s Water
Global Water UsageGlobal Water Usage
Percent of Water Percent of Water ConsumptionConsumption
Surface WaterSurface Water
• Definition: Fresh water on the Earth’s land Definition: Fresh water on the Earth’s land surfacesurface– Is found in lakes, rivers, streams, and wetlandsIs found in lakes, rivers, streams, and wetlands
• Types of surface waters are:Types of surface waters are:– River systemsRiver systems
• Mississippi, Amazon, NileMississippi, Amazon, Nile
– Water shedsWater sheds• Definition: area of land that is drained by a riverDefinition: area of land that is drained by a river
– Example: Mississippi WatershedExample: Mississippi Watershed
Ground WaterGround Water
• Definition: water stored beneath the Earth’s Definition: water stored beneath the Earth’s surface in sediment and rock formationssurface in sediment and rock formations
water travels beneath the Earth’s surface water travels beneath the Earth’s surface through rocks and soil to make a level called the through rocks and soil to make a level called the WATER TABLEWATER TABLE
• Types of ground water:Types of ground water:– AqufiersAqufiers
– The Recharge ZoneThe Recharge Zone
– WellsWells
AquiferAquifer
• Definition: An underground formation Definition: An underground formation that contains ground waterthat contains ground water
• Most consist of materials such as Most consist of materials such as rock, sand, and gravelrock, sand, and gravel
• Spaces where water can accumulateSpaces where water can accumulate
Porosity and PermeabilityPorosity and Permeability
• PorosityPorosity– Definition: the amount of space between Definition: the amount of space between
the particles that make up a rockthe particles that make up a rock
• PermeabilityPermeability– Definition: the ability of rock or soil to Definition: the ability of rock or soil to
allow water to flow through itallow water to flow through it•Examples: GravelExamples: Gravel
• Impermeable: clay or graniteImpermeable: clay or granite
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• Definition: the area of the Earth’s Definition: the area of the Earth’s surface where water percolates down surface where water percolates down into the aquiferinto the aquifer
• They are environmentally sensitive They are environmentally sensitive (much like myself)(much like myself)
• Can take a long time to refill aquifersCan take a long time to refill aquifers– Buildings and parking lots can act as Buildings and parking lots can act as
impermeable layersimpermeable layers
WellsWells
• Not just for wishing, but more for:Not just for wishing, but more for:
• Definition: A hole that is dug to reach Definition: A hole that is dug to reach ground waterground water
Water PollutionWater Pollution
Types of water pollutionTypes of water pollution
• ________________________________________________________________– Pollution discharged from a single sourcePollution discharged from a single source– ExamplesExamples
•Septic TanksSeptic Tanks
•Landfills Landfills
•Water Discharged by IndustryWater Discharged by Industry
•Underground Storage TanksUnderground Storage Tanks
•Active MinesActive Mines
•Waste Water Treatment PlantsWaste Water Treatment Plants
Acid MineAcid Mine Drainage: Drainage:
Biological Biological
Types of Water PollutionTypes of Water Pollution
- ________________________________________________________________- Pollution that comes from many sources and can Pollution that comes from many sources and can
be difficult to identifybe difficult to identify- 96% of all polluted water comes from non-point 96% of all polluted water comes from non-point
sourcessources- ExamplesExamples
• Water RunoffWater Runoff• PesticidesPesticides• HerbicidesHerbicides• FertilizerFertilizer• FarmlandFarmland• Construction SitesConstruction Sites• Water Crafts (like my old boat that stalled every time I Water Crafts (like my old boat that stalled every time I
went on the lake)went on the lake)
Point and Nonpoint SourcesPoint and Nonpoint Sources
NONPOINT SOURCES
Urban streets
Suburban development
Wastewater treatment plant
Rural homes
Cropland
Factory
Animal feedlot
POINT SOURCES
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- Eutrophication Eutrophication caused by humanscaused by humans
- StepsSteps- 1. Excess run-off1. Excess run-off- 2. Algal bloom2. Algal bloom- 3. Everyone is happy 3. Everyone is happy (increase oxygen)(increase oxygen)- 4. Algae dies and 4. Algae dies and
decomposedecompose- 5. Decomposers steal 5. Decomposers steal
all the oxygenall the oxygen
Pollution of LakesPollution of LakesEutrophication Eutrophication
Pollution of StreamsPollution of StreamsPollution of StreamsPollution of Streams Oxygen sag curve Oxygen sag curve Factors influencing recovery Factors influencing recovery
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- Pollution in which the temperature of the Pollution in which the temperature of the body of water (lakes, streams) increasesbody of water (lakes, streams) increases
- This can occur when power plants or This can occur when power plants or industry discharge warm water in a industry discharge warm water in a lake/riverlake/river
- Can cause death to many fishCan cause death to many fish
- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Effects of Dissolved OxygenEffects of Dissolved OxygenEffects of Dissolved OxygenEffects of Dissolved Oxygen
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- Pollutants that percolate down into the Pollutants that percolate down into the earth’s surfaceearth’s surface
- Can come from any surface water Can come from any surface water pollution or any leaking underground pollution or any leaking underground storage tanksstorage tanks
- Very difficult to decontaminate because of Very difficult to decontaminate because of large areas of rock that make up the large areas of rock that make up the aquiferaquifer
- Pollution clings to the materialsPollution clings to the materials
Groundwater Pollution: CausesGroundwater Pollution: CausesGroundwater Pollution: CausesGroundwater Pollution: Causes Low flow rates Low flow rates Few bacteria Few bacteria
Cold temperatures Cold temperatures
Coal strip mine runoff
Pumping well
Waste lagoon
Accidental spills
Groundwater flow
Confined aquifer
Discharge
Leakage from faulty casing
Hazardous waste injection well
Pesticides
Gasoline station
Buried gasoline and solvent tank
Sewer
Cesspool septic tank
De-icing road salt
Unconfined freshwater aquifer
Confined freshwater aquifer
Water pumping well Landfill
Low oxygen Low oxygen
Fig. 22-9 p. 502
Groundwater Pollution PreventionGroundwater Pollution PreventionGroundwater Pollution PreventionGroundwater Pollution Prevention
Monitor aquifers Monitor aquifers
Leak detection systems Leak detection systems
Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal
Store hazardous materials above ground Store hazardous materials above ground
Find less hazardous substitutes Find less hazardous substitutes
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- Ships can LEGALLY dump waste Ships can LEGALLY dump waste water and garbage overboard (i.e. water and garbage overboard (i.e. cruise ships)cruise ships)- BUT 85% of ocean pollution comes from BUT 85% of ocean pollution comes from
activities on landactivities on land• Oil SpillsOil Spills
•About 37 million gallons of oil from tankers About 37 million gallons of oil from tankers are released into the ocean each yearare released into the ocean each year
Oil SpillsOil Spills Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and
storage tanks
Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and storage tanks
Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal insulation and buoyancy, smothering
Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal insulation and buoyancy, smothering
Significant economic impacts Significant economic impacts
Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and blotters
Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and blotters
Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and dispersing agents
Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and dispersing agents
Ocean PollutionOcean PollutionOcean PollutionOcean Pollution
Fig. 22-11 p. 504
BiomagnificationBiomagnification
Case Study: The Great LakesCase Study: The Great Lakes
Fig. 22-8 p. 500
Case Study: Chesapeake BayCase Study: Chesapeake Bay
Largest US estuary
Largest US estuary
Relatively shallow Relatively shallow
Slow “flushing” action to Atlantic
Slow “flushing” action to Atlantic
Major problems with dissolved O2 Major problems with dissolved O2
Fig. 22-13 p. 506
Drinking Water QualityDrinking Water QualityDrinking Water QualityDrinking Water Quality
Safe Drinking Water Act Safe Drinking Water Act
Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)
Purification of urban drinking water Purification of urban drinking water
Bottled water Bottled water
Protection from terrorism Protection from terrorism
Purification of rural drinking water Purification of rural drinking water
Wastewater TreatmentWastewater Treatment
Water TreatmentWater Treatment
• Water must be treated to remove elements Water must be treated to remove elements and pathogensand pathogens– Removed elementsRemoved elements
• Mercury, arsenic, & leadMercury, arsenic, & lead
• ________________________________________________– Safe to drinkSafe to drink
• ________________________________________________– Organisms that can cause illnessOrganisms that can cause illness– Ex. Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic Ex. Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic
wormsworms