Water availability and per capita water use (liters/day)

Period n Group A

Group B

Group C

Canal closure (January) 23 10 16 48 Peak crop water demand (May)

27 15 29 113

Water quality andavailability

Incidence rateof diarrhea

RR (95% CI)

Seepage 4.04 1

Surface 3.53 0.87(0.72-1.06)

Connected + storage 2.62 1

Connected, nostorage

3.52 1.34(1.11-1.62)

Not connected 5.02 1.91(1.55-2.36)

Under five children in 200 households, Pakistan

Issues to consider• Risks

– Health hazard of using canal water for drinking– Water source insufficient– Damage to canals and pipes by livestock– Contamination of sources– Access and equity

• Health benefits through more water for hygiene• Management issues

– Improving ‘efficiency’ may cut off some uses and possibly reduce overall value of output

CANAL LINING Reduced seepage to wells?

???

Increase in F?

Conclusions• Irrigation water produces more than just grain or fiber• ‘Water for rural development’• Identify all uses, users → provide access to “marginal” users,

for livelihood security• Information on value of all uses leads to better policies• Implications for water rights, especially in transfers

• Who will take responsibility?• Impact of water scarcity, food prices, and climate change?