Post on 02-Jan-2016
Warm Up #1How did the Chapter 23 test compare to
Chapter 1?
Starting with cells, name as many the levels of organization as you can (going up from smallest to largest)
What, to you, mean that something is “living?” What attributes does this thing/person need to have?
Step 1: Life is made of cellsCells – basic units of life
Discovered by Hooke (cork)
Can be unicellular (bacteria) or multi-cellular (humans)
Each cell contains genetic material (DNA/RNA)
HIV – a beautifully simply viral cell
Step 2: Life has DNADNA =
deoxyribonucleic acid
Instructions for new cell production
Origination of life = RNA (ribonucleic acid)?
Also code for proteinsWhich came first, the DNA or the RNA? Either way, this soup looks pretty gross.
Steps 3 and 4: Life is homeostatic and evolves over timeHomeostasis =
balance internal conditions (negative feedback loop)
Adjusts to changes in outside environment
Evolution – change in genetic composition over time
Step 5: Life “does it”…reproduces that is..Asexual
reproduction (mitosis) – producing identical cells of the parent cell
Sexual reproduction (meiosis) – producing daughter cells with traits of male and female parent cells.
A benefit to asexual reproduction – you never need to worry about the “let’s just be friends” card
Step 6: Life takes matter and makes energy (food. Mmmm, food)Metabolism –a set
of chemical reactions that converts matter into usable energy for the cell
The Virus Question: is a virus alive?
“is butter a carb?”“…yes.”
Warm Up #2Approximately how many calories did you eat in
one day, based on the data collected in Friday’s Energy Diet Activity? Would you say this was accurate? If not, do you think you eat more or less than that a day?
Where are most of your energy (calories) coming from in your food, carbs, protein or fat?
In a particular ecosystem, the soil is very nutrient-rich at a pH of around 6.9. Acid rain caused by fossil fuel burning starts to affect the soil. How will this affect the ecosystem? Why do you think so?
What is an Ecosystem?Ecosystem – community
of different species interacting with one another and with nonliving environment of matter and energy.
Shares same climate – long-term weather
Matter – anything that takes up space and has mass
A lake ecosystem, what is that hawk
diving for?
Ecosystem: Non-Living Factors
Abiotic Factors – non-living components of an ecosystemRocks, water, soil“A-” = not; “Bio-” =
living
Abiotic factors affecting environment:TemperatureSalinity of waterpH of soil/waterPrecipitation
Setting Ecosystem Boundaries
Ecotone – a transitional zone from one ecosystem to another
Contains mixture of species from both ecosystems
Revisiting: Riparian Zones, why are they important? Mangrove Forests –
Florida’s dying ecotone
Real Life Drama: Mangroves in Florida
Mangrove – a tree found on coastal regions of FloridaObtains freshwater from
saltwater
Estuary - partly enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea
Human activity = less mangroves
Effects on Loss of MangrovesRange of Tolerance –
Amount of physical and chemical change to an environment an organism can handle (Stress Zone)
Limiting Factor Principle – abiotic factor that can limit/prevent growth of species
Mangroves Salinity = amount of salt in water
Precipitation is the limiting factor in this
example. What are other limiting factors you can
think of?
Quick Quiz #2You are in a desert. Give two examples of
abiotic factors and two examples of biotic factors in a desert.
Why are estuaries, like mangrove forests, important?
We used salinity in the Mangrove Forest example. Name some other examples of limiting factors? Give an example of how one of those limiting factors can influence the tolerance of an environment.
Warm Up #6Scenario: A storm has hit a certain area of Eastern
Pennsylvania, with a large amount of rainfall. Surprisingly crops begin to die as a result. When ecologists tested the soil of the affected area, they found the pH to be more acidic than they had thought.
1.List the abiotic factors in this particular scenario?
2.What is the limiting factor in this scenario? How do you know?
3.Using the terms “tolerance” and “stress” in your answer, why were crops dying with this acid rain?
Here Comes the Sun…THE SUN
Main energy source for life on Earth (1.7 million Calories!!)
Makes energy Nuclear Fusion4 hydrogen atoms 1 helium atom + ENERGY
Other Energy Source: Chemical CompoundsFound underground/in VERY deep water
Review: PhotosynthesisProducers – make
their own energy (Autotrophs)
Photosynthesis Equation:H20 + CO2 + Light Energy
Glucose and Oxygen
Light MUST BE present
What about when NO light is present?
Chemosynthesis: Extreme CircumstancesTypically used by
remotely-located bacteria (volcanoes, hot springs)
No light present
CO2 + H20 + Sulfide Compounds + Chem Energy Carbs
CONSUMERS
Also known as Heterotrophs – obtain energy from other organisms
Types:Herbivores – Eat only plants (cows)
Carnivores – Eat only animals (dogs)
Omnivores – Eat both plants and animals (humans)
Detritivores/Decomposers - Eat dead organic matter (earthworms, fungi)
Feeding RelationshipsEnergy Flow = ONE
DIRECTION!
Different levels = Trophic Levels
Sun/Inorganic Compounds Autotrophs Heterotrophs
OR
Sun Producers Consumers
Two TypesFood Chain – A series
of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
Food Web – A feeding network of complex interactions among various organismsMore Realistic!
Energy PyramidEcological
Efficiency - % of energy available at each trophic level90% of energy lost
going up trophic level!!
Biomass – Amount of living tissue within trophic level 98.8% of energy
from sun is NOT used
Should We Be Vegetarians?Herbivores =
Vegetarians
Vegetarians eat 90% more biomass than meat eaters
Grasshoppers, Humans and Frogs (Oh my!)
1 %
10 %
100% available energy
Vegetarian
Quick Quiz #3As you go up each trophic level, 90% of the
energy in the previous trophic level is lost. Where is this energy going? Is this an ecologically efficient process?
How do carnivores differ from omnivores?
Under what circumstances would an autotrophic organism use chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis? Give an example of a location that requires chemosynthesis.