Post on 26-Oct-2014
Vocabulario de Inglés Técnico
Vocabulario del Capítulo 4 Replies to enquiries
1. Adaptability : Ability to be used for more than one purpose; adaptable; adapt.
2. Balance : Remainder.
3. Bargain : Something obtained at a price below its value; negotiate a price.
4. Become effective : Begin to operate.
5. Bulk purchase : Buying in large quantities.
6. Call on: To visit.
7. Consignment: goods packed together and sent from seller to buyer.
8. Condensation: drops of liquid forming, due to heat.
9. Contract Supplies: large quantities ordered under contract.
10. Demand : Number of orders.
11. Discount: Reduction in price allowed by the seller.
12. Draft: An order for payment, drawn up by a bank.
13. Entail : To cause, involve.
14. Evidently: Clearly, obviously.
15. Excessive: Too much.
16. Expendable: short lived, not durable.
17. The fashionable trade: business in high quality clothes.
18. Firm for five days: open for five days.
19. Firm order: definite order.
20. Grant: To allow.
21. If Stocks are cleared : If all goods are sold.
22. If you could see your way to increasing : if you agree to increase.
23. In stock : Available, ready for delivery.
24. In strict Rotation : In the very same order in which they arrive.
25. Keep pace with : Produce fast enough to meet. De acuerdo a la demanda.
26. Knowhow : Specialized knowledge, expertise.
27. Libera l: Generous.
28. Lines: Products, or groups of products.
29. Negotiate: discuss (terms, conditions)
30. Ousted : Taken the place of.
31. Overstocking: Ordering more than can be sold.
32. Premises: Buildings or offices where a business is carried on.
33. Pro-forma invoice : Invoice enabling a customer to see how much a consignment will cost.
34. Promote a product : Make the public aware of a product.
35. Prospective : potential.
36. Range : Selection of different products.
37. Replenish: Replaced what has been consumed.
38. Robust: Strong.
39. Sales Literature: advertising material.
40. Settlement : Payment.
41. Sustain : To keep up, maintain.
42. Withstand : Resist.
43. Working to capacity : Fully occupied.
44. Trade terms : prices paid by the dealer.
45. Transparencies : pictures projected onto a screen.
46. Ultra -lightweight: very light in deed.
47. Vintages: wines from grapes of particular years.
48. Well up to: at least as good as.
49. Without any obligation: free form any need to buy.
50. Withstand: resist.
51. Working to capacity: fully occupied.
Vocabulario del Capítulo 5 Orders and Execution of orders
52. Alternative : Another possibility.
53. Bear in mind: Remember, consider.
54. Content: Proportion, percentage.
55. Contents: what is contained in something.
56. Discretion: Judgment.
57. Extend: To make longer or larger, extension, extensive.
58. Indent: Order, one of a series of orders from a regular customer.
59. In the right frame of mind : Contented, in a good mood.
60. Keen competition : Hard Competition.
61. Keen price : Competitive price.
62. We are keen to help you : we are eager to help you.
63. Keep it for further reference : keep it so we can consult it later.
64. Match : Be similar to, harmonize with.
65. Observance of : paying attention to; acting in accordance with.
66. Pending: Awaiting
67. Reject: To refuse to accept.
68. Seconds: Goods which cannot be sold as perfect
69. Slump : Rapid fall.
70. Substitute : alternative offered if the article ordered is not available.
71. Vouch for : To express confidence in.
Vocabulario del Capítulo 7 Invoicing and Accounting
72. Discrepancy: error, disagreement.73. Carriage: freight, cost of transport.74. Warrant : justify, entitle us to.75. To query: to question, raise a question.76. To waive: to cancel, to overlook.77. Clerical error: office error.78. Outstanding: unpaid.79. Current liability: present debt, last account.80. 60 d/s: 60 days after sight.81. Meet: pay.82. Punctually met : paid when due.83. Without responsibility: no responsibility can be accepted.84. Overbuying: buying more than they can pay for.85. Kept: (in this case) paid promptly.
Vocabulario del Capítulo 9 Banking and payments in foreign trade
86. Current Account: the account into which a client pays his trading receipts and on which he draws his checks. No interest is paid on a current account.
87. Deposit Account: surplus funds from the current account are held in this, and receive interest.
88. Interest: the charge or profit due for lending money.89. Loan: Money lent, lend, borrow. Lender, borrower. Banks lend to their customers.
Customers borrow from their banks.90. Cheque: an order in writing from a person to his bank to pay on demand a certain sum to a
named person.91. Bill of exchange: an order in writing from one person to a bank or to another person, to
pay on demand or at a given date, a certain sum to the person named in the bill.92. Letter of credit: an arrangement with a bank by means of which a buyer guarantees
payment to a seller on fulfillment by the seller of certain agreed conditions.93. Draft: a document use to draw money from a source. Sometimes used to refer to the
money itself.94. Banker’s draft: a draft or cheque drawn by one bank on another.95. Banker’s transfer: transfer of money from the bank account of a debtor to the bank
account of his creditor by order of the debtor.96. Overdraft : a debit balance on the bank customer’s current account.97. Security: a document of value given as cover for a loan.98. Trustee: person appointed to protect the interests and property of a person unable to do
so for himself.99. Executor: person appointed to carry out the wishes of another person deceased.
Vocabulario: terminology of drafts
100. Acceptance: an accepted bill; the act of accepting.101. Agent: any person who acts, under authority, for another person.102. Beneficiary: the person benefiting by a draft.103. Clean B/E: a bill of exchange without documents.104. Clean B/L: a bill of lading for goods in good condition.105. Commission: a charge made on a percentage basis for services.106. Copies: reproductions of a document.
107. Correspondent: sometimes this term is used for a bank which acts as an agent for another bank.
108. Days of grace: 3 days extra in which to settle a time bill.109. Defaulter: a person who fails to pay a debt.110. Documentary Draft: a B/E attached to shipping documents.111. Domiciliation: the depositing of a bill by a drawee with a bank for payment when due.112. Drawerlee: a drawer is the person who draws a bill; a drawee is the person drawn upon.113. Due date: the date by which a bill must be paid.114. Dues: another word for money due for services.115. Endorse: to sign a document (cheque, bill) passing rights in it to another person.116. Evidence: to prove; to show proof.117. Expire (to): to come to an end; to be no longer valid.118. Extend (to): to make a document valid for a longer period.119. Honour (to): to pay bill when due; to fulfill an obligation or meet liability.120. Indemnify (to): to compensate a person or free him from liability.121. Irrevocable Credit: a credit which cannot be cancelled.122. Letter of hypothecation: a letter given by an exporter to a bank when money is lent
against goods shipped.123. Negotiate (to ): to sell, or to discount a bill.124. Payerlee: payer- one who pays; payee – one who receives.125. Present (to): to send a B/E to the drawee for payment.126. Proceeds: the money received from a sale.127. Prosecute (to): to take legal action against a person when law is transgressed.128. Protection: please pay when due.129. Protest (to): to notify publicly the non-payment of a B/E so that legal action can be taken.130. Re-imburse (to): pay back money spent by a person on one’s behalf.131. Remit (to): to send money.132. Renew (to): to issue again; extend; make valid again.133. Security: documents or valuables given as cover for loan.134. Stamp duty: tax payable on certain documents.135. Sue (to ): to take legal action for non-payment.136. Surrender (to): to hand over, or give up, documents.137. Valid: effective; in order; having force.
Vocabulario: INSURANCE TERMS
138. Insurers: name given to the people who undertake to indemnify the insured.139. Insured: owners of the goods, whether sellers or buyers, who pay what is called a
premium to the insurers.140. Underwriters: another word to call insurers; to underwrite the proportion of the
indemnification they are prepared to bear.141. Floating Policy: policy that covers a large quantity of goods for a fairly long period.142. Open Cover: a procedure of insurance by which there is a rather arrangement between
the insurer and the insured.143. Cover note: is a small document issued by the insurance agents to their customers, to tell
them that their goods are insured.144. Premium: name given to the sum of money paid by the firm insuring its goods, and it is
quoted as a percentage.
Vocabulario: Capitulo 11. Complaints and replies to complaints
145. Awkward: difficult, inconvenient.146. Bulk: the goods delivered in a sale by sample; the majority, most of the goods.147. Check up: to see is everything is all right.148. Cope with: to manage, but always with some difficulty.149. Dispose of: to get rid of; to sell150. Finish: the completed surface of the article or material.151. Item: used only to refer to something in a list, in a catalogue.152. Line: the kind of material or article dealt in or made, the kind of business.153. Missing: what is not there but should be.154. Pilferage: Petty theft.155. Replacement: In the case of breakage or wrong delivery another consignment of the
goods ordered is sent to take place of the broken, damaged or wrongly delivered goods.156. Staff: the employees.157. Substantial: Big, large.158. Take for granted: to presume.159. Texture: structure of material, thickness, weave of fabric.160. Viewpoint: point of view.
Vocabulario: Types of documents
161. User Manual: It tells you how a piece of equipment Works.162. Lette r: A paper communication which goes by email.163. Memo : An internal message usually from one person to a group of people.164. Sales Brochure : It gives information about the company’s products165. Sales Report : It contains figures on how much money people have spent on the
company’s products in, for example, a month.166. Fax: A message sent by facsimile machine.167. Contract: A legal Agreement between two parties.168. Invoice: The paper which tells you how much you must pay when you buy something
from a company.169. Order form: A paper which fill in when you want to buy something from a company.170. Annual Report: A document which tells you about the company’s performance over the
year, including the accounts for the year.171. Mailshot: It tells possible customers, for example, about new product or service.172. Newsletter: It tells people – Usually people outside the company – about the life
organization.173. In-house magazine: It tells people - Usually people inside the company – about the life
organization.174. Minutes : A report of a meeting.175. Agenda: A list of things to discuss at a meeting.176. Catalogue: A list of things sold by a company.177. Directory: A book with list of telephone numbers or other information.
ECONOMIC TERMS178. Central Bank: The principal national banking authority.179. Exchange Rate: The value of national currency against other currencies.180. Inflation: A measure of retail price increases.181. Interest Rates: The annual cost of borrowing money from a Bank.182. Invisible Earnings: Income in foreign currency for services such as banking, insurance,
tourism
183. Manufacturing industry: The part of the economy that makes products and changes raw materials into products.
184. National Debt: The total amount of money that a government owes.185. Public sector borrowing requirement: The money a government needs to borrow to pay
for what it does.186. Public spending: Government Spending.187. Service sector: The part of the economy that does not make goods. Also known as the
tertiary sector.188. Training: Education and skills development for young people and the unemployed.189. Unemployment Rate: The number, or percentage of people out of work.
Financial planning terms190. Break-even point : is the amount of sales a company needs to cover all costs.191. Gross Profit Margin: is the profit the business makes before costs are considered.192. Profitability: shows how a business might make profits. 193. Turnover: is the total amount of sales, before costs are deducted.194. Core activity: is the main product or service which the business provides.195. Setting-up costs: are the costs involved in creating a new business196. Overhead s: are the normal costs of a business, which do not change if production rises.197. Net Profit Margin: is a calculation of profit after deducting the cost of sales and
overheads.198. Cost of sales: are all the costs directly associated with producing the products.199. Selling costs: are all costs directly concerned with getting customers to bye products and
moving them to the customer.
Financial Documents:
200. Profit and Loss Account: a formal description of income and costs for a time period that has finished.
201. Balance Sheet: a formal description of a company’s financial position at a specified moment.
202. Cash Budget: a plan of cash income and cash spending for a specific period of time.203. Share certificate: a document which represents a part of the total stock value of a
company and which shows who owns it.204. Tender: a formal letter with an offer to supply goods or services, containing a description
of the project, including costs, materials, personnel, time plans, etc.205. Business plan: a description of the ways a new business hopes to make money, showing
possible income and expenditure.206. Insurance certificate: a document which states that a named person has paid for
protection against accidental loss or damage of goods or property.207. Letter of credit: an official notification from a bank that it will lend money to a customer.
MARKETS TERMS
208. Expansion: getting bigger, growth.209. Opportunity: chance to do something.210. Previously: before.211. Unprofitable: not making any money.212. Passenger: someone who travels in a car, train, boat or plane.213. Average: typical or usual.
WEB TERMS
214. Shift : move.215. Media: television, radio, magazines, newspapers, internet, etc.216. Alternatives: different options or choices.217. Forecasters: people who say what they think will happen in the future.218. Overtake: be more than.219. Declined: got smaller, went down.
MARKETING PLANNING TERMS:
220. Domestic Market: the market consisting of the country where a company is based and no other countries.
221. Threats: factors which may have a negative effect on company performance, but which are outside the company’s control and are indentified during analysis of marketing performance and prospects.
222. Franchise: a contract which allows another company to make your product and states the terms of payment
223. Pirating: the action of making illegal duplicates of copyright material.224. Multinational: a large company with subsidiaries in many different countries.225. Weaknesses: factors which probably negative effect on company performance are within
the company’s control and are identified during an analysis of marketing performance and prospects.
GLOSSARY226. Advertising agency: a company that creates advertisements and plans an advertising
campaign.227. Advertising schedule: shows the topics planned for forthcoming issues of a magazine or
newspaper.228. Art director: the person responsible for the design and production of an advertisement.229. Banner ad: an online advertisement at the top, bottom, or side of a website, containing a
link to another website.230. Benchma r king : comparing a product, service, or company to others in order to establish
a standard.231. Billboard: a large outdoor advertisement, often appearing alongside roads or city
centres.232. Blanket family name: a company uses a blanket family name when all its products
contain the same name.233. Brand equity: the value of a brand.234. Brand loyalty: a strong consumer preference for one brand.235. Brand Values: the values according to which a company makes its decisions related to
that brand.236. Break-even point : the point at which the volume of revenues equals the company’s total
expenses.237. Bulk discount: it is given to customers buying a large amount.238. Branding: the process of giving a product or service a specific identity239. Buzz: to get people talking about a product240. Captive product pricing: charging a high amount for an item that complements a low-cost
item.241. Cash discount: a discount offered for payment in cash.242. Circulation: the number of readers a publication reaches.
243. Copywriter: the person who writes the text for advertisements.244. Corporate Identity: The identity of a company as formed by its name, logo, slogan and
the language used by the company to describe itself.245. Demographic information: information such as age, gender and income.246. Direct Marketing: marketing directly to the customer using letters, leaflets, catalogues,
door-to-door selling. (telemarketing)247. Distribution channel: the route a company uses to distribute its goods.248. Economy pricing: pricing items very low to encourage sales.249. Field research: market research done outside the company using observation or surveys
with questionnaires.250. Focus Group: is a small group of people brought together to answer market research
questions.251. Generic: products without a brand name.252. Geographical pricing: pricing items according to where they are being sold.253. Giveaway: an item, such as a pen or key chain that prominently features the company’s
logo.254. Going rate: the average cost of a product or service.255. Hypermarket: a huge store containing all the features of a supermarket.256. To launch: introduce something onto the market in an attention-getting way.257. Market Research: process of learning about what products and services people want and
what price they’re willing to pay.258. Market segment: a group of consumers that share a similar buying behavior.259. Market share: the percentage of the total market held by a given company.260. Marketing plan: a detailed plan describing how a product or service will be marketed.261. Media Mention: an item about a company in a newspaper, magazine, online publication,
on television, or on the radio.262. 4 Ps: Product, price, placement and promotion. Must be considered in every marketing
professional.263. Penetration price: pricing something very low to gain market share.264. Placement: refers to the distribution channels through which a product is sold.265. Premium prices: pricing product or service high in order to establish it as a luxury item.266. Press release: a short text distributed o journalists giving information on a product, event
or person.267. Price: the amount of money a product or service costs.268. Price skimming: the practice of charging a high price for a product or service that only
your company offers.269. Price war: a competition between companies to offer the lowest prices.270. Product endorsement: a positive comment by a satisfied customer.271. Product life cycle: consists of four stages: introduction, growth, maturity and decline.272. Product line: a related series of items sold by a company.273. Product portfolio: all the products sold by a company. (product mix)274. Promotional discount: a temporary discount offered on a product to encourage sales.275. Psychographic information: information on a consumer’s lifestyle, beliefs and values.276. Public relations officer: a public relations officer creates and maintains good relations
between his or her organization and the public.277. Rate sheet: a sheet listing the prices for advertising in a magazine, newspaper or on a
website.278. Rebranding: creating a new brand identity for a product or service.279. Recommended retail price: the selling price suggested by the manufacturer.280. Respondent pool: the people to whom a survey or questionnaire is sent.
281. Response rate: the percentage of people who respond to a questionnaire or a direct marketing campaign.
282. Retail store: a store where private individuals shop.283. Slogan: a short, memorable sentence used to advertise a company product.284. Target market: the group to which a company intends to sell.285. Telemarketing: marketing by means of telephone calls.286. User profile: customer information stored electronically, especially for online shoppers.287. USP : unique selling proposition, states the unique benefit of buying or using a product.288. Vehicle ad: an advertisement placed on a bus, train or automobile.289. Wholesaler: a company which distributes manufacturer’s products to retailers and other
distributors. They don’t usually sell to the end-users directly.
Business Strategy Terms
290. Strategy: is a plan291. Grow: to increase in wealth, size or importance.
292. Expansion Strategy: planned policies to make a company bigger or more successful.
293. Acquisition : to buy another company or part of a company.
294. Takeover: gaining control of a company by buying more of its shares than anyone else.
295. Joint Venture: Two or more companies or individuals with the intention of working
together.
296. Consortium: is a group of people or firms who have agreed to co-operate with each
other.
297. Join Forces : to work together in order to achieve a common aim.
298. Merge/merger: Merger is the joining together of two separate companies or
organizations so that they become one.
299. Global Reach: ability to have customers in many different parts of the world.
300. Local Partner: companies based in foreign countries with whom they form a partnership
in order to help them to start doing business in that country.
International Trade Terms301. Free Trade: to buy and sell goods without any financial restrictions such as taxes.
302. Exports: goods sold to another country and sent there.
303. Imports: products or raw materials bought from another country for use in your own
country.
304. Invisible exports/imports: services such as banking, insurance and tourism.
305. Balance of payments: is the difference between the payments it makes to other
countries for imports and the payments it receives from other countries for exports.
306. Exchange Rate: the amount of another country’s currency that you get in exchange for
it.
307. Protectionism: policy some country’s have of helping their own industries by putting a
large tax on imported goods or by restricting imports in some other way.
308. Tariff: is a tax that a government collects on goods coming into a country.
309. Customs duty: are taxes that people pay for importing and exporting goods.
310. Quota: is an official limit on the minimum or maximum number of something.
311. Domestic Market : is the market which exists within a particular country.
312. Open Market: where the goods are advertised and sold to anyone who wants to buy
them.
313. World Trade Organization: is an international organization that encourages and
regulates trade between its member states. Abbreviation WTO.
GLOSSARY OF SELECTED BUSINESS TERMS
314. Account: a record of financial item, usually in a journal or ledger
315. Accountant: person who keeps or adjusts accounts
316. Accounts receivable: revenue money that a company expects to come in.
317. Acronym: a word formed by the first letters of a series of words. For example: IBM for
International Business Machines.
318. Ad: Abbreviated form of the word advertisement.
319. Advertising Agent: a person responsible for promoting the sale of goods and services
offered by a company.
320. Appraise: to evaluate.
321. Arbitration: a settlement between two business parties usually management and the
employees union.
322. Assembly line: an arrangement, often in a factory, where employees are designated a
specific task in the process of putting together a certain product.
323. Assets: what a company owns as well as cash.
324. Attachment: enclosure with a letter.
325. Audiovisual: Material used in giving presentation. Can be film, projector, VCR, charts, etc.
326. Backlog: an accumulation of work not done.
327. Back order: an order not yet filled.
328. Baronial envelopes: business envelopes with a window for the address.
329. Bill: to send an account to be paid.
330. Billboard: a large signboard to advertise a product.
331. Bonds: certificates that yield interest after a specified date.
332. Bonus: a supplement to a salary.
333. Buy: purchase, acquire.
334. Bookkepping : keeping records of business transactions.
335. Bottleneck: a slowdown in the production process.
336. Branch: subsidiary of a parent company.
337. Brand name: the label identifying a product with a company.
338. Break even: to have revenues equal to costs.
339. Briefcase: attach.
340. Brochures : pamphlets, leaflets.
341. Canvassing letters : letters aimed at soliciting funds.
342. Certified Check : a check that guarantees payment.
343. Complimentary closing: a courteous expression before signing of in a letter.
344. Conglomerate: a large corporation composed of several different industries.
345. Consumers: people who will bye products for personal use.
346. Controller: person in charge of expenditures or finances for a business.
347. Cover letter: letter that accompanies a resume.
348. Creditor : a person who lends money.
349. Currency: money used in a particular country
350. Custom made: made to order.
351. Cutbacks: reductions in expenses.
352. Deficit: the amount that represents more losses than profits.
353. Discount: a reduction in a previously determined price.
354. Disks : used to store computer programs.
355. Distributor: an agent who brings the products from the manufacturer to the retailer.
356. Enclosures: documents included in the same envelope as the main document.
357. Entrepreneur: a business investor.
358. Executive secretary: secretary in a top management sector.
359. Expand: to spread out or extend: to become greater.
360. Expense account: a record of money spent.
361. Extension number : a phone connected to the main line.
362. Facilities: buildings, special rooms.
363. Fee: amount charged for a service.
364. Field : a specialized area of work.
365. Figures: in accounting numbers.
366. File: an orderly arrangement of papers.
367. Financial statement: an abstract of financial account.
368. Firm: a business company.
369. Flexible hours: changeable hours.
370. Flip chart: a large board made up of sheets of papers for writing on while giving
presentations.
371. Fringe benefits: extras after salary. For example car expenses and dental care.
372. Fund-raising: a campaign to obtain money from various sources.
373. Funds: available money.
374. Gain: increase, increment, win.
375. Goals: plans for the future.
376. Goods: products.
377. Grievances: complains about unfair treatment.
378. Growth potential: the possibility for a company to expand.
379. Hard sell: pressured sells technique.
380. Headline: a title.
381. Hire: to employ, engage the services of someone for pay.
382. Improve: make or become better, advance.
383. Inventory: a list of items a company has in stock.
384. Invoice: a list of goods or services together with the charges.
385. Job description: written description of the duties of a certain job.
386. Job lot: a group of products manufactured at the same time.
387. Joint venture: two or more companies unite for a specified business transaction.
388. Justification: a report in which expenses are accounted for.
389. Keyboard: a set of keys, as on a typewriter or computer.
390. Know-how: acquired knowledge about a certain field.
391. Land-office business: a business that is growing very quickly.
392. Layout: the design.
393. Leading company: a top company.
394. Leaflets: brochures or pamphlets.
395. Leasing business: a business that rents out equipment.
396. Ledger: a special book to keep a record of expenses.
397. Letterhead: the name of a company, address and logo on business letters.
398. Liabilities: money a company owes.
399. Lose: miss, mislay, drop, be reduced.
400. Marketing representative: a person hired by a company to increase its business activities
through sales and advertising.
401. Market price: what people are willing to pay for an item.
402. Merchandise: products to be sold.
403. Merge: to unite, join, combine.
404. Middleman: an agent, usually between the manufacturer and the retailer.
405. Morale: attitude, either positive or negative.
406. Mortgage: money borrowed from a bank to buy land or buildings.
407. Multinationals: corporations that have branches in several countries around the world.
408. Overstock: to have more products on the shelves than you are able to sell.
409. Overtime work: working more than regular hours.
410. Overworked: to work beyond one’s capacities or job description.
411. Pallets: platforms on which to load merchandise.
412. Personnel: all the people who work in a company.
413. Policy: principle or polities within an organization.
414. Post-dated check: a bank check that is written out for payment on a future date.
415. Postscript: a note added after a writer has signed a letter.
416. Printer: machine attached to a computer to render the data on paper.
417. Procedure: a particular way of doing something, the sequence of steps to be followed.
418. Promote: to increase the sales of a product through various marketing techniques.
419. Proposal: an offer or plan presented for acceptance.
420. Public relations: a set of actions taken in order to crate a favorable image of an
organization or company.
421. Qualified prospect: a potential client.
422. Questionnaire: a form distributed to the public to collect data for a study.
423. Quota: a predetermined amount of items to sell.
424. Raise: an increase in earnings.
425. Rate: the amount of something in comparison with units of something else; the price or
value; cost of particular service, commodity.
426. Real state: buying and selling land and buildings.
427. Receipt: a written acknowledgement that something has been received.
428. Resume: a curriculum vitae; a summary of work experience and education.
429. Retailer: One who sells to the consumer.
430. Rooting: the path a product travels from the manufacturer to the retailer.
431. Sales pitch: a high-pressure sales talk aimed at closing a sale with a client.
432. Sales rep: sales representative.
433. Salutation: how you address someone in a letter.
434. Savings account: Money in a bank that yields interest.
435. Seminar: a short intensive training session.
436. Schedule: a list of times of events and proposed activities.
437. Share: parts of equal value into which the capital stock of a company or corporation is
divided.
438. Shareholders: persons who own shares in a corporation or company.
439. Shareholding program: program to allow employees to receive shares in the company
and to benefit from the company’s profits.
440. Shift: working hours –9 -5, 4-12, or 12-8, for example.
441. Ship: Transport goods.
442. Stockbroker: an agent in the buying and selling of stocks and bonds.
443. Subject line: line in a business letter that indicates what the topic is.
444. Subordinate: below another person in rank, importance, or power.
445. Subsidy: money given to help corporations, usually by governments.
446. Supervisor: manager.
447. Supplies: materials and equipment necessary for running a business.
448. Survey: a study made through the analysis of questionnaires.
449. Time sheet: form to fill in the hours you worked.
450. Tip: useful information.
451. Top dollar: the highest price you can get for an item.
452. Train: to develop skills or gain knowledge.
453. Trends: tendencies, what is popular at the time; current styles.
454. Union: an organization of workers for mutual aid and protection, especially in their
relations with the employers; labor union.
455. Wages : salary.
456. Warranty: a guarantee.
457. Weaken: reduce the strength.
458. Wholesale: the selling of goods in large quantities and usually at lower prices, usually to
retailers.
459. Word processing: a computer program for writing documents.
460. Write copy: to write an ad
461. Revenue : is income that a company receives from its normal business activities.
462. Supply : provide; reserve of goods.
463. Timetable : calendar, schedule, program.
464. Worthwhile : useful, valuable, worthy.
465. Price cut : a reduction of the price.
466. Back us up : assist, support.
467. Drawback : disadvantage, difficulty, inconvenient.
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
1. IMF: International Monetary Fund
2. OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
3. PSBR: Public Sector Borrowing Requirement
4. GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
5. EU: European Union
6. GNP: Gross National Product
7. OECD: Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development
8. ASEAN: Association of South East Asian Nations
9. IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
10. WWF: World Wildlife Fund
11. UN: United Nations
12. WHO: World Health Organization
13. GDP: Gross Domestic Product
14. VAT: Value Added Tax
15. PLC: Public Limited Company
16. Ltd: Limited
17. & Co.: and company
18. CWO: Cash With Order
19. COD: Cash on Delivery
20. C.I.F.: Cost, Insurance, Freight.
21. PAYE: Pay As You Earn
22. P/e ratio: price/earnings ratio
23. P & L account: Profit and Loss Account
Invoicing and Accounting Abbreviations
24. Dr.: Debit
25. Cr.: Credit
26. A/C: account
27. c/f: carried forward.
28. b/f: brought forward
29. Bal.: balance
30. c.w.o.: cash with order,
31. N/C: no charge.
Otras abreviaciones
32. FYI: For Your Information
33. CEO: Chief Executive Officer
34. VP: Vice President
35. HR: Human Resources
36. R&D: Research and Development
37. AGM: Annual General Meeting
38. ASAP: As Soon As Possible
39. n/a: not available
40. PA: Personal Assistant
41. OK: All right
VAS: VALUE ADDED SERVICE
D/P:Documents against payment
D/A: Documents against acceptance