Visualizing Radio Waves

What is this?

Austin Rings Mystery117 V isolation transformer

Primary

Secondary

Austin Rings Mystery117 V isolation transformer

Primary

Secondary

Primary

Secondary

Primary turns wound around toroidal core

Primary turns wound around toroidal core

The turns of the secondary are this diameter.

Primary

Secondary

Primary turns wound around toroidal core

The turns of the secondary are this diameter.

No core in here.

Primary

Secondary

Primary turns wound around toroidal core

The turns of the secondary are this diameter.

No core in here.

Primary

Secondary

the core for both is this

magnetic flux is within core

(primary turns)

(secondary turns)

(primary turns)

(secondary turns)

If the changing magnetic flux is contained within the core…what in heaven’s name carries the power out to the secondary?

magnetic flux is within core

(primary turns)

(secondary turns)

magnetic flux is within core

There is nothing you can place in this area which would reveal a field.

If the changing magnetic flux is contained within the core…what in heaven’s name carries the power out to the secondary?

How We Were Taught

That a field expands around and collapses around the coil.

If the changing magnetic flux is contained within the core…what in heaven’s name carries the power out to the secondary?

If the changing magnetic flux is contained within the core…what in heaven’s name carries the power out to the secondary?

It’s not so obvious, but even when close wrapped, the flux does not touch any of the wire.

If the changing magnetic flux is contained within the core…what in heaven’s name carries the power out to the secondary?

It’s not so obvious, but even when close wrapped, the flux does not touch any of the wire.

Answer…

If the changing magnetic flux is contained within the core…what in heaven’s name carries the power out to the secondary?

Answer…

If the changing magnetic flux is contained within the core…what in heaven’s name carries the power out to the secondary?

Answer…a circulating electric field

If the changing magnetic flux is contained within the core…what in heaven’s name carries the power out to the secondary?

Answer…a circulating electric field

something rarely taught

It is a special kind of E field, an E-field that doesn’t radiate.

Answer…a circulating electric field

something rarely taught

It is a special kind of E field, an E-field that doesn’t radiate. It has curl and no divergence.

Answer…a circulating electric field

something rarely taught

Any attempt to measure this kind of electric field with an antennawould fail.

A

Any attempt to measure this kind of electric field with an antennawould fail.

A

A

Any attempt to measure this kind of electric field with an antennawould fail.

Unless…

A

Any attempt to measure this kind of electric field with an antennawould fail.

Unless…

A

Any attempt to measure this kind of electric field with an antennawould fail.

Unless…the measurement involves going through the opening.

A

Any attempt to measure this kind of electric field with an antennawould fail.

Unless…the measurement involves going through the opening.

A

Any attempt to measure this kind of electric field with an antennawould fail.

Unless…the measurement involves going through the opening.

A

Efficiency is not affected by the looseness of the wind.

Any attempt to measure this kind of electric field with an antennawould fail.

Unless…the measurement involves going through the opening.

Austin Rings mystery shows how poor our models are.

• Models seem to have as their purpose, an aid to explain the math.• •

Austin Rings mystery shows how poor our models are.

• Models seem to have as their purpose, an aid to explain the math.• That the E-field can circulate and few teachers explain when and why.•

Austin Rings mystery shows how poor our models are.

• Models seem to have as their purpose, an aid to explain the math.• That the E-field can circulate and few teachers explain when and why.• That the fields do not collapse around a coil, they just get stronger and

weaker

Austin Rings mystery shows how poor our models are.

The Fields of a Transformer are not Radiating Fields

The Fields of a Transformer are not Radiating Fields

A

nothing

The Fields of a Transformer are not Radiating Fields

nothing

A

The magnetic field isentirely contained in the core

The Fields of a Transformer are not Radiating Fields

electric field

A

nothingThe magnetic field isentirely contained in the core

The Fields of a Transformer are not Radiating Fields

electric field

A

The magnetic field isentirely contained in the core

nothing

The Fields of a Transformer are not Radiating Fields

electric field

The electric field is the kind that circulates

A

The magnetic field isentirely contained in the core

nothing

The Fields of a Transformer are not Radiating Fields

electric field

magnetic field

The Fields of a Transformer are not Radiating Fields

electric field

magnetic field

If there’s no load on the secondary, the primary has high impedance. It becomes a choke.

The Fields of a Transformer are not Radiating Fields

electric field

magnetic field

If there’s no load on the secondary, the primary has high impedance. It becomes a choke.

air core choke

The Fields of a Transformer are not Radiating Fields

The Fields of a Transformer are not Radiating Fields

A

Can now be used to couple with the field

A

And Now: Radiating Fields

A

Can now be used to couple with the field

And Now: Radiating Fields

A

A radiating field sends away power, whether there is a load there or not.

Can now be used to couple with the field

And Now: Radiating Fields

Fraunhofer Region

A

Can now be used to couple with the field

And Now: Radiating Fields

Fraunhofer Region

AFresnel RegionCan now be used to couple with the field

electric field

Fraunhofer RegionFresnel Region

A

Can now be used to couple with the field

Radiating Fields

Radiating Fields

The Most Important Difference:• If there’s no receiver for the EM wave the power is radiated

anyway.•

Radiating Fields

The Most Important Difference:• If there’s no receiver for the EM wave the power is radiated

anyway.• Whereas for the transformer, if there’s no load the power

doesn’t come out.

Radiating Fields

The Most Important Difference:• If there’s no receiver for the EM wave the power is radiated

anyway.• Whereas for the transformer, if there’s no load the power

doesn’t come out.

Tesla was hoping there was a way to have both.

Fields do not collapse and expand,they just get stronger and weaker.

Radiating Fields

Fields do not collapse and expand,they just get stronger and weaker.

There is nothing that “flows” in spite of the word “flux”.

Radiating Fields

Sound Waves in a Solid

Sound Waves in a Solid

Sound Waves in a Solid

Compression Wave

Sound Waves in a Solid

Shear Wave

There’s any number of orientations the “S”

wave can move.

Sound Waves in a Solid

There’s any number of orientations the “S”

wave can move.

Sound Waves in a Solid

activity is

but energy goes

There’s any number of orientations the “S”

wave can move.

Sound Waves in a Solid

measurableintensity

There’s any number of orientations the “S”

wave can move.

Sound Waves in a Solid

measurableintensity

not

There’s any number of orientations the “S”

wave can move.

Sound Waves in a Solid

this is polarization

There’s any number of orientations the “S”

wave can move.

Sound Waves in a Solid

polarization is only possibleif vibrating transversely

Sound Waves in a Solid

polarization is only possibleif vibrating transversely

Fields do not collapse and expand,they just get stronger and weaker.

Sound Waves in a Solid

Sound Waves in a Solid

Sound Waves in a Liquid

Cannot Support Polarization

Sound Waves in a Liquid

Cannot Support Polarization

Sound Waves in a Liquid

Cannot Support Polarization

Sound Waves in a Liquid

A liquid cannot support a force called a “shear force.

Cannot Support Polarization

Sound Waves in a Liquid

Cannot Support PolarizationLongitudinal Waves

Sound Waves in a Liquid

Longitudinal Waves

Longitudinal Waves

activity is

but energy goes

Transverse Waves Do Support Polarization

the medium has to berigid to support polarization

activity is

but energy goes

it has to be able transmit a shear force

Transverse Waves Do Support Polarization

the medium has to berigid to support polarization

it has to be able transmit a shear force

Transverse Waves Do Support Polarization

Transverse Waves Do Support Polarization

the medium has to berigid to support polarization

it has to be able transmit a shear force

the medium has to berigid to support polarization

Electric Waves Have PolarizationTherefore they must be:• •

it has to be able transmit a shear force

Electric Waves Have PolarizationTherefore they must be:• transverse and•

the medium has to berigid to support polarization

it has to be able transmit a shear force

Electric Waves Have PolarizationTherefore they must be:• transverse and• travel through something rigid

the medium has to berigid to support polarization

it has to be able transmit a shear force

Electric Waves Have PolarizationTherefore they must be:• transverse and• travel through something rigid

energy is not because of motion energy gets stronger and weaker

the medium has to berigid to support polarization

it has to be able transmit a shear force

demo

The Spinning Bargraph Shows What an EM Wave Looks Like Rotationally

Now for a Longitudinal View

The Spinning Bargraph Shows What an EM Wave Looks Like Rotationally

An EM wave is said to be transverse

An EM wave is said to be transverse • this does not mean that something has to move transversely• •

An EM wave is said to be transverse • this does not mean that something has to move transversely• it exists in a dimension that is transverse to its direction•

An EM wave is said to be transverse • this does not mean that something has to move transversely• it exists in a dimension that is transverse to its direction• it gets weaker and stronger

An EM wave is said to be transverse • this does not mean that something has to move transversely• it exists in a dimension that is transverse to its direction• it gets weaker and stronger

this construct is used because it is so hard to show something that gets weaker and stronger

An EM wave is said to be transverse • this does not mean that something has to move transversely• it exists in a dimension that is transverse to its direction• it gets weaker and stronger

this construct is used because it is so hard to show something that gets weaker and stronger

units are V / cm

An EM wave is said to be transverse • this does not mean that something has to move transversely• it exists in a dimension that is transverse to its direction• it gets weaker and stronger

this construct is used because it is so hard to show something that gets weaker and stronger

The length of the sensing element has nothing to do with the extent of the wave.

units are V / cm

An EM wave is said to be transverse • this does not mean that something has to move transversely• it exists in a dimension that is transverse to its direction• it gets weaker and stronger

units are V / cm

where this unit has a “direction”

where this unit has a “direction”

units are V / cm

Fills space with an infinitely fine grain

another way to view it

where this unit has a “direction”

units are V / cm

Fills space with an infinitely fine grain

another way to view it

this w

ay: n

othing

horiz

ontal

where this unit has a “direction”

units are V / cm

Fills space with an infinitely fine grain

another way to view it

this w

ay: n

othing

horiz

ontal

units are V / cm

another way to view it

Fills space with an infinitely fine grain array of batteries

horiz

ontal

units are V / cm

Fills space with an infinitely fine grain array of batteries

another way to view it

units are V / cm

Fills space with an infinitely fine grain array of batteries

units are V / cm

Fills space with an infinitely fine grain array of batteries

units are V / cm

To visualize this we need to “strobe” it.

Fills space with an infinitely fine grain array of batteries

Stroboscope

source

source

source

source

source

source

source

source

source

source

source

source

source

The Basic Interferometer

source

detector

The Basic Interferometer

source

detector

mirror

partialmirrormoving

mirror

source

path 1

detector

source

path 2detector

source

path 1

path 2detector

source

detector

source

from moving mirror

from fixed mirror

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

(both waves are moving)

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

it doesn’t matter where our detector is

source

it doesn’t matter where our detector is

detector

source

it doesn’t matter where our detector is

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

source

detector

any object

source

detector

improved

source

detector

improved

source

detectormore sensitive because no limit on the power

improved

Interferometer

Motion Sensor

end

compels one to believe in an electrically rigid medium.

the medium has to berigid to support polarization

it has to be able transmit a shear force

Electric Waves Have PolarizationTherefore they must be:• transverse and• travel through something rigid• energy is not because of motion

compels one to believe in an aether.

the medium has to berigid to support polarization

it has to be able transmit a shear force

Electric Waves Have PolarizationTherefore they must be:• transverse and• travel through something rigid• energy is not because of motion