Post on 09-Aug-2015
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Zoo & Wild life Medicine
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Viral Diseases of Wild Ruminants
University Of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Wild Ruminants
Elk (male) White tailed deer
Caribou
4black-tailed deer Wildebeest antelopes
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oryxmoose gazelles
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Conti…
• red deer• mountain sheep• mountain goats• caribou• reindeer• and buffalo
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VIRAL DISEASES :
Foot - and - Mouth Disease (FMD) PPR Rinderpest (RP) Bluetongue Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) / Mucosal Disease (MD) Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF) Akabane Disease Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease of Deer Wesselbron Disease
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Conti..
Contagious EcthymaUlcerative dermatosisScrapieVesicular Stomatitis
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FMDA Picornavirus –
highly resistant in the environment – lasts
months
7 serotypes AOC, SAT1-3, Asia1
60+ subtypes
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Transmission:
• Direct contact• Infective (food stuff , utensils,• Aerosol• Fomites• Secretion & Excretion( urine ,milk, feaces, saliva)
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What are the Clinical Findings?
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Lesions:
Vesicles and ulcerationTiger heart (grey or yellow foci)
Treatment:No specific , symptomatic treatment may be done.
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Rinderpest (RP)
Most cloven-footed wild animals such as bison and deerAntelopeWildebeestKuduElandGiraffeHippopotamusGazelleWarthog
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Etiology:
• Cause by RNA virus of pararmyxo group.
Transmission:Direct contact ,Inhalation,Infected food & waterDischarges( blood ,urine ,feaces, eye, oral and vaginal discharges)
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Clinical findings:
• The “four D’s” of Rinderpest:DepressionDiarrheaDehydrationDeath
• Restlessness, Dried up muzzle• Serous lacrimation• Nasal Lacrimation• Salivation, Oral lesion• Cough• Skin lesion (pustules)• Pregnant animal may abort
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Differential Diagnosis:
• FMD• Malignant Catarrhal fever• Haemorreghic septicemia
Treatment No specific treatment
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Contagious ecthyma
Synonyms: Scabby mouth or Sour mouthOrf
Etiology:Virus belong to the family poxviridae
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Transmission:
• Through abrasion on skin (produce by thistles, prickles)
• Kids and lambs affected through suckling milk• Scab form on the body fall off and the virus remain in
the environment thus the source for others.
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• Clinical findings:DullnessDepression AnorexiaHigh temp.SalivationMucopurulant nasal dischargeNodular eruptions on Oral commissure, lips ,mouth and nostrils Lesions also on tongue and gumLesions followed by papules, vesicles, pustules and ulcers in 3-4 days
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Scab is formed within 1 wk and peel off the skin within 4 weeksSelf limiting
Diagnosis:
Characteristic clinical findingsFluorescent antibody testCFTAGPT
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Differential diagnosis:It must be differentiated from sheep pox & FMD
sheep pox 1. Crust are soft2. Absence of generalized pox lesions in skin & viscera3. Comparatively low mortality
FMD4. Absence of foot and tongue lesions5. Etiology is also different
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Treatment:
Symptomatic Rx may be used to avoid secondary bacterial infectionCopper Sulfate 5% sol.Systemic antibiotic are useFly repellents
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Blue Tongue
Name origin from the Dutch word “blaau tong” means mouth sickness.
Consider as Pseudo FMD
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Etiology
RNA virusOrbivirus of ReoviridaeVirus resistant to decomposition, antiseptic agentsPersist for long time in meat and bloodUpto 7 years
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Transmission:
Disease is non contagious but spread through blood sucking midges of the Culicoides.
Melophagus ovinus may transmit the disease mechanically.
White tail deer and antelope are considered to be reservoir of infection
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Melophagus ovinus
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Clinical findings:
1. Acute FormCharacterized by high rise of tempNasal discharge, salivationLacrymationSwelling of gum, tongue and lipsNecrosis of dental padMuzzle turns dry and show burnt appearanceCyanotic and bluish appearance of tongueDiarrhoae & Pneumonia
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2. Abortive form
Characterized by abortion and deformaties
Arthrogryosis Prognathia
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3. Sub acute or sub clinical FormGenerally unnoticedLower plan of nutritionWorm burden Incliment weatherFatigue
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Lesions:
Characteristic lesion are
Organs Changes
Mouth Hyperaemia
Tongue It becomes blue and gangrenous
Leg Coronary band show congestion & hemorrhage
Skeletal and Cardiac muscle Signs of hyperemia and necrosis
Lungs Pneumonic changes
Placenta Hemorrhagic
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• Differential Diagnosis
FMD Blue tongue
Spread Through direct contact Require a insect vector
Vesicles on tongue & feet Cyanotic changes on tongue
Absent Pneumonia present
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Treatment:No specific lesion Antibiotics for secondary infectionLocal antiseptics may be use
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precautions
Fly Repellent
Disease Awareness
Emergency MedicinesBathing
Clothing
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