Post on 14-May-2015
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Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
for Vegetables
by Weston Miller
Weston Miller
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Preview of Presentation
• IPM Process• Weed Management• IPM Case Studies
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Integrated Pest Management
• A strategy to prevent and suppress pests with minimum impact on human health, the environment and non-target organisms.
• Decision-making process that uses regular monitoring to decide if and when treatments are needed to control a pest, then uses a variety of tactics to keep pest numbers low.
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• Encourage sustainable gardening• Identify and monitor before acting. • Consider management options
–Cultural (healthy plants; sanitation)–Physical (hand picking)–Biological (Bt)–Chemical controls
• (organic or synthetic).
Consider least toxic first!
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Some Considerations
• Value of plant ($ and personal)• Time constraints• Cost of treatment• Toxicity of available controls• Personal gardening philosophy
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ram Management Principles of IPM
• Prevention• Monitor the plants• Identify the pest organism
– learn life cycle• Establish an acceptable injury level• Manage the situation
– Cultural– Physical– Biological– Chemical
• Record and Evaluate
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Cultural Control Methods
Grow healthy plants!
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Prevention
• Take care of soil• Drainage• Right plant, right place• Choose adapted crops and
varieties • Resistant varieties
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Prevention
• Avoid over watering or under watering veggies. –Plan a watering schedule–Irrigate in the morning–Irrigate soil, not plants–Provide air flow.
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ram Attract Natural Enemies
http://ippcweb.science.oregonstate.edu/Pocket_Guide_of_Natural_Enemies.pdf
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Plant Many Companions
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Plant to Attract Beneficials
• Mint family• Marigolds• Alyssum• Broccoli family• Carrot family• Sunflower family• Buckwheat• Phacelia
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Physical Control Methods
Are you willing to squash aphids?
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Handpicking
Squash ‘em or put in soapy water
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Row cover
(Cornell University)
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Water Jet
Spider mites
Aphids
Spider mites
Aphids
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Control Methods
For treatments that you buy:
• Look for targeted treatments instead of wide spectrum treatments
• Make sure crop and pest is listed on label
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Biological Control Methods
Bacillus thuringiensis or Bt
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B.t. kurstaki and caterpillars
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B.t. israelensis and fungus gnats
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B.t. san diego and elm leaf beetle
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B.t. israelensis and mosquitos
Dunk
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Beauvaria bassiana
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Spinosad
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ram Chemical Methods of
Insect Control: Botanicals
• Derived from botanical sources
• Biodegrade rapidly• Widely varying levels of toxicity
•Neem (azadirachtin)•Rotenone•Pyrethrins
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Botanical insecticide: Neem
• From seeds of the neem tree• Broad spectrum against many pests• Must be ingested to be toxic• Low mammalian toxicity• May require repeat applications
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With all purchased control products, please, please:
•Buy only what you need•Read the product label•Understand the instructions•Follow safety precautions•Use common sense•Properly dispose of container
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Weed Management
• Consistent weed control over five years or so can dramatically reduce the weed seed bank and the time needed to control weeds.
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No Weed Solution
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• Many weeds are edible– Dandelion, pigweed, purslane, chickweed,
cress, mustard, lambs-quarters– Sun choke
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Weed Control• Habitat for beneficials and pollinators
– Parsley, aster, broccoli families– Let several plants flower and not seed
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Fodder for Compost
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– Many weeds produce 1000 - 25,000 seeds/plant
– Some produce 100,000 or more (pigweed)
– Half-life of many common weeds is 2-8 years
http://njaes.rutgers.edu/images/photos/weeds/large/commonpigweed-full.jpg
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Don’t bring in new weeds
Avoid bringing new weeds to the garden in horse manure, compost, or straw
Horse Manure must be hot composted. Request records.
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• Use comfortable tools
• Be diligent
• Kill weeds when young (2-3 true leaves)
• More effective when warm, dry, and windy
• Control weeds early in crop growth – – when they can compete most with crops
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Mulching and Close spacing
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Transplants Get a Head Start
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Stale Seedbed Method
1. Plough or spade
2. Prepare seedbed
3. Irrigation or rain then wait 1-2 weeks
4. Light cultivation (or otherwise kill weeds)
5. Repeat if possible
6. Plant or sow seed
7. Good for July seed planting
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Mulch Considerations
• Plastic mulch– Purchase– disposal – irrigation
• Straw mulch– weed seeds– irrigation– nitrogen
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Coping with Perennial Weeds• Morning glory, quack grass, creeping
buttercup, bent grass with rhizomes
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Cover Crops
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Are Your Veggies Sick?
Photo: Lindsay DuToit
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Most Plant Problems
• Caused by non-living factors– Poor growing conditions– Temperature extremes– Poor water management– Soil compaction– Mechanical injury
• Abiotic factors also make plants susceptible to pests / diseases.
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• Weather: heat, cold, wind, water
• Mechanical damage• Nutrient deficiencies
or toxicities• Toxins: pesticides,
soil or air pollutants
From http://www.pioneer.co.nz/
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Extreme Deformities (B)
Back to Basics: http://www.back-to-basics.net/nds/index.htm#
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http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/M1190.html
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Living (Biotic) Causes
• Vertebrate pests• Insects & mites• Nematodes• Fungi• Bacteria• Viruses
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Your Thinking Process
1. Understand problem (research!)
2. Form tentative diagnosis (confirm)
3. Identify management options
4. Implement management practice
5. Monitor effects
6. Record observations
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Nonuniform => Living
Uniform => Nonliving
PATTERNS OF DAMAGE
In the field and on the leaf
Damage that spreads is from a living cause, however, nutrient deficiency symptoms can worsen over time
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Diagnosing Plant Problems
Symptom
Change in the plant, ie. yellowing, holes in leaves, wilting, dead tissue, etc.
Sign
The organism that’s causing the damage, ie. insect, mold, frass, etc.
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Tomato- Abiotic
Blossom-end rot• Ca deficiency in fruit
• Ensure adequate moisture especially on small fruit
• Check soil Ca level amend with lime in fall
Sunscald
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Damping Off Disease
•Soil temperatures too cold•Use sterile potting supplies•Buy disease resistant seeds•Wait!
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Slugs ‘N Snails
Brown Garden Snail
Spotted garden slugReticulated Slug
Gray field slug
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• What do they need to live?• Encourage predators
– Birds, snakes, – ground beetles
• Eliminate habitat• Beer and board traps• Chemical (baits)
– Iron phosphate– metaldahyde
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Scissors
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Violet-green swallow
Song Birds
Vertebrates
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Common Garter Snake
Toad
© David Rosen
Pacific Chorus Frog © David Rosen
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Domestic Ducks
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Trapping Slugs and Snails
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Slugs- Chemical Control
• (O) Iron phosphate (slower acting)• Metaldehyde (danger)
– Toxic to pets
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Copper Strips?
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Diatomaceous Earth
• For Slugs ‘n snails• Repeat applications• Effective?
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Aphids
Signs and Symptoms?
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Case Study- Aphids
• Cabbage aphids– Monitor plants– Identify pest and life cycle
• Multiple generations/ year,• Parthenogenic• Honeydew and sooty mold
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Acceptable Injury Level
For gardeners, tolerence will differ between individuals.
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• Beans, cabbage, artichoke• Cultural
– Avoid excess N
• Physical– Washing w/ water
• Biological– Attract beneficials (plan!)– Release beneficials?
• Chemical– Neem, insecticidal soap (O)– Endosulfan, malathion
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Flea Beetle
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• Crop Damage:• Severe in hot, dry weather• Young plants susceptible
– after 6-8 leaves plants compensate for damage
• Larvae may damage root brassicas
Broccoli, cabbage, etc.
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ram Flea beetles - Biology and life
history • Most flea beetle species have similar life cycles.• Adults overwinter in trash around field margins.
– They become active in late March through May. • Flea beetles lay their very small eggs in May in the
soil around the plant, on the leaves, or in cavities hollowed out in stems. – The larvae feed on the foliage, mine the leaves, or attack the
roots, depending on the species, • usually from June to mid-July, when pupation in the soil occurs.
Next generation of Adults emerge from July through early September and feed a short time before overwintering in trash around field margins.
– Depending on the species, there are one or two generations each year.
Courtesy of Dave Muehleisen WSU
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• Cultural Physical– Waxy leaved varieties more tolerant– Delayed seeding– Use transplants and rowcovers– Trap crops
• Biological– nematodes (larvae only)– soil must be warmer than 53°F
• Chemical- all broad spectrum– pyrethrins (O)– malathion– carbaryl– esfenvalerate
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Leaf Miners
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Beet Leaf Miner
• Cultural– Control weeds- Lamb’s quarters– Destroy infected material– Crop rotation- Pupa over winter in soil– Row covers during April and May
• Biological- attract natural enemies• Chemical-
– (O) rotenone (mix with pyrethrins)– (O) spinosid– Neither if grown for greens
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Row cover
(Cornell University)
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ram Principles of IPM
• Prevention• Monitor the plants• Identify the pest organism
– learn life cycle• Establish an acceptable injury level• Manage the situation
– Cultural– Physical– Biological– Chemical (organic and synthesized)
• Evaluation
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Review of Presentation
• IPM Process• IPM Case Studies• Physical Means• Conservation Biological Approach• Some Products