Post on 17-Dec-2015
USING YOUR VOICEUSING YOUR VOICE
Unit 1 Section 3a
VocabularyVocabulary
• Articulation• Breathiness• Diaphragm• Inflection• Larynx• Nasality• Pitch• Pronunciation
• Range• Rate• Resonance• Trachea• Vocal cords• Voiced
Identifying the Generators of Sound
Identifying the Generators of Sound
• Primary generators:– Vocal folds (vocal cords)
• Muscles that form the larynx
• Respiration Cycle– Inhalation
• Air passes through the larynx (voice box) and the trachea (windpipe) and is drawn into the lungs
– Exhalation• air in the lungs pushed back through the larynx
and trachea through the throat and out through the mouth or nose
Inhalation and ExhalationInhalation and Exhalation
Using Respiration for SpeakingUsing Respiration for Speaking
• Slight changes in regular breathing include– Burst of air from the lungs up to the larynx to
set the vocal cords into vibration• You inhale more swiftly and more deeply than you
do during normal breathing• You prolong the airflow as you exhale
– Muscles in the chest wall contract to counteract the force of the diaphragm so that all your air does not escape at once
• Prevents “gulping” of air in order to finish sentences
ACTIVITY 1:Breathing exercises
ACTIVITY 1:Breathing exercises
Understanding the ResonatorsUnderstanding the Resonators
• Resonance: reinforcement produced by vibration
• Resonators of sound for speech:– Bones in the chest, neck and head– Cavities of the throat, nose, and mouth
• A cavity is a partially enclosed area• A cavity’s natural range of sound depends on
– Size, shape, texture of the material forming the cavity, and size of the opening of the cavity
ResonatorsResonators
• Throat: Pharyngeal cavity
• Nose: Nasal cavity• Mouth: Oral cavity
ACTIVITY 2:Experimenting with Sound
Production
ACTIVITY 2:Experimenting with Sound
Production• Loop a large rubber band over your hands
and stretch it as far as possible.• Pluck the band with your thumb. Describe
the sound.• Move hands closer together and continue
plucking.• How do the sounds change?• How do your findings relate to the process
of producing human speech?
Identifying the Articulators of Sound
Identifying the Articulators of Sound
• Articulation: shaping of speech sounds into recognizable oral symbols that go together to make up a word
• The major articulators are in the mouth:– Tongue– Hard and soft palates– Teeth– Lips
Diagram of the MouthDiagram of the Mouth
The Sounds of EnglishThe Sounds of English
• Pronunciation
• International Phonetic Alphabet– Symbols frequently used in speech– Phonetic Chart of IPA symbols
Classification of SoundsClassification of Sounds
• Voiced: vocal cords are vibrating when the sound is being made
• Voiceless: vocal folds are held open so that air breathed out does not vibrate them
• Consonants– Plosives– Fricatives– Nasals– glides
Improving VocalizationImproving Vocalization• Pitch: highness or lowness of the sound
– Key: average pitch at which you speak– Melody: variations in pitch to give expression
to the voice– Range: spread between the lowest and
highest notes you can speak comfortably– Inflection: upward or downward glide of your
pitch as you speak• Rising• Falling• Circumflex• Step
Improving VocalizationImproving Vocalization
• Volume– Loudness or intensity of sound– Depends on the force exerted to produce
speech tone
Activity 5: Experimenting with Loudness
Activity 5: Experimenting with Loudness
• Place your hands around your waist like a belt.
• In a normal voice say “Get over here as fast as you can.”
• Say the same sentence very loudly. On at last three of the words, you should feel a sharp tensing of the stomach muscles.
• Say it again. This time try to stop your stomach muscles from moving.
• What happens to your voice?
Improving VocalizationImproving Vocalization
• Rate– Speed at which you talk– Normal speed: 120-160 words per minute– Rate is influenced by a number of factors,
including the emotional content of the message
Activity 6: Timing Your Rate of Speech
Activity 6: Timing Your Rate of Speech
• With a partner, take turns reading a passage in a book or magazine.
• Time each other.
• Count the number of words in the passage and figure out the rate of speech.
Improving VocalizationImproving Vocalization
• Quality– Tone of your voice– Personal vocal quality is the tone that makes
your voice identifiable as yours.– Most common quality problems
• Nasality• Breathiness• Hoarseness• harshness
Correcting Articulation Problems
Correcting Articulation Problems
• Substituting one sound for another– Common problems
• da for the, radder for rather, dose for those• tink for think, anyting for anything• excape for escape, expecially for especially• bref for breath, bof for both• coutn’t for couldn’t, woutn’t for wouldn’t• jist for just• git for get, pin for pen
Correcting Articulation Problems
Correcting Articulation Problems
• Leaving out a Sound (omission)– Common problems
• dropping “d”: frien, gole• dropping “t”: mos, jus, kep, bes• dropping “l”: hep, sef, woff, sauve• dropping initial “h” after other words: see’um,
gave’er• dropping “e” along with a consonant sound:
Probly, member
Correcting Articulation Problems
Correcting Articulation Problems
• Adding an Extra Sound– Common problems
• soften for sofen• filum for film, athaletic for athletic, childaren for
children• idear for idea, drawr for draw• ahold for hold, especial for special, ascared for
scared
Correcting Articulation Problems
Correcting Articulation Problems
• Transposing sounds– Common problems
• aks for ask• hunderd for hundred• perscribe for prescribe, perfer for prefer• childern for children, modren for modern
Sending Effective Vocal Messages
Sending Effective Vocal Messages
• Breathe properly
• Resonate sounds effectively
• Articulate clearly
• Use vocal variety and appropriate emphasis
REVIEW QUESTIONSUnit 1 Section 3a
REVIEW QUESTIONSUnit 1 Section 3a
1. What is the basic difference between the breathing process used in regular breathing and the process used by a person who is speaking?
2. Define resonance.3. Identify three major cavity resonators and explain how
each affects the sound of the voice.4. What are the major articulators?5. What is the difference between pitch and volume?6. What are the four major vocalization problems that
relate to the quality, or tone, of the voice?7. What are the four major articulation problems that can
be remedied with practice?