Post on 25-Oct-2020
Federal Department of Economic Affairs,
Education &Research EAER
Agroscope
www.agroscope.ch I good food, healthy environment
Use of alternative products
for the control of late and
early blight on potatoes
T. Musa, H.R. Forrer, S.Vogelgsang, K. SullamAgroscope, Ecological Plant Protection in Arable Crops
EuroBlight Workshop, 12.-15. May 2019, York
© www.apsnet.org
© plant natural research center
© Syngenta
© P.Bachi
© T. Musa
© T. Musa
2Cropping factors to decrease the risk of mycotoxins in cereals – NFHBF, December 2018
Susanne Vogelgsang et al.
Overview
Introduction
Sources of possible alternative products and modes of
action
Examples of products
Conclusion and Outlook
Use of alternative products to control late blight and early blight on potatoes, EuroBlight Workshop, May 2019
Tomke Musa et al.
3Cropping factors to decrease the risk of mycotoxins in cereals – NFHBF, December 2018
Susanne Vogelgsang et al.
Introduction
For more than 20 years, investigators have been looking for
alternative products to control late and early blight on potatoes
At first, focus mainly on replacement of copper products in
organic farming due to its negative environmental impact
Importance of early blight increased during the last decade
(resistance to fungicides (QoIs/SHDI’s), climate change)
Societal pressure to reduce pesticides in general came to the
fore - not only for organic production
Use of alternative products to control late blight and early blight on potatoes, EuroBlight Workshop, May 2019
Tomke Musa et al.
4Cropping factors to decrease the risk of mycotoxins in cereals – NFHBF, December 2018
Susanne Vogelgsang et al.
Introduction
Copper
Pros:
- Trace element and an
essential micronutrient
- Broad efficacy (fungicide,
bactericide, foliar fertilizer)
- Hardly any documented
resistance against fungi,
oomycetes
Use of alternative products to control late blight and early blight on potatoes, EuroBlight Workshop, May 2019
Tomke Musa et al.
Cons:
- Accumulation in the soil
detrimental effects on the
environment and non-target
organisms
- Resistance against some
bacteria (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato)
5Cropping factors to decrease the risk of mycotoxins in cereals – NFHBF, December 2018
Susanne Vogelgsang et al.
Since 2006, EU has set limits for the use of copper (6 kg/ha*year)
In several EU countries, use of copper already forbidden or more
restricted amount allowed to use
Intention to ban copper, but registration prolonged until 2025 (max.
28 kg CU/ha in 7 years, Ø 4 kg CU/ha*year )
Within the registration: particular attention should be paid
to the application rate and kept as low as possible
Challenge for potato production, especially
organic potato production
Use of alternative products to control late blight and early blight on potatoes, EuroBlight Workshop, May 2019
Tomke Musa et al.
Introduction
6Cropping factors to decrease the risk of mycotoxins in cereals – NFHBF, December 2018
Susanne Vogelgsang et al.
Blight MOP: Development of a systems approach for the management of late blight in EU organic
potato production, 2001-2005
Co-Free: Innovative strategies for copper-free low input and organic farming systems (2012-2016),
registration processes completed earliest 2022
RELACS: Replacement of Contentious Inputs in Organic Farming Systems’, aims to develop new
products and strategies to minimise use of copper in organic plant production, focus on
grapes, 2018-2022
OrganicPlus: means minimising, and eventually phasing out contentious inputs from certified organic
agriculture, 2018-2022
In addition several national projects
Funded EU-projects
Use of alternative products to control late blight and early blight on potatoes, EuroBlight Workshop, May 2019
Tomke Musa et al.
7Cropping factors to decrease the risk of mycotoxins in cereals – NFHBF, December 2018
Susanne Vogelgsang et al.
Many products tested:
Use of alternative products to control late blight and early blight on potatoes, EuroBlight Workshop, May 2019
Tomke Musa et al.
selected examples of plant extracts
Krebs et al. (2006)
88 plants amoung 44 botanical families
Innula viscosa
Rheum rhabarbarum
Solidago canadiensis
Artemisia vulgaris
Impatiens parviflora
Urtica dioica
Rheum palmatum
Potentilla erecta
Juglans regia
Terminalia chebula
Frangula alnus
Galla chinensis
Rheum rhabarbarunn
Potentilla erecta
Salvia officinalis
Salix spp.
Solidago canadiensis
Malva silverstris
Spohora flavescens
Artemisia annua
Ocium balsilicum
Yucca extract
garlic extract
commercial garlic product (AMN BioVit)
commercial knotweed product (Regalia)
commercial citrus extract (ViCare)
Equisetum arvense
Citrus spp.
Glycyrrhiza glabra
commercial conifer bark extract
Macleaya cordata
Thymus vulagris
Frangula alnus
Dorn et al. (2007)
Stephan et al. (2005)
Wang et al. (2001)
Wang et al. (2004)
Bengtsson et al. (2009)
Schuster and Schmitt (2015)
Perina et al. (2015)
Nechwatal and Zellner (2015)
Forrer et al. (2017)
Lists are not exhaustive!
C. Axel et al., 2012, Appl. Microbiol Biotechnol, 96:37-48
8Cropping factors to decrease the risk of mycotoxins in cereals – NFHBF, December 2018
Susanne Vogelgsang et al.
Sources of alternative products
Use of alternative products to control late blight and early blight on potatoes, EuroBlight Workshop, May 2019
Tomke Musa et al.
Plants:
plants extracts and essential oils
Biological control agents:
saprophytic, epiphytic and endophytic organisms
non-fungicidal chemical inducers
Other products
9Cropping factors to decrease the risk of mycotoxins in cereals – NFHBF, December 2018
Susanne Vogelgsang et al.
Modes of action
directly:
predation, parasitisme.g. Trichoderma spp.
A. solani /P. infestans Biological (and chemical) plant
protection products
direct toxicity
Use of alternative products to control late blight and early blight on potatoes, EuroBlight Workshop, May 2019
Tomke Musa et al.
10Cropping factors to decrease the risk of mycotoxins in cereals – NFHBF, December 2018
Susanne Vogelgsang et al.
Biological plant protection product
Modes of action
Indirectly by:
Induced resistance
Use of alternative products to control late blight and early blight on potatoes, EuroBlight Workshop, May 2019
Tomke Musa et al.
A. solani /P. infestans
11Cropping factors to decrease the risk of mycotoxins in cereals – NFHBF, December 2018
Susanne Vogelgsang et al.
Biological plant protection product
Modes of action
Indirectly by:
Induced resistance• Gene-induction of plant
pathogenesis related proteins
• callose deposition
• Increased activity of defence
related enzymes
• Cell wall lignification
Use of alternative products to control late blight and early blight on potatoes, EuroBlight Workshop, May 2019
Tomke Musa et al.
A. solani /P. infestans
12Cropping factors to decrease the risk of mycotoxins in cereals – NFHBF, December 2018
Susanne Vogelgsang et al.
Bark of buckthorn (Frangula alnus) and Phosfik®
Field trial at Zürich Reckenholz and Tänikon 2012
Promising field trials with a plant extract
and non-fungicidal inducer
Untr.: untreated control
KoDF: Kocide DF (300g/ha)(8x)
Ph: Phosfik (8x)
Ph+Ko: Phosfik (4x)+Kocide DF (4x)
Ph+FA: Phosfik (4x) + F. alnus (4%) (4x)
FA: 4% F. alnus suspension (8x)
F. alnus: mode of action on potatoes not yet confirmedUse of alternative products to control late blight and early blight on potatoes, EuroBlight Workshop, May 2019
Tomke Musa et al.
13Cropping factors to decrease the risk of mycotoxins in cereals – NFHBF, December 2018
Susanne Vogelgsang et al.
Phosphite residues in potato tubers in relation
to the applied Phosfik® amount
Field trials 2013, Reckenholz & Tänikon
With two applications of Phosfik ®, phosphite (PO33-) residues were below
the limit of detection (5 mg/kg), (EFSA: minimal risk level 20mg/kg)
Use of alternative products to control late blight and early blight on potatoes, EuroBlight Workshop, May 2019
Tomke Musa et al.
limit of detection
Forrer et al., 2017, Journal of fungi
14Cropping factors to decrease the risk of mycotoxins in cereals – NFHBF, December 2018
Susanne Vogelgsang et al.
FytoSol
Use of alternative products to control late blight and early blight on potatoes, EuroBlight Workshop, May 2019
Tomke Musa et al.
New class of elicitor
Combination of chitosan oligomers (COS) and pectin-derived
oligogalacturonides (OGA): COS-OGA elicitor
mimic plant interaction with fungi and inform plant cells on both cell
wall degradation and pathogen presence
induces the expression of defense-related genes
FytoSol appears to be a promising elicitor that may block SA-related
potato gene hijacking by P. infestans and triggers a still unknown
defense pathway.
van Aubel et al., 2018, Plant Pathology
15Cropping factors to decrease the risk of mycotoxins in cereals – NFHBF, December 2018
Susanne Vogelgsang et al.
Experiments using the yeast strain H213
Use of alternative products to control late blight and early blight on potatoes, EuroBlight Workshop, May 2019
Tomke Musa et al.
A. Weiss (LTZ Augustenberg, Germany) Bio-Protect Gesellschaft für Phytopathologie mbH
16Cropping factors to decrease the risk of mycotoxins in cereals – NFHBF, December 2018
Susanne Vogelgsang et al.
Aqua.support
Use of alternative products to control late blight and early blight on potatoes, EuroBlight Workshop, May 2019
Tomke Musa et al.
amagrar GmbH
• Application of chlorine-containing water
• after drying NaCl on leaves
Dr. Marcel Thieron, amagrar GmbH
17Cropping factors to decrease the risk of mycotoxins in cereals – NFHBF, December 2018
Susanne Vogelgsang et al.
Aqua.support
Use of alternative products to control late blight and early blight on potatoes, EuroBlight Workshop, May 2019
Tomke Musa et al.
Direct inhibitory effect on sporangia and zoospores
challenge: accurate point of treatment
Development of a decision support system
Aqua.support amagrar GmbH
Combination of aqua.support and the amagrar DSS
up to 50% copper reduction
registration as plant strengther requested in 2018
18Cropping factors to decrease the risk of mycotoxins in cereals – NFHBF, December 2018
Susanne Vogelgsang et al.
Experiments with different Trichodermastrains against early blight
Greenhouse and field experiments
Field experiments:
untreated control
chemical reference (multisite fungicide)
different biological treatments:
T. asperellum, T. atroviride,
T.harzianum,
T. hamatum,
TrichoStar®, TrichoMix®,
Serenade® (B. subtilis) (spore solutions)
Use of alternative products to control late blight and early blight on potatoes, EuroBlight Workshop, May 2019
Tomke Musa et al.
Information: H. Hausladen, TUM, PhD Nicole Metz
19Cropping factors to decrease the risk of mycotoxins in cereals – NFHBF, December 2018
Susanne Vogelgsang et al.
Conclusions
Lab trials
Transition to practice
Pot and/or
greenhouse
experimentsExperim
enta
l scale
Field
trials
Use of alternative products to control late blight and early blight on potatoes, EuroBlight Workshop, May 2019
Tomke Musa et al.
20Cropping factors to decrease the risk of mycotoxins in cereals – NFHBF, December 2018
Susanne Vogelgsang et al.
Conclusions
Full substitute for copper is unlikely so far
system approach through combination of preventive, indirect and
direct measures:
• Choice of variety adapted to local conditions
• Crop rotation
• Mechanical methods
• Enhance functional biodiversity
• Plant protection products/ alternative products
• Use of DSS and precision agriculture techniques
Reduction of the amount of used copper and
reduced dependency on copper achieved
Use of alternative products to control late blight and early blight on potatoes, EuroBlight Workshop, May 2019
Tomke Musa et al.
21Cropping factors to decrease the risk of mycotoxins in cereals – NFHBF, December 2018
Susanne Vogelgsang et al.
Conclusions and Outlook
• Efforts needed:
- improving formulations of alternatives products
- reduction of survival structures (oospores/plant debris) to
reduce primary infection
Use of alternative products to control late blight and early blight on potatoes, EuroBlight Workshop, May 2019
Tomke Musa et al.
Foto: S. Jensen, Cornell
University, Bugwood.org
22Cropping factors to decrease the risk of mycotoxins in cereals – NFHBF, December 2018
Susanne Vogelgsang et al.
Acknowlegement
Use of alternative products to control late blight and early blight on potatoes, EuroBlight Workshop, May 2019
Tomke Musa et al.
Armin Weiss
Dr. Annegret Schmitt, JKI
Dr. Marcel Thieron
Nicolas de Menten, Raffael Buonatesta
Dr. Hans Hausladen, technische Uni München
RG Ecolgcial Plant Protection
Field group
Thank you for your attention!
amagrar GmbH
23Cropping factors to decrease the risk of mycotoxins in cereals – NFHBF, December 2018
Susanne Vogelgsang et al.
Use of alternative products to control late blight and early blight on potatoes, EuroBlight Workshop, May 2019
Tomke Musa et al.
24Cropping factors to decrease the risk of mycotoxins in cereals – NFHBF, December 2018
Susanne Vogelgsang et al.
Alternative products
Use of alternative products to control late blight and early blight on potatoes, EuroBlight Workshop, May 2019
Tomke Musa et al.
Pflanzen und pflanzliche Extrakte (Botanicals):
Gemahlene Faulbaumrinde (Frangula alnus) (Feld - Forrer et al. 2017)
Zuckerrüben-Wurzelextrakt (Gewächshaus - Moushib et al. 2013)
Mikroorganismen:
Pilze: Trichoderma spp. (Detached-leaf Test - Bae et al. 2015)
Phoma eupatorii (In planta - de Vries et al., 2018)
Bakterien: Bacillus spp. (In planta – Bahramisharif et al. In press) ,
Pseudomonas spp. (Gewächshaus - Guyer et al. 2015,
leaf-discs – de Vrieze et al. 2018)
Andere Substanzen:
Phosfik® (Feldversuche - Forrer et al. 2017)
25Cropping factors to decrease the risk of mycotoxins in cereals – NFHBF, December 2018
Susanne Vogelgsang et al.
Beispiele zu den verschiedenen Wirkmechanismen
Schwierigkeit oft Formulierung (Regenfestigkeit/ UV Stabilität
/Phytotox ab gewisser Konz. etc.)
Unterschiedliche Reaktion mit Sorte
06-7 - Integrierte Bekampfung der Alternaria-Durrflecken an Kartoffeln
Integrated control of early blight in potatoes
Andrea Volz, Tongle Hu, Hans Hausladen
Technische Universitat Munchen
Auserdem wurde die Wirkung der Biofumigation (Kirkegaard et al., 1993) auf A. solani in Feld und
Labor untersucht. Wahrend durch die verschiedenen Einflussfaktoren im Feldversuch nicht in
jedem Jahr ein klarer Effekt der biofumigativen Masnahmen gegeben war, konnte die inhibierende
Wirkung der Isothiocyanate und weiterer volatiler Stoffe auf die Konidienkeimung von A. solani
im Labor nachgewiesen werden.
26Cropping factors to decrease the risk of mycotoxins in cereals – NFHBF, December 2018
Susanne Vogelgsang et al.
Experiments with different Trichodermastrains against early blight
Greenhouse and field experiments
Field experiments: 1 untreated control,
1 chemical reference (multisite fungicide),
different biological treatments:
T. asperellum, T. atroviride, T.harzianum,
TrichoStar®, TrichoMix®, T. hamatum
Serenade® (B. subtilis) (spore solutions)
Use of alternative products to control late blight and early blight on potatoes, EuroBlight Workshop, May 2019
Tomke Musa et al.
on
po
tato
es
on
to
mato
se
Information: H. Hausladen, TUM, PhD Nicole Metz
Pot and greenhouse experiments
Soil inoculation with Trichoderma spp. has showed the capacity to reduce
disease severity up to 35 % against large-spored Alternaria spp.
This research pursued in situ by greenhouse experiments, revealed a
highly significant activity to reduce disease severity at least 60%.
Information: Z. Bouzbnad, Mohammedi A. et al, 2019, personal communication
Maybe I skip the tomato part – will take too much time??
27Cropping factors to decrease the risk of mycotoxins in cereals – NFHBF, December 2018
Susanne Vogelgsang et al.
I thought to put some information on biofumigation instead of the
tomato results, but this wouldn’t be a real alternative productWhat do you think??
Schwierigkeit oft Formulierung (Regenfestigkeit/ UV Stabilität
/Phytotox ab gewisser Konz. etc.)
Unterschiedliche Reaktion mit Sorte
06-7 - Integrierte Bekampfung der Alternaria-Durrflecken an Kartoffeln
Integrated control of early blight in potatoes
Andrea Volz, Tongle Hu, Hans Hausladen
Technische Universitat Munchen
Auserdem wurde die Wirkung der Biofumigation (Kirkegaard et al., 1993) auf A. solani in Feld und
Labor untersucht. Wahrend durch die verschiedenen Einflussfaktoren im Feldversuch nicht in
jedem Jahr ein klarer Effekt der biofumigativen Masnahmen gegeben war, konnte die inhibierende
Wirkung der Isothiocyanate und weiterer volatiler Stoffe auf die Konidienkeimung von A. solani
im Labor nachgewiesen werden.