Post on 03-Jun-2018
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It is also of concern that such a risein the number of urban poor is in stark
contrast with rural poverty where both
the total number of rural poor and its
incidence in comparison with the rural
population has fallen.
Migration to cities continues whateverthe efforts made in rural areas to help
generate more employment
opportunities, and it is the large number
of workers engaged in the urban
economy as self-employed in the
informal sector who fall in the category
of urban poor.
It is a stark paradox of urban Indiathat though they play a major role in
wealth creation, development ofinfrastructure and provision of a
certain quality of life to urban
dwellers, the urban poor themselves
are denied shelter, basic amenities
and a dignified life.
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The growth of the Indian workforce isalso characterized by an increasing
level of urbanization. At the onset of the
21st century (2001), 32% of the total
workforce resided in urban areas.
According to the 2001 Census, 29% of
the urban workforce falls in the category
of main workers and the balance
in the category of marginal workers.
The male-female composition of theurban workforce is structured in favour
of male workers (the male-female ratio
being 84:16 in 2001) although there has
been some improvement in the volume
of female employment.
Further, it is of critical significancethat79% of the new jobs totaling 19.3
million between 1991-2001 were
generated in urban areas and only 5
million jobs were generated in ruralareas.
RURAL TO URBAN SHIFT OF LABOUR
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It is important to highlight the fact that the informal sector in urbanareas is growing exponentially.
In the decade 1991-2001, workers classified as marginal workersregistered an increase of 360% as compared to an increase of only 23%
for workers classified as main workers.
As a consequence, the ratio of marginal workers to total workersincreased from 2.2% in 1991 to 7.9% in 2001.
Further, the proportion of female workers to total workers rose from14.3% in 1991 to 16% in 2001.
In a nutshell, the 1991-2001 decade has witnessed strong trendstowards casualization and feminization of the urban workforce. Further,
wage employment is being progressively replaced by sub-contracting.
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Shelter is a basic human need next only to foodand clothing.
At the end of the 10th Five Year Plan, the housing
shortage
is estimated to be 24.7 million. However, urban
areas in ourcountry are also characterized by severe
shortage of basic
services like potable water, well laid out drainage
system,sewerage network, sanitation facilities, electricity,
roads and
appropriate solid waste disposal. It is these
shortages that
constitute the rationale for policy focus on
NATIONAL URBAN HOUSING AND HABITAT
POLICY
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Given the magnitude of the housing shortage and budgetary
constraints of both the Central and State Governments,
it is amply clear that Public Sector efforts will not suffice infulfilling the housing demand.
In view of this scenario, the National Urban Housing and
Habitat Policy,
focuses the spotlight on multiple stake-holders namely, the
Private Sector, the Cooperative Sector, the Industrial Sector for
labour housing and the Services/Institutional Sector for
employee housing.
In this manner, the Policy will seek to promote
various types of public-private partnerships for realizing the
goal of Affordable Housing For All.
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The policies of urban development and housing in India have come a long waysince 1950s. The pressure of urban population and lack of housing and basic services
were very much evident in the early 1950s. In some cities this was compounded by
migration of people from Pakistan. However, the general perception of the policy
makers was that India is pre-dominantly an agricultural and rural economy and that
there are potent dangers of over urbanization which will lead to the drain of
resources from the countryside to feed the cities. The positive aspects of cities as
engines of economic growth in the context of national economic policies were not
much appreciated and, therefore, the problems of urban areas were treated more aswelfare problems and sectors of residual investment rather than as issues of national
economic importance.
In the First Five Year Plan(1951-56), the emphasis was given on institutionbuilding and on construction of houses for Government employees and weaker
sections
The scope of housing program for the poor was expanded in the Second Plan(1956-61). The Industrial Housing Scheme was widened to cover all workers.
The general directions for housing programmes in the Third Plan(1961-66) were
co-ordination of efforts of all agencies and orienting the programmes to the needs ofthe Low Income Groups.
HOUSING AND URBAN POLICY IN INDIA
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The Fifth Plan(1974-79) reiterated the policies of the preceding Plans topromote smaller towns in new urban centres, in order to ease the increasing
pressure on urbanisation. This was to be supplemented by efforts to augment
civic services in urban areas with particular emphasis on a comprehensive and
regional approach to problems in metropolitan cities
The thrust of the planning in the Sixth Plan(1980-85) was on integratedprovision of services along with shelter, particularly for the poor.
The Seventh Plan(1985-90) stressed on the need to entrust majorresponsibility of housing construction on the private sector. A three-fold role was
assigned to the public sector, namely, mobilization for resources for housing,
provision for subsidized housing for the poor and acquisition and development of
land.
The balanced urban growth was accorded high priority in the Fourth Plan(1969-74). The Plan stressed the need to prevent further growth of
population in large cities and need for decongestion or dispersal of
population. This was envisaged to be achieved by creation of smaller towns
and by planning the spatial location of economic activity.
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The Eighth Plan(1992-97) for the first time explicitly recognized the role andimportance of urban sector for the national economy. While growth rate of
employment in the urban areas averaged around 3.8% per annum, it dropped to
about 1.6% in the rural areas. Therefore, the urban areas have to be enabled to
absorb larger increments to the labour force. The Plan identified the key issues in
the emerging urban scenario:the widening gap between demand and supply of infrastructural services badly
hitting the poor, whose access to the basic services like drinking water, sanitation,
education and basic health services is shrinking
unabated growth of urban population aggravating the accumulated backlog of
housing shortages, resulting in proliferation of slums and squatter settlement and
decay of city environmenthigh incidence of marginal employment and urban poverty as reflected in NSS
43rdround that 41.8 million urban people lived below the poverty line.
The response of the Plan to this scenario was the launching of Urban Poverty and
Alleviation Program of Nehru Rojgar Yojana (NRY)
Urban Housing Shortage at the end of the 10th Five Year Plan
(dwelling units in million)
Continued...
St t /UT HOUSING
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State/UTs HOUSING
SHORTAGE
Andhra Pradesh 1.95
Arunachal Pradesh 0.02
Assam 0.31
Bihar 0.59
Chhatisgarh 0.36
Goa 0.07
Gujarat 1.66Haryana 0.52
Himachal Pradesh 0.06
Jammu & Kashmir 0.18
Jharkhand 0.47
Karnataka 1.63
Kerala 0.76
Madhya Pradesh 1.29
Maharashtra 3.72
Manipur 0.05Meghalaya 0.04
Mizoram 0.04
Nagaland 0.03
Orissa 0.50
Punjab 0.69
Rajasthan 1.00
Sikkim 0.01
Tamil Nadu 2.82
Tripura 0.06
Uttaranchal 0.18
Uttar Pradesh 2.38
West Bengal 2.04
A&N Islands 0.01
Chandigarh 0.08
Dadra & Nagar Haveli 0.01
Daman & Diu 0.01
Delhi 1.13
Lakshadweep 0.00
Pondicherry 0.06
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Affordability can be defined as the consumers ability to purchase but it is a relative term
that could acquire different meanings under varying circumstances. With a bevy of realestate companies riding on the wave of economic growth the focus on the fortune at the
bottom of the pyramid has become an important component of their strategy evident in
numerous low price housing projects sprouting across the nation.
AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN INDIA : ROLE
OF HOUSING MICROFINANCE
For instance Tata Group has come up with
a project at Boisar near Mumbai, GodrejGroup is building a township outside
Ahmedabad, Ansal Properties is
constructing homes for low income groups
in U.P. and Rajasthan and the list goes on
and on.
However, the availability of adequate financing sources for the consumers is a
major factor in determining the sale of these projects. Thus, the role of
microfinance institutions in enabling the low income consumers, mostly
employed in the informal sector in purchasing these Affordable houses is of
much importance
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Demand for Affordable housing:
There is an enormous unmet demand for low-income housing finance. The
segment earning between Rs 7,000-Rs 15,000 has never been considered
significant for home loan offerings.
While the prospects of getting a home loan for the formal sector employee do
exist, chances for informal sector employees and the self-employed like
drivers, NGO staff, small caterers and others are bleak.
This is despite the fact that they have marketable skills, steady jobs/incomesand employer/customer recommendations.
Moreover, urbanization has played a key role in making Indias housing
problems worse.
In the present, scenario the total urban land is estimated at 2.3% of Indias
total geographical area, which accommodates 30% of population.Pressure on land and infrastructure is only going to increase further with 40%
of the nation expected to inhabit cities by 2020 at which time urban population
is expected to be 455 million.
Apart from this, with 200 million people anticipated to be living in slums and
slum like conditions by 2020, the focus is bound to be on urban housing.
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A slum, as defined by the UNITED
NATIONS agency UN-HABITAT, is a run-
down area of a city characterized by
substandard housing and squalor and
lacking in tenure security.
The term has traditionally referred to
housing areas that were once relatively
affluent but which deteriorated as the
original dwellers moved on to newerand better parts of the city, but has
come to include the vast informal
settlements found in cities in the
developing world.
Although their characteristics vary
between geographic regions, they areusually inhabited by the very poor or
socially disadvantaged. Slum buildings
vary from simple shacks to permanent
and well-maintained structures. Most
slums lack clean water, electricity,
sanitation and other basic services.
SLUM
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Increase urbanization is
emerging as the most pervasive
dominating challenges as well as
opportunities facing our country
today.
Urban population in India has
grown from 78.9 million in 1961
to 286million in 2001, it is
estimated that is going to double
in next 25 years.
Urbanization accompanied by
sustained population growth due
to large scale migration from
rural to urban center leads to
mushrooming slum settlements
in all cities and town India.
As urbanization grows and the
share of urban house hold rise in
the next to decayed from the
current 28% to 50% of thecountry population. We are
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SLUM UPGRADING PROGRAMMES
Indonesia: The World Bank supported
the Kampung Improvement Program
(KIP) over a 14-year period from 1974-
88.13 For a cost averaging from $23 per
person in smaller cities to $118 in Jakarta,
almost four million kampung residents in
11 cities benefited from improved
footpaths, roads and drainage, garbage
bins and collection vehicles, safe drinking
water through public taps, public washing
and toilet facilities, neighbourhood healthclinics, and primary school buildings.
Despite the complexity of the challenge, a
number of successful slum upgrading
examples and approaches can serve asbest practices:
Recognizing the needs and focusing in
the development and up-gradation of slum
with basic amenities and affordable housing
is the basic aim of our government.
By major programmers'JNNURM, AHIP ,ISHUP
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Nigeria. In 2005, the Lagos
mega-city of over 11 million
people, 70 percent of whom
live in slums, adopted a new
citywide approach to slumupgrading after witnessing
the limited impact of previous
top down efforts.
Community participation is
central to the programs
design. The aggregateestimated economic rate of
return for the infrastructure
improvements is 17 percent,
and a 75 percent increase in
garbage collection by private
operators has already beenrealized.
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Mexico : The national
government has a large-scale
effort, Piso Firmo, under way to
replace dir t wi th cement f loors in
slum dw ell ing s. By 2007, 300,000
f loors h ad been replaced o ut o f a
total in i t ial stock of th ree mi l l ion
uni ts w ith dir t f loors, at a cost of
abou t $150 per unit. To b e eligib le
occupants mus t prove uni t
ownership. The incent ive toobtain essent ial documentat ion is
the poss ib i l i ty of receiv ing th e
benefi tsPeru: An impact evaluation
of the effect of Perus
nationwide program
distributing titles to urbansquatters on public land found
that investment in housing
renovations and improvements
associated with land titling
increased 68 percent in the
four years following title
SLUM PREVENTION
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Slum prevention is at least asimportant as upgrading and clearly more
cost effective.
Slum prevention isat least as important
as slum upgrading
and is clearly more
cost effective.Another example is cities in ElSalvador that have been able largely to
prevent the formation of new slums
through good planning and timely
investments in transportation that
provides decent access to peri-urban
locations. Access to secure land plots
provided by municipalities or private
developersis key to encouraging the
type of incremental housing construction
by which the majority of the urban poorattain decent housing.
SLUM PREVENTION
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The process can be accelerated, as can slum upgrading, with access to
micro finance that permits use of higher quality materials each time
as improvement is made.
CHALLENGES OF URBAN HOUSING
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CHALLENGES OF URBAN HOUSING
The most important factor limitingprogress in improving housing and living
conditions of low income groups particularly
in informal settlements and slums is the lack
of sufficient political willto address the issue
in a fundamentally structured, sustainable
and large scale manner.
One crucial and common shortcomingin the housing sector is the inadequacy
and limitations of housing finance
mechanisms. The fact that conventional
housing finance usually works in favour of
middle and high income groups is reflected
in highly segmented housing markets. thepoor, low- and even middle-income
majority of the population in most
developing countries cannot afford a loan
even for the least expensive commercially
built housing units.
Security of tenure is another
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Security of tenure is anotherfundamental challenge in urban
housing. Promoting security of tenure is
a prerequisite for sustainable
improvement of housing and
environmental conditions. Squatterupgrading projects need to be carried
out and these projects should prevent
unlawful evictions. Governments should
focus on regularization schemes in order
to provide incentives to families to invest
in their homes and communities.
Another important topic requiringattention is the promotion of rental
housing options.Regardless of the
nature of existing or new finance
mechanisms, the reality for many poorand low-income urban residents remains
that adequate housing is simply too
expensive to own.The majority of urban
residents in many developing countries
are actually tenants in the private
informal sector.
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Another major challenge of housing policies is to adopt an adequateapproach to urban land management. Due to rapid urbanization, the urban
poor are forced to find their shelter in illegal settlements located in a variety
of places: customary land, public land reserves, marginal land or in illegal
sub-divisions. The dynamisation of land markets is a key element of anygood housing strategy.
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SOLUTION TO URBAN HOUSING
CHALLENGES
Government should focus on thedevelopment, operation and maintenance of
trunk infrastructure (roads and water supply) at
city-wide level.
They should support the establishment of fairand transparent municipal finance systems
based on equitable land taxation.
Government should promote a facilitatinglegislative and institutional framework in the
housing sector.
Governments and local authorities shoulddesign, adopt and implement pro-poor city
development strategies, ensuring sufficient
availability of public and private land for housingdevelopment.
They should build partnerships with theprivate sector for the management of basic
services and utilities, such as water supply, and
with private investors and developers for the
delivery of both owner-occupied and rentalhousing.
They should strongly
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They should stronglyencourage and support the
efforts and initiatives of slum-
dwellers in the incremental
upgrading of their living
environment, through technical
and financial assistance.
They should provideappropriate incentives to the
banking and cooperative sectors,
as well as to private foundationsand ngos, in order to direct more
resources to the housing market.
Finally, in terms of process andmethod, governments should
adopt decentralization policies,strengthen local authorities and
involve all stakeholders in the
elaboration, monitoring and
evaluation of the housing policy,
through consultative and
participatory approaches.
THE TIME TO ACT IS NOW
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THE TIME TO ACT IS NOW.....
Even though it is well-recognized that at
the core of the poverty and vulnerability
in cities is the poor asset base of many
citizens, a problem centering on housing
and lack of security of tenure, we still
have to do a lot to enable the markets
to deliver low income housing solutions.
Resolving land tenure issues is a must
for poverty reduction and inclusive
development.
Noting that affordable housing provision
for the growing urban population
remains a big challenge to our cities, the
housing mandate needs to be clearly
assigned at the city level with majorsupport programmes. As the midterm
appraisal of the current Five-Year Plan
states, several fold increase in the funds
for affordable housing and slum
transformation initiatives will be
necessary.
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*RITIKA SINGH
*SWATI SAMANT RAY*SHARANYA DAS
*MATRIPRASAD CHOWDHURY.
*RAKESH KUMAR
Presented by:-