Post on 04-Jun-2018
8/13/2019 UOP Hybrid Systems for More Efficient Gas Conditioning Tech Paper
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Hybrid Systems:
Combining Technologies Leads to More Efficient Gas Conditioning
William Echt, UOP LLC
Introduction
Various processes are used to condition raw natural gas to pipeline quality. Acid gas removal and
dehydration are the most commonly employed, and among these processes, various technologies
are available to the design engineer. For instance, dehydration can be accomplished via glycol or
molecular sieves, depending upon the product gas specification. Carbon dioxide and/or hydrogen
sulfide removal can be accomplished via amines, hot potassium carbonate or membranes. The
choice of technology, or combination of technologies, is dependent upon the needs of the gas
processor.
This paper focuses on the use of membranes and amines for CO2 removal from natural gas. The
basic operation and the advantages and disadvantages of each technology are reviewed. The
combination of these technologies, referred to as a hybrid CO2removal system, offers unique
characteristics that are explored in detail. Operating experiences from several hybrid units are
presented to show the advantages that combining technologies brings to the gas processor.
An economic analysis highlights the substantial cost benefits of hybrid systems when used to
process large volumes of gas. The savings in capital and operating expenses can be extended to
hybrid systems consisting of membranes and any other downstream solvent process.
CO2Removal with Amines
CO2 removal using amines is well understood because it has been widely used for acid gas
removal. For the purposes of this paper it is assumed the reader is familiar with this technology.
To quickly summarize:
An aqueous alkanolamine solution is contacted in an absorber column with natural gascontaining CO2.
The basic amine reacts with the acidic CO2vapors to form a dissolved salt, allowing purifiednatural gas to exit the absorber.
The rich amine solution is regenerated in a stripper column, concentrating the CO 2 into anacid gas stream.
Lean solution is cooled and returned to the absorber so that the process is repeated in a closedloop.
A typical flow scheme for this technology is shown in Figure 1. Improvements on the use of
conventional amines in this conventional flow scheme include:
Process configurations and equipment that reduce capital costs and energy consumption Use of specially formulated solvents to reduce solution circulation rates and energy
consumption
Some of the papers exploring these improvements are listed in the bibliography (Ref. 1,2,3).
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Figure 1: Conventional Amine Unit Flow Scheme
Once a design has been completed for a CO2 removal system using amines, the critical
parameters affecting capital and operating costs are shown in the following table:
Operating Cost Capital Cost
Circulation Rate Pump kW-hrs, solvent losses Pump cost, solvent inventory
Reboiler Duty Energy requirement Affects stripper column size
Column Diameters - Most expensive equipment
Solvent Cost Solvent makeup Solvent initial fill
The total gas flow rate and the CO2 content of the gas processed will affect system costs. If an
upstream operating unit removes CO2 from the feed gas, the downstream amine unit can be
smaller.
CO2Removal with Membranes
Semi-permeable membranes are a mature technology that has been applied in natural gas
processing for over 20 years (Ref. 4). Membranes are currently used for CO2 removal fromnatural gas at processing rates from 1 MMSCFD to 250 MMSCFD. New units are in design or
construction to handle volumes up to 500 MMSCFD.
It has been recognized for many years that nonporous polymer films exhibit a higher permeability
toward some gases than towards others. The mechanism for gas separation is independent of
membrane configuration and is based on the principle that certain gases permeate more rapidly
than others (Figure 2).
Product
Feed
Acid
Gas
Make-Up\
Purge
Water
Amine
Stripper
Amine
Reboiler
Amine
Absorber
Lean Solution
Pump
Lean
Solution
Cooler
Lean/Rich
Exchanger
Acid Gas
Condenser
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Figure 2: Thin Semi-Permeable Barriers that Selectively Separate Some Compounds from Others
Permeability is a measure of the rate at which gases pass through the membrane. Selectivity
refers to the relative rates of permeation among gas components. The permeation rate for a given
gas component through a given membrane is determined by the molecules size, its solubility in
the membrane polymer and the operating conditions of the separation. Selectivity allows a gas
mixture of two or more components, of varying permeability, to be separated into two streams,
one enriched in the more permeable components and the other enriched in the less permeable
components. Figure 3 shows the relative permeability of the components most common in anatural gas stream for a glassy-type membrane.
Figure 3: Relative Solubility of Some Typical Gas Components
Membrane Configuration
The technical breakthrough in the application of membranes to natural gas separation came with
the development of a process for preparing cellulose acetate in a state which retains its selective
characteristics but at greatly increased permeation rates than were previously achieved (4, 5).
The new membrane was called asymmetric and was first cast into a flat sheet. The major portion
of the asymmetric membrane is an open-pore, sponge-like support structure through which the
gases flow without restriction. All the selectivity takes place in the thin, non-porous polymer
FAST
SLOW
Fast Gases Slow Gases
- Soluble in Membrane - Insoluble in Membrane
- Small size - Large Size
H2O, H2, He CO2, O2, H2S Ar, CO, N2, CH4, C2+
CELLULOSE ACETATE M E M B R A N E
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layer at the top (Figure 4). Asymmetric membranes are made out of a single material. The
permeability and selectivity characteristics of asymmetric membranes are functions of the casting
solution composition, film casting conditions and post-treatment, and are relatively independent
of total membrane thickness, though this parameter is closely controlled in the manufacturing
process.
Non-porous LayerNon-porous Layer
Porous
Layer
Porous Layer
Figure 4: Asymmetric Membranes Use a Single Polymer with a Thin Selective Layer
and a Porous Support Layer
Methods were later developed to incorporate this asymmetric membrane structure for gas
separation in a hollow fiber configuration rather than a flat sheet. Hollow fibers have a greater
packing density (membrane area per packaging volume) than flat sheets, but typically have lower
permeation rates. Both configurations of cellulose acetate membranes have their individual
advantages and disadvantages.
In order for membranes to be used in a commercial separation system they must be packaged in a
manner that supports the membrane and facilitates handling of the two product gas streams.
These packages are generally referred to as elements or bundles. The most common types of
membrane elements in use today for natural gas separation are of the spiral-wound type and the
hollow-fiber type.
Spiral-wound elements, as shown in Figures 5 and 6, consist of one or more membrane leaves.
Each leaf contains two membrane layers separated by a rigid, porous, fluid-conductive material
called the permeate spacer. The spacer facilitates the flow of the permeate gas, an end product of
the separation. Another spacer, the high pressure feed spacer, separates one membrane leaf from
another and facilitates the flow of the high pressure stream linearly along the element. The
membrane leaves are wound around a perforated hollow tube, known as the permeate tube,
through which permeate is removed. The membrane leaves are sealed with an adhesive on three
sides to separate the feed gas from the permeate gas, while the fourth side is open to the permeate
tube.
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Figure 5: Spiral-Wound Membrane Element
The operation of the spiral-wound element can best be explained by means of an example. In
order to separate carbon dioxide from a natural gas, the feed mixture enters the pressure vessel
(tube) at high pressure and is introduced into the element via the feed spacer. The more
permeable CO2and H2O rapidly pass through the membrane into the permeate spacer, where they
are concentrated as a low pressure gas stream. This low pressure CO2gas stream flows radially
through the element in the permeate spacer channel and is continuously enriched by additional
CO2 entering from other sections of the membrane. When the low pressure CO2 reaches the
permeate tube at the center of the element, the gas is removed in one or both directions. The high
pressure residual gas mixture remains in the feed spacer channel, losing more and more of the
carbon dioxide and being enriched in hydrocarbon gases as it flows through the element, and exits
at the opposite end of the element.
The membrane system consists of membrane elements connected in series and contained within
pressure tubes as shown in Figure 6. A rubber U-cup attached to the element serves to seal the
element with the inner diameter of the pressure tube, thereby forcing the feed gas to flow through
the element. The pressure tubes are mounted in racks on a skid (Figure 7).
Feed Spacer
Membrane
Permeate SpacerMembrane
Feed Spacer
PPPPPPeeeeeerrrrrrmmmmmmeeeeeeaaaaaattttttiiiiiioooooonnnnnn
PPPPPPaaaaaatttttthhhhhh
Feed
Permeate
Residual
Residual
Feed
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Figure 6: Spiral-Wound Membrane Tube
Figure 7: Skid-Mounted Membrane Tubes Containing Spiral-Wound Elements
To construct hollow fiber elements, very fine hollow fibers are wrapped around a central tube in a
highly dense pattern. The feed natural gas flows over and between the fibers and the fast
components permeate into the middle of the hollow fiber. The wrapping pattern used to make theelement is such that both open ends of the fiber terminate at a permeate pot on one side of the
element. The permeate gas travels within the fibers until it reaches the permeate pot, where it
mixes with permeate gas from other fibers. A permeate pipe allows the collected gases to exit the
element. An illustration is shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8: Hollow Fiber Membrane Element
As the feed gas passes over the fibers, the components that do not permeate eventually reach the
center tube in the element, which is perforated like the spiral-wound permeate tube. In this case,
however, the central tube is for residual gas collection, not permeate collection.
Many optimizations are possible for either element configuration. For hollow fibers, animportant parameter is adjusting fiber diameter finer fibers give higher packing density while
larger fibers have lower permeate pressure drop and so use the feed-to-permeate-side pressure
drop driving force more efficiently.
While each element type has its own advantages, the mechanism for gas separation is
independent of the membrane configuration and is based on the principle that certain gases
permeate more rapidly than others. This is due to the combination of diffusion and solubility
differences, whereby a gas mixture of two or more gases of varying permeability may be
Feed(High CO2)
Permeate(Very High CO2)
Residue(Low CO2)
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separated into two streams, one enriched in the more permeable components and the other
enriched in the less permeable components.
Feed Gas Pretreatment
Early applications of membranes in the field quickly educated suppliers to the need for adequate
pretreatment of the feed stream when processing natural gas. Membrane life was found to be too
short. Unlike some earlier membrane applications where the feed was relatively pristine, naturalgas can contain a myriad of contaminants that quickly reduce membrane effectiveness and force
premature replacement of the elements. Since membrane replacement is a critical operating cost,
the industry soon adopted minimum pretreatment standards, such as the configuration shown in
Figure 9.
Figure 9: Standard Pretreatment
This configuration removes most common contaminants. The coalescing filter removes solid
particulate matter and trace amount of free liquids. Liquids must be removed from the feed gas
because they will deposit on the surface of the membrane and reduce mass transfer and lower the
permeability of the fast gases. The result is a lower capacity for the system.
The guard bed uses activated carbon to remove the heaviest hydrocarbon fractions, including lube
oil. For smaller systems, the sacrificial bed is typically designed to operate from six to twelve
months between adsorbent replacements. A downstream particle filter catches any fines or dust
from the adsorbent bed.
Finally, a feed preheater is often employed to provide a uniform gas temperature to the
membrane. Because of the pressure drop across the membrane, Joule-Thompson cooling is
always present within the membrane element. Since the CO2 content is also changing, the dew
point of the hydrocarbon gas can change significantly from the front of the tube to the back. The
preheater is used to provide a dew point margin, ensuring that there is no condensation on the
membrane surface. Liquid hydrocarbons not only reduce system capacity, they may permanently
damage the membrane.
With time, membrane systems became larger and the gas stream more varied. Membrane
suppliers saw a need for better pretreatment to remove the heavy fractions of hydrocarbons
upstream of the membrane. Chilling to drop out heavy hydrocarbon fractions is now more
common. Regenerable adsorbent systems have also been developed to provide a positive cut off
of heavy ends. These systems, while more expensive to build and operate than the minimum
pretreatment standards, greatly increase the reliability of the downstream membranes and are
CoalescingFilter
Heater
Feed
Membrane
AdsorbentGuard Bed
ParticleFilter
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justified by longer element life. It is essential that large banks of membrane elements be
protected from harmful contaminants.
Membrane Flow Schemes
A single stage unit is the simplest application of membrane technology for CO 2 removal from
natural gas. As shown in Figure 10, a feed stream, which has been pretreated, enters the
membrane module, preferably at high system pressure and high partial pressure of CO2. High-pressure residue is delivered for further processing or to the sales gas pipeline. Low-pressure
permeate is vented, incinerated, or put to use as a low-to-medium BTU fuel gas. There are no
moving parts, so the system works with minimal attention from an operator. As long as the feed
stream is free of contaminants, the elements should easily last five years or more, making the
system extremely reliable and inexpensive to operate.
Figure 10: Single-Stage Flow Scheme
No membrane acts as a perfect separator, however. Some of the slower gases will permeate themembrane, resulting in hydrocarbon loss. This is the principle drawback to single-stage
membrane systems. In order to recover hydrocarbons that would otherwise be lost in the
permeate stream, a two-stage system can be employed (Figure 11).
Figure 11: Two-Stage Flow Scheme
Membrane
Preheater
Residual Gas
Feed Gas
Filter
Coalescer
Particle
Filter
Condensate
Guard Bed
Permeate Gas
Premeate
Gas
First Stage
Membrane
Preheater
Residual Gas
Second Stage
Membrane
Feed Gas
Filter
Coalescer
Particle
Filter
Condensate
Guard Bed
Compressor
& Cooler
Second Stage
Pretreatment
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The permeate from the first stage, which may be moderately rich in hydrocarbons, is compressed,
cooled and sent to a second stage of pretreatment to remove entrained lube oil and provide
temperature control. A second stage membrane is then used to remove CO2from the stream prior
to recycling the hydrocarbon-rich residue gas to the first stage membrane.
The investment and operating cost of a two-stage system can be substantially higher than a
single-stage unit, due to the use of compression. It should be noted that this compression doesnot require any spare capacity. The first stage in this flow scheme will continue to make on-
specification CO2, at full capacity, even if the second stage is off line. There would be a
temporary increase in hydrocarbon loss until the recycle compressor is put back on line. This
operating penalty is typically small in comparison to the cost of spare compression.
Improvements can be made to these process flow schemes to improve performance and reduce
capital cost, however, such a discussion is outside the scope of this paper.
Once a design has been completed for CO2 removal with membranes, the critical parameters
affecting capital and operating costs are shown in the following table:
Operating Cost Capital CostPretreatment Energy use, consumables Standard vs advanced
CO2Removal per Stage Hydrocarbon losses Single-Stage vs two-stage
Number of Stages Compressor fuel Compression
Membrane Elements Replacement elements Initial fill of elements
System costs will be affected by the total gas flow rate, the temperature, pressure, and CO 2
content of the gas processed. If a downstream operating unit removes CO2 after an initial cut
with membranes, the upstream membrane unit can be smaller, and more likely can remain a
single-stage configuration.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Amines and Membranes
Initially, membranes were restricted to either small natural gas streams or those with very high
CO2 content, such as in enhanced oil recovery CO2 floods. As the technology improved an
became better known, the technology spread into a wider variety of natural gas streams. Now
that the technology is mature, one can stand back and look at the relative strengths and
weaknesses of the process versus the more established amine technology. The table below looksat some key areas for comparison:
Table 1: Comparison of Amine and Membrane CO2Removal Systems
Operating Issues
Amines Membranes
User Comfort Level Very familiar Still considered new technology
Hydrocarbon Losses Very low Losses depend upon conditions
Meets Low CO2Spec. Yes (ppm levels) No (
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rises to 100 ppm(v), the product gas concentration may rise to 10-30 ppm, depending on the CO 2
in the feed and the CO2 product specification. Amines are required to make pipeline
specifications when significant levels of H2S are present in the feed gas.
Membranes are inherently easier to operate than an amine unit because there are fewer unit
operations. In a single-stage unit, the only moving parts are the gas molecules. With a second
stage, only a compressor is added. In general, fewer operators and maintenance workers areneeded to run a membrane system.
When it comes to cost of operation, the life of the membrane elements must be taken into
account. Contaminants reduce the efficiency of the separation and the membrane surface is
subject to degradation over time. In most plants, replacement of the membrane elements is done
on an incremental basis. It is generally not necessary to replace a complete charge of membrane
elements all at once. When periodic element replacement is compared to continuous solvent
make-up, it appears that membranes have a slight edge in lower costs for consumables. Add to
that advantage the lower labor cost and membranes should be lower cost operations.
Maintenance costs are certainly lower when a single stage membrane is compared to amines.
Advantages of Hybrid Configurations
In some situations, placing a single stage membrane system upstream of an amine unit has a very
positive effect. The presence of one unit eliminates the shortcomings of the other and the
combined hybrid system becomes less expensive to build and operate and more flexible in
handling changes in feed gas conditions. Here is a list of most of the potential benefits when
using a hybrid system:
Table 2: Comparison of Hybrid to Amine and Membrane CO2Removal Systems
Operating Issues
Hybrid vs Amine Only Hybrid vs Membrane OnlyHydrocarbon Losses Increased losses, unless there
is a use for the permeate
Slight increase in losses, but
typically no compression
Meets Low CO2Spec Same Yes, much better
Meets Low H2S Spec Same Yes, much better
Energy Consumption Lower Higher
Operating Cost Lower Higher
Maintenance Cost Slightly higher Higher
Ease of Operation Slightly more complex More complex
Dehydration Product still saturated Re-saturates product gas
Corrosion Potential Lower (lower loadings) Not a concern
Amine Foaming Virtually eliminated Not a concern
Capital Cost Issues
Hybrid vs Amine Only Hybrid vs Membrane Only
Recycle Compression Not a concern Eliminates need for compression
Total Installed Cost Same to lower Higher
Very Large Gas Flow Significant savings Higher
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As before, no hard and fast rules should be applied here, as these comparisons are very dependent
upon the natural gas being processed, the operating conditions, the economic variables and the
location of the processing facility. It is important to understand the areas where each technology
in a hybrid system performs best.
The size of an amine unit is directly related to the number of moles of CO 2 removed from the
feed gas. As CO2content rises from low to moderate partial pressures in the feed, the rich solventloading increases to somewhat offset the increased demand for solvent. But as partial pressures
increase to high levels, the solvent approaches a maximum loading. At that point, any increase in
CO2can only be removed by increasing the circulation rate. The same is not true for membranes.
Permeation increases as the feed gas CO2partial pressure increases, making the membrane much
more efficient at high concentration of CO2. As mentioned earlier, meeting low CO2-content
sales gas specifications causes single-stage membranes to lose efficiency, while amines work
very economically. By combining the technologies in series to treat gases with a high partial
pressure of CO2, the membrane operates where it is best (high concentrations of CO2) and the
solvent system works where it is best (achieving low specification for treated gas CO2content).
The obvious, and first, application of hybrid systems was in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The
CO2 content is extremely high, 70% or more, in these plants. An example is given later in thispaper. Clearly, high-CO2 natural gas streams are good candidates for using membranes to
remove all or part of the acid gas.
There has been at least one published paper that addressed the economic viability of hybrid
systems. In 1991 McKee, et al (Ref. 5) concluded that hybrid systems can be economical when
CO2 concentrations are lower than found in EOR applications. Though their study limited feed
rates to 75 MMSCFD, the authors encouraged readers to investigate higher flow rates, and
alternative solvent processes in conjunction with membranes.
Because membranes are more efficient for processing high partial pressures of CO2, the capital
and operating costs are typically lower for a hybrid when compared to a solvent-only system.
The issue that must be carefully monitored is the amount of hydrocarbon (specifically, methane)lost with the CO2 in the permeate stream. If the losses are too high in the membrane section, it
offsets the lower reboiler duty obtained by treating the gas upstream of the solvent unit. If losses
are too high, a two-stage membrane may be appropriate. Another alternative is to identify a low-
Btu fuel gas user on or adjacent to the site. Direct-fired boilers and hot oil heaters are good
candidates for using low-Btu fuel gas (100-300 Btu/ft3). When a large amount of permeate is
available, it can be compressed and sent to a gas turbine for generating electricity.
Recently, a study was conducted for a plant with a design flow of 240 MMSCFD and an inlet
CO2content of 41%. The specification was 3% CO2upstream of the cold plant to insure a 5%
pipeline specification in the residue sales gas. Detailed cost estimates were developed for stand-
alone amines and a hybrid unit. Stand-alone membranes were not considered due to customer
preferences.
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A very interesting result came out of this study. Due to tower diameter limits, the solvent system
was forced to a 2-train configuration. By contrast, the hybrid configuration was a single train,
single-stage membrane followed by a single-train amine unit in series. Two-in-series had definite
advantages over two-in-parallel:
Flexibility for changing CO2 content: If the CO2 came in high, the membrane could
compensate by taking out more CO2with the same area, taking a burden off the downstreamamine unit. If the CO2 came in low, membrane area could be taken off line to reduce
hydrocarbon losses.
The pretreatment in front of the membrane reduced heavy hydrocarbon contamination
downstream, eliminating potential foaming in the amine unit.
The capital cost of the two options was almost identical, but operating costs were lower for
the hybrid, despite the higher hydrocarbon losses, because the reboiler duty of the solvent
unit was reduced.
Some examples of existing and planned hybrid systems will help to demonstrate the advantages
of combining membranes with amines.
Examples of Working Hybrid Systems
There are many hybrid systems currently operating around the world. Data is not available on all
of the applications, but some are presented here to demonstrate the ways in which hybrids are
used.
Early applications of membrane technology were in the area of enhanced oil recovery with CO 2flood. Several EOR projects in West Texas use a combination of membranes and amines to
recover CO2 that is returned to the surface and recover the valuable hydrocarbons in the gas. In
general, high CO2 content of a gas is a good indicator for the use of membranes and/or hybrid
systems. As will be shown, low CO2pipeline specifications are another reason to adopt a hybrid
configuration.
Plant 1
The first plant is an example of how notto apply a hybrid system. The plant processed a very dry
gas in west Texas. Standard pretreatment was employed because the gas had virtually zero
propane-plus hydrocarbon fraction. The initial cut of CO2 was made with a single stage
membrane. The problem was the hydrocarbon loss in the membrane. Reducing CO2from 55%
to 7% in a single stage results in high losses. A better design would have been to remove less
CO2with the membrane and more with the amine.
AmineAmine55% CO255% CO2
1000 psig1000 psig
85 F85 F
CO2CO2
%7%
AcidAcid
SalesSales
11- Stage,Stage,
StandardStandard
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Due to low gas prices, the plant was operated for over eight years, delivering gas on specification
with very little downtime. The plant did not buy any replacement elements during the entire
eight-year run, enhancing the reputation of membrane technology. As natural gas prices rose in
2000, the owner could no longer ignore the loss of sales gas from the membrane stage. A
decision was made to replace the small downstream amine unit with a new, larger SELEXOL!
unit. Now only half the membrane area is used, removing less CO2, resulting in lower
hydrocarbon losses.
Plant 2
The second plant has done a very good job of maximizing capacity. Half the gas is processed in a
two-stage membrane to reduce CO2 from 21% to
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Table 3: Cost Comparison for Stand-alone and Hybrid Systems
STAND-ALONE HYBRID
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4
CO2Removal
20% to
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For processing large gas flow rates where two or more trains may be required, a hybrid can
reduce the system to a single, less expensive train. If an existing solvent system needs to be
modified to handle an increase in feed gas CO2concentration, adding a membrane upstream can
be a very attractive method of expanding the system capacity.
The most economic hybrid designs use the permeate gas on site as fuel for a heater or electricgenerator. Close attention must be paid to the value of the methane in the membrane permeate
stream. The least expensive option is to employ a single-stage membrane. Two-stage membrane
units can also be an economical part of a hybrid system.
Bibliography
1. Rochelle, G.T. and M.M. Mshewa, Carbon Dioxide Absorption/Desorption Kinetics inBlended Amines, Presented at the Laurance Reid Gas Conditioning Conference, page 251,
1994.2. Weiland, R.H. and J.C. Dingman,Effect of Blend Formulation on Selectivity in Gas Treating,
Presented at the Laurance Reid Gas Conditioning Conference, page 268, 1995.
3. Dannstrm, H., et al, Natural Gas Sweetening Using Membrane Gas/Liquid Contactors,Presented at the Laurance Reid Gas Conditioning Conference, page 405, 1999.
4. Meyer, H.S. and J.P. Gamez, Gas Separation Membranes: Coming of Age for CarbonDioxide Removal from Natural Gas, Presented at the Laurance Reid Gas Conditioning
Conference, page 284, 1995.
5. McKee, R.L., et al, CO2Removal: Membrane Plus Amine,Hydrocarbon Processing, p. 63,April 1991.