University of Ballarat DIPLOMA OF BUILDING DESIGN (ARCHITECTURAL) Materials FEBRUARY - MARCH 2009

CRICOS Provider Number 00103DCRICOS Provider Number 00103D

University of Ballarat

DIPLOMA OF BUILDING DESIGN (ARCHITECTURAL)

Materials

FEBRUARY - MARCH 2009

CRICOS Provider Number 00103D

Facilitator• My name is Richard Sapwell I have 30 years

experience in building design• Have operated my own building design firm

for 18 years• Have been accredited in building thermal

performance assessment for 6 years and participated in pilot programs for FirstRate5, AccuRate and now the Householder Sustainability Assessments programs

• Facilitated FirstRate5 and Home Sustainable Assessor training here at the University

Concrete

Unit outline

• Analyse characteristics of construction materials

• Evaluate materials for their suitability for building projects

• Recommend suitable materials

Analyse characteristics of construction materials

• Manufacturing processes of a range of construction materials is researched to establish limitations of practical application

• Quality standards and performance of materials are investigated for adherence to the Building Code of Australia (BCA), legislative requirements and the suitability for types of structures

• Materials are analysed to determine their application with regard to substructure, fixings, coatings or finishes, specific construction systems, visual effects and compatibility.

• Manufacturing/conversion tolerances are detailed, including 'building in' tolerances to determine their impact on material properties

• Relevant information is recorded in a suitable format for future reference

Materials and manufacture

• On its own, concrete is very strong in compression (when it is being squashed) but very weak in tension (when it is being stretched)

Materials and manufactureThe components are:• cement• fine aggregate• coarse aggregate• water

General-purpose cementThe classifications are:• Type GP—general-purpose Portland

cement;• Type GB—general-purpose blended

cement

Special-purpose cement• Type HE—high early strength cement• Type LH—low-heat cement• Type SR—sulphate-resisting cement• Type SL—shrinkage-limited cement

These cements may be Portland cement or blended cement that complies with the requirements set out in AS 3972—1997,Table 1

Fine aggregate (sand)Some types of sand available for

concrete work are:• pit sand• river sand• beach sand• crusher fines

Coarse aggregate • This consists of crushed rock such as

basalt, granite, diorite, quartzite and the harder types of limestone

• Special types of coarse aggregate, such as blast furnace slag, expanded shale and clay, may also be used

Coarse aggregate A good coarse aggregate would be:• dense and hard, not brittle• durable and chemically inert• clean, with no silt, clay or salt• rough and of various sizes over 5 mm• non-porous to help prevent water

penetration of the finished concrete

Coarse aggregate

• The average size of coarse aggregate for general domestic work would be up to 20 mm

• for most structural building construction up to 75 mm

• and for massive structures, like dams, up to 150 mm

As a guide, water that is• suitable to drink, or potable water, is

recommended for concrete mixing

Reinforcement

Basically, reinforcement is hot-rolled and/or tensile steel. It is used for its good tensile and shear properties which, combined with the good compressive properties of concrete, form a strong, versatile material with many positive characteristics.

Reinforcement

Basically, reinforcement is hot-rolled and/or tensile steel. It is used for its good tensile and shear properties which, combined with the good compressive properties of concrete, form a strong, versatile material with many positive characteristics

Reinforcement

Reinforcement is useful to counteract the various stresses applied to members

• Shear• Tension• Compression• Torsion

Failure may be vertical, horizontal or diagonal

Tension

Occurs when a member is stretched or bent and the surface cracks or splits

Compression

Occurs when a member is stretched or bent and the surface cracks or splits

Torsion

Occurs when a member has forces applied on opposite sides at each end and tends to twist like a propeller

Water:cement ratio

• the single most important factor relating to the end result of the mix

Enviro-Cement The key advantages of Enviro-Cement are:• Excellent performance for waste utilisation

and immobilisation • Long term pH control and ideal levels

• Carbonation self terminates other than in permeable materials (Eco-Cements)

• Less or no bleed water • Lower cost for performance • Less corrosive, pollutants etc.

Enviro-Cement • More forgiving of poor workmanship • Improved durability and performance

• Reduced permeability and greater density • Greater resistance to sulphate and chloride

• Greater freeze-thaw resistance • Improved rheology

• Easier placement • Reduced dimensional change including

shrinkage • Reduced cracking, improved crack control

• Reduced efflorescence

Eco-Cement The key advantages of Eco-Cement are:• Improved durability and performance

• Greater resistance to sulphate and chloride • Reduced corrosion of steel and other reinforcing

• Reduced delayed reactions • Delayed hydration of dead burned lime and

other minerals • Reduced delayed reactions • Delayed hydration of dead burned lime and other

minerals • Reduced alkali aggregate and delayed ettringite

reactions

Eco-Cement • Higher tolerance of a wider range of

aggregate material • Greater freeze-thaw resistance

• Reduced alkali aggregate and delayed ettringite reactions

• Higher tolerance of a wider range of aggregate material

• Potentially lower cost • Carbon sequestration and waste utilisation on

a massive scale • No expensive additives required • More forgiving of poor workmanship

Eco-Cement The key advantages of Eco-Cement are:• Improved rheology • Greater workability • Reduced dimensional change including

shrinkage • Reduced cracking, improved crack control • Better bonding (e.g. to brick and tiles) • Greater fire resistance • Reduced efflorescence • Excellent performance for waste utilisation

and immobilisation

Types of concrete• Reinforced• Prestressed• No-fines concrete• Structural lightweight concrete• Foamed concrete• Water resistant concrete• Air-entrained concrete• Coloured concrete

Reinforcement bar types

Fabric reinforcement

excursions• Eureka Pre-mix1207 Latrobe StreetDelacombe

• Sovereign ConcreteProducts192 Ring RoadWendouree

Pre-mixed concreteThe plant control centre

Ready-mix plant

Commercial projects

Residential projects

Concrete homes

Architect: Stutchbury and Pane Architects

Location: Seaforth Sydney

Architect: Richard Szklarz Architects Pty Ltd,

Location: 71/73 Rowland Street, Subiaco,

Architect: de Campo Architects

Location: Toorak, Victoria

Windows• Windows glass –http://www.ecospecifier.ae/knowledge_base/setting_priorities/eco_priority_guide_windows_glass• Windows frames –http://www.ecospecifier.ae/knowledge_base/setting_priorities/eco_priority_guide_windows_frames

Windowsglazing in an insulated building can account for:

• 80% of summer heat gain• 40% of winter heat loss

Windowsglazing transfers heat by:

•conduction though the glass and frame

•convection – air movement over surfaces

•infiltration – air leakage through gaps•solar radiation through the glass•emittance of absorbed heat

Windowsglazing has multiple components:• glass, frame, seals

• performance is described:• for individual elements

• ( glass values, frame values )• or

• system performance• ( glazing unit as a whole )

Windowsframes • can have a disproportionate impact on

window conductance, e.g.: • single glazing (U-value 5.9) • standard aluminium frame (U-value

12.7)• frame area of 17%

• a third of the total heat flow will be through the frame

WindowsFrame fraction• system performance depends on the

“vision area” or “frame fraction”:• the ratio of glass to frame

• frame fraction varies according to:•frame section dimensions•overall dimensions

WindowsFrame fraction• If the frame is less conductive than the glass

( e.g. timber frame / single clear glass )increasing the frame fraction reduces the system conductance ( better performance )

• If the frame is more conductive ( e.g. aluminium frame / single clear glass)increasing the frame fraction increases the system conductance ( lower performance )

WindowsFrame fraction• If the frame is less conductive than the glass

( e.g. timber frame / single clear glass )increasing the frame fraction reduces the system conductance ( better performance )

• If the frame is more conductive ( e.g. aluminium frame / single clear glass)increasing the frame fraction increases the system conductance ( lower performance )

Windows

Components U

aluminium frame 10.0

timber frame 2.8

3mm clear glass 5.9

double glazing – 3 mm glass with 6mm air gap 3.1

Systems Ualuminium frame with 3mm clear glass 6.9

aluminium frame with double 3mm clear glass and 6mm gap 3.8

timber frame with 3mm clear glass 5.5

timber frame with double 3mm clear glass and 6mm gap 3.0

Conductance defined by U-value of: • individual elements ( frame or glass ) • system ( complete unit )

WindowsConductance through frames reduced by:

•slim profile – less area for heat transfer

•timber or PVC – lower conductivity•aluminium with thermal break

WindowsConductance through glazing reduced by surface and cavity resistance:

•emissivity of surfaces •number of surfaces•thickness of cavity•fill (e.g. argon in cavity)

WindowsFrame Glass UAluminium single, clear glass 7.63 Timber single, clear glass 5.71 Aluminium single, toned glass 7.57 Timber single, toned glass 5.67 Aluminium single, supertoned glass 7.58 Timber single, supertoned glass 5.67 Aluminium single, low-e glass 5.70 Timber single, low-e glass 3.99 Aluminium double, clear /6 air gap /clear 5.34 Timber double, clear /6 air gap /clear 3.67 Aluminium double, clear /12 air gap /clear 4.99 Timber double, clear /12 air gap /clear 3.35 Aluminium double, clear /12 Argon gap /low-e 4.05 Timber double, clear /12 Argon gap /low-e 2.51

Conductance: indicative system U-values

WindowsRadiationStandard glass transmits:

•most short-wave, solar radiation •little long-wave, infra red radiant heat

from warm objects

Windows

Radiation – standard glass transmittance

blackbody spectrum

solar spectrum

visible

long-wave infrared solar infrared visible UV50.0 10.0 5.0 1.0 0.5

Wavelength (micrometers)

WindowsRadiationGlass creates a “greenhouse effect”

•solar heat is transmitted through glass

•absorbed by internal mass•emitted as infrared radiation•most infrared radiation blocked by

WindowsRadiation• transmitted, reflected or absorbed

transmitted solar radiation

absorption

solar radiation

reflection

WindowsRadiation• absorbed heat is re-radiated (infrared)

transmitted solar radiation

absorption

solar radiation

IR radiation of absorbed heat(inside)IR radiation of absorbed heat

(outside)

WindowsRadiation - emissivity

radiation of absorbed heat depends on emissivity of glass•low e coating on inside reduces heat

gain by reducing radiation of absorbed heat

•most beneficial on toned or tinted glass with high absorptance

WindowsRadiation – emissivity

low E coating on inside reduces

radiation of absorbed heat

WindowsRadiation - emissivity• low e coating on inside surface of glass

reflects infrared heat:•reducing heat loss

WindowsSolar radiation – reflectanceat right angles:

•about 4% of solar radiation is reflected from each glass surface

•clear single glazing, with two surfaces, reflects about 7.5%

•clear double glazing reflects about 14.5%

Windows

Solar radiation – angle of incidencethe amount of radiation transmitted

varies depending on the ‘angle of incidence’

• 0° means perpendicular to surface • 90° means parallel to the surface

Windows

Solar radiation – angle of incidence• Reflectance increases as the angle of

incidence increases. • It rises rapidly beyond 50°

Windows• Solar radiation – angle of incidence

4 mm low E double glazing (outer pane is tinted)

absorbed, outer

transmitted

absorbed, inner

reflected

0 20 40 60 80 angle of inc.

SC=0.45

6 mm reflective glass

transmitted absorbed

reflected

0 20 40 60 80 angle of inc.

SC=0.52 %

5 mm tinted glass

transmitted

absorbed reflected

0 20 40 60 80 angle of inc.

SC=0.70

4 mm clear glass

transmitted

absorbed

reflected

0 20 40 60 80 angle of inc.

SC=0.98 %

Windows• Solar radiation – angle of incidence

4 mm low E double glazing (outer pane is tinted)

absorbed, outer

transmitted

absorbed, inner

reflected

0 20 40 60 80 angle of inc.

SC=0.45

6 mm reflective glass

transmitted absorbed

reflected

0 20 40 60 80 angle of inc.

SC=0.52 %

5 mm tinted glass

transmitted

absorbed reflected

0 20 40 60 80 angle of inc.

SC=0.70

4 mm clear glass

transmitted

absorbed

reflected

0 20 40 60 80 angle of inc.

SC=0.98 %

WindowsSolar radiation – angle of incidenceangle of incidence varies

•the effective area of glass exposure to the sun

•reflectance

85% transmitted= 0.85 x 800 W/m2

= 680 W/m21 M2 800

Windowsperformance certificationNFRC values are available for generic window systems from:www.wers.net

BCA Vol 1 part 3.12.2.1 provide “worst case” performance values

Windowsperformance certificationglazing must comply with AS 2047thermal performance rating is not in Australian Standards – determined in accordance with industry recognised schemes

WindowsSHGC & SCShading co-efficient (SC) has been replaced by SHGCSHGC is proportion of total radiant heat.SC is a comparison to 3mm clear glass.e.g. 3mm clear glass

SC = 1SHGC = 0.87

WindowsSHGC – indicative system values

Frame Glass SHGCAluminium single, clear glass 0.75

Timber single, clear glass 0.66

Aluminium single, toned glass 0.57

Timber single, toned glass 0.49

Aluminium single, supertoned glass 0.52

Timber single, supertoned glass 0.45

Aluminium single, low-e glass 0.47

Timber single, low-e glass 0.40

Aluminium double, clear /6 air gap /clear 0.67

Timber double, clear /6 air gap /clear 0.59

Aluminium double, clear /12 air gap /clear 0.67

Timber double, clear /12 air gap /clear 0.59

Aluminium double, clear /12 Argon gap /low-e 0.63

Timber double, clear /12 Argon gap /low-e 0.55

Windows

Solar heat gain through 4 mm clear glass

86% 14%

SHGC=0.86

Solar heat gain through 5 mm tinted glass

62% 38%

SHGC=0.62

Solar heat gain through 6 mm reflective glass

46% 54%

SHGC=0.46

Solar heat gain through 4 mm clear double glazing

77% 23%

SHGC=0.77

86% 14%

SHGC=0.86

62% 38%

SHGC=0.62

46% 54%

SHGC=0.46

77% 23%

SHGC=0.77

86% 14%

SHGC=0.86

62% 38%

SHGC=0.62

46% 54%

SHGC=0.46

77% 23%

SHGC=0.77

reflective – SHGC 0.46

double clear – SHGC 0.77

Windowsglazing typeslow e coating

‘hard coat’ (exposed grade) and ‘soft coat’ (internal IGU grade only)‘clear’ low e coatings: low SHGC with high VTlarge benefit used on inside of toned glass, to minimise heat gain orinside double glazing to minimise heat loss

Windowsperformance certificationglazing must comply with AS 2047thermal performance rating is not in Australian Standards – determined in accordance with industry recognised schemes

Windowswindow treatments

Windowsperformance certification

prior to May 2006 : ANACAustralian National Average Conditions

post May 2006 : NFRCNational Fenestration Rating Council

internationally recognised scheme for test conditions

ANAC and NFRC give different U & SHGC values

Windowsperformance certification

Window Energy Rating Scheme (WERS)

• NFRC system U, SHGC• VT• air leakage • five-star rating of heating &

cooling performance

• WERS also includes skylights

Windowsperformance certificationWindow Energy Rating Scheme (WERS)

labels on window certifying performance and manufacturer

WindowsSHGC Solar heat gain coefficient

•is the proportion of total incident solar radiant heat transmitted through glass at 0°

•including inward radiation of absorbed solar heat

Windowsskylights • can admit three times as much light as a

vertical window of the same dimension and three times more heat

Windows• skylights – improved performance • double glazed, low E, fixed or opening

Windowsskylights – improved performance angular selective

•prism cut internal lens surface •differential performance summer &

winter

Windowsskylights – improved performance tubular, high specularity shaft

• minimum heat gain from small opening

• maximum light from lenses & reflective shaft

Timber

Timberhttp://www.ecospecifier.ae/

knowledge_base/setting_priorities/eco_priority_guide_timber_and_wood_products

University of Ballarat DIPLOMA OF BUILDING DESIGN (ARCHITECTURAL) Materials FEBRUARY - MARCH 2009

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