Post on 09-Oct-2020
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe - Tran sport Division 1
UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
Accession to and implementation of UNECE legal instruments in the field
of transport at the EATL and national levels:
Achievements and challenges
Jaromir CekotaTransport Division, UNECEJaromir.Cekota@unece.org
Kyiv, 17-18 December 2007
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe - Tran sport Division
• EATL project identified and analysed non-physical obstacles
• Preliminary results available in joint study<www.unece.org/trans/main/eatl/in_house_study.pdf>
• Focus on key UNECE transport-facilitatinglegal instruments
• Recommended by SPECA PWG-TBC
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Non-physical obstacles to EATL
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe - Tran sport Division
Key Legal Instruments
• Infrastructure (AGR, AGC, AGTC)
• Road transport regulations (2 Vienna conventions, 2 supplementary European Agreements, AETR)
• Border-crossing facilitation (CMR, TIR, Harmonization of frontier controls, 3 conventions on temporary import rules)
• Dangerous and special goods (ADR, ATP)
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe - Tran sport Division
Acceptance by legal instrument
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Temp import priv. veh., 1954
Suppl. road traffic, 1971
Suppl. road signs, 1971
Temp import comm. veh., 1956
AGC E-rail, 1985
ADR dang. goods, 1957
ATP per. goods, 1970
AGTC combined, 1991
AGR E-roads, 1975
Containers, 1972
AETR, 1970
Road signs, 1968
Harmonized controls, 1982
Road traffic, 1968
CMR road contract, 1956
TIR Convention, 1975
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe - Tran sport Division
Acceptance by country
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
China
Afghanistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Iran
Kyrgyzstan
Armenia
Uzbekistan
Moldova
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Turkey
Kazakhstan
Ukraine
Belarus
Russian Federation
Romania
Bulgaria
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe - Tran sport Division
Wider acceptance, better implementation
•• More accessions More accessions desirabledesirable•• Ukraine Ukraine stillstill has to has to adoptadoptCMR and 2 conventions on CMR and 2 conventions on
temporarytemporaryimportation of road importation of road vehiclesvehicles• Effective implementation is key• ‘Goodness’ of implementation can’t be measured
directly• But indicated by observed outcomes• Example: road traffic safety • Example: border-crossing facilitation
Remaining challenges
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United Nations Economic Commission for Europe - Tran sport Division
People killed per million vehicles, 2004
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500
EU-15
Bulgaria
Turkey
Romania
Belarus
Moldova
Russia
Ukraine
Azerbaijan
Tajikistan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe - Tran sport Division
Legal transposition index, 2007
Legal transposition of the 1968 Vienna Convention o n Road Traffic(Index, max. = 100)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Belgium
Ukraine
Croatia
Luxembourg
Latvia
Switzerland
Russia
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe - Tran sport Division
Legal instruments are not enough
• Accession to key UNECE transport agreements and conventions necessary but not sufficient
• Effective implementation: based on evidence, comparison of costs and benefits
• Benefits not easy to estimate
• Example: speed management
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe - Tran sport Division
The Power Model
• www.vv.se/filer/41555/speed_and_road_accidents.pdf
• Y(1)/Y(0) = [S(1)/S(0)]x
• Fatalities: x = 4.5• Serious injuries: x = 3.0• Property-damage only: x = 1.0• Valid range: 25 km/h – 120 km/h• Application: cost-benefit analysis
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe - Tran sport Division
The Power Model (cont’d)
• Reduce speed from 60 km/h to 50 km/h• Predict change in fatalities, serious injuries • [50/60]4.5 = 0.4402; [50/60]3 = 0.5787• Fatalities ↓ 56%, serious injuries ↓ 42%• Use results to estimate benefits• Estimate costs (new signs, …) & compare• Another example: trade facilitation
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe - Tran sport Division
Trading on Time
• The World Bank’s ‘Doing Business’ database provides comparable performance indicators
• Procedural requirements for exporting and importing a standardized cargo of goods
• Number of documents required• Time necessary to comply with mandatory
procedures
• Costs associated with procedures
• www.doingbusiness.org/ExploreTopics/TradingAcrossBorders
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe - Tran sport Division
Cost of export procedures
US$ per container, 2007
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
China (7)
Iran (8)
Turkey (7)
Ukraine (6)
Romania (5)
Georgia (8)
Armenia (7)
Bulgaria (7)
Moldova (6)
Belarus (8)
Russia (8)
Afghanistan (12)
Uzbekistan (7)
Azerbaijan (9)
Kazakhstan (12)
Tajikistan (10)
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe - Tran sport Division
Length of export procedures
Days per container, 2007
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Georgia (8)
Romania (5)
Turkey (7)
China (7)
Bulgaria (5)
Belarus (8)
Iran (8)
Armenia (30)
Ukraine (6)
Moldova (6)
Russia (8)
Azerbaijan (9)
Afghanistan (12)
Uzbekistan (7)
Tajikistan (10)
Kazakhstan (12)
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe - Tran sport Division
Structure of export procedures
Source: www.doingbusiness.org
313212245630TOTAL
34341310Inland transport & handling
352452Ports & terminal handling
2325101Customs clearance & tech. control
23205112817Documents preparation
UkraineMoldovaGeorgiaBelarusAzerbaijanArmenia
Export procedures in selected EATL countries (days), 2007
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe - Tran sport Division
What a difference a day makes
• Modern research shows that trading on time matters <www.doingbusiness.org/Documents/TradingOnTime_DEC06.pdf>
• Length of export procedures ↓ 10% → exports ↑ 3.5%
• Reducing export procedures by 1 day could increase exports of Ukraine by up to $437 million per year
• Could be achieved by policies that improve the business environment
• Adoption and good implementation of UNECE transport-facilitating conventions makes economic sense
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe - Tran sport Division
Conclusion
Recommendations
• Implement effectively the UNECE transport-facilitating agreements and conventions already adopted
• If administrative capacity sufficient, accede to 3 conventions (CMR, temporary importation of private and commercial road vehicles)
• Evaluate the goodness of implementation continuously with the aid of performance indicators
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United Nations Economic Commission for Europe - Tran sport Division
Thank you for your attention
www.unece.org/trans
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UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE