1. Building construction Unite -3 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG
BHANGALE
2. Construction : Object created by constructing works,
connected to ground, performed from building products with common
installations and equipment, or integrated complex with facility or
equipment as well as technical - technological units or solo
installations connected to the ground. Or units connected to the
ground but was not made by construction works, if they change the
purpose of the land Construction works : Performing constructional
and other works (preparation, land, and structural, installation,
finishing and mounting of construction products, plant or
equipment) with which new buildings are built, existing buildings
are reconstructed, removed or maintained. 6/16/2014PREPARED BY
CHIRAG BHANGALE
3. Constructing/Building:Means the process of designing,
constructing, usage and removal of the construction (building),
everything that is related to the constructing of the new buildings
can be applied in an appropiate way to reconstructing, maintance
and removal of the old buildings. Construction site :Is a
place,land or buildings (including other areas that are temporarily
occupied ) needed to execute the construction works or the
application of appropriate building technology and security, on
which to build, reconstruct, remove or perform maintenance work
building 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
4. Basic information to be collected are the following:
technical-economic documentation of agreed work geographic and
topographic conditions, meteorological and climatic conditions,
geological and geotechnical conditions, hydrological conditions,
ability to supply water, energy, etc. ability to supply material
traffic, and conditions for delivery of materials, machinery, etc.
opportunity for employment of labor force, property-legal
relations, capacity of eventual subcontractors, suppliers,
transportation companies, cost of resources to be used in the
region in which to build, etc. 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG
BHANGALE
5. Site geography The exact geographical location of site, The
nearest villages, centers of possible supply (construction
materials, handicraft workshops and repair shops, banks, post
offices, the building materials industry, quarries, gravel pits,
desire. stations, ports, airports, pumps for liquid fuels, etc.)
Economic description of cities, towns and other centers that
gravitate future construction, as documentation and background
should submit: geographical maps and distances specified in
relation to the site. Configuration of site has a big influence on
the organization of the site, or the disposition of various plants,
design and development of access roads, the internal communication
at the site, the interior horizontal and vertical transport to the
site and the whole works. Since the topography of ground depends on
what will be applied to the disposition of the site, which
transport vehicles to use and how much transportation will cost.
6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
6. Geological and geotechnical conditions When performing work
on the building below the ground surface occurs some problems
related to groundwater (groundwater elevation, vibration levels at
various time periods, the strength of underground springs, etc.).
Geological complex of ground, geomechanical and geotechnical
properties of soil layers on the basis of appropriate tests, and
geological sections, geological map of the area generally should
exist within the architectural- constructive phase of the project
of the building, but contractor has all these elements to check
before building. Determining the existence of groundwater, and
their regime is of great importance to the process of organizing
works at zero cycle facilities, as well as for predicting the
equipment and installations for water pumping, fencing construction
pit, concreting under water, etc., which has great importance for,
among other things, calculating and determining the cost of these
works. 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
7. Meteorological and climatic conditions Climatic conditions
at the site are reflected in two ways: the creation of special
conditions for life and work, or the hygienic and technical
conditions, and the impact on the organization and the construction
technique. The human activity, climate has a direct effect
especially when the works are carried out in the open. It has an
impact on the performance of workers and the effect of work
generally. Unfavorable climatic conditions create special,
difficult living and working conditions of workers on site and
reflect on the state of health, and should be anticipated and
calculate all necessary safeguards for the health and maintaining
good working condition of workers. 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG
BHANGALE
8. Meteorological and climatic conditions Climatic conditions
are decisive for the annual fund of working time, it is essential
that information about climate and weather conditions to be
collected for a longer period of observation. Such information may
be obtained from Hydro-Meteorological Institute. data on rainfall
and its distribution throughout the year, with rainfall greater
than 1 mm and 10 mm, as well as data on relative humidity. on
temperature, average annual, highest and lowest, and the number of
days with temperatures below 0 C or lower than -5 C. information
about the dominant winds, their direction, intensity and duration.
Strong winds can cause major problems at work and in certain areas
and to stop work completely. Strong winds have an influence on the
stability of the scaffolding, formwork and roof, high pumps, etc.
6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
9. Meteorological and climatic conditions Climatic conditions
are decisive for the annual fund of working time, it is essential
that information about climate and weather conditions to be
collected for a longer period of observation. Such information may
be obtained from Hydro-Meteorological Institute. data on rainfall
and its distribution throughout the year, with rainfall greater
than 1 mm and 10 mm, as well as data on relative humidity. on
temperature, average annual, highest and lowest, and the number of
days with temperatures below 0 C or lower than -5 C. information
about the dominant winds, their direction, intensity and duration.
Strong winds can cause major problems at work and in certain areas
and to stop work completely. Strong winds have an influence on the
stability of the scaffolding, formwork and roof, high pumps, etc.
6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
10. Site hydrology When it comes to the performance of
buildings in the vicinity of surface water, rivers, lakes, canals,
must be familiar with the water regime because it has a direct
impact on the groundwater regime. Based on the collected data
should find the optimal technological solution and make a study of
evacuation from the building of underground water tanks - wide
excavation 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
11. Site organization phase 1 In the first phase of works is
formed and performed: Traffic and site access Fence site and input
(s) Earthworks on the site, digging pits Building site road (part
of) Interim and secondary buildings on the site (part of) Energy
and installation needed on site (part of) 6/16/2014PREPARED BY
CHIRAG BHANGALE
12. Classification of buildings National building
classification national building code(NBC) NO GROUP TYPE OF
BUILDINGS 1 A RESIDENTIOL A-1 lodging house A-2 Family private
dwelling A-3 dormitories A-4 apartments A-5 hotels 2 B EDUCATIONAL
3 C INSTITUTIONAL C-1 hospital C-2 Penal institution 4 D ASSEMBLY
BUILDINGS 5 E BUSINESS BUILDINGS 6 F MERCANTIALE BUILDING
6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
13. NO GROUP TYPE OF BUILDINGS 7 G INDUSTRIYAL BUILDINGS 8 H
STORAGE BUILDINGS 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
14. Classification OF building STRUCTURE 1. LOAD BEARING
STRUCTURE these type of structure adopted at places, where hard
strata available at shallow depths. the load transfer to slab or
roof and floors are transmitted through wall as firm soil. upper
story wall thickness less then lower story reduces building carpet
area 2-3 story constructed these thye structure 6/16/2014PREPARED
BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
15. RCC FRAMED STRUCTURES they are consist of a cross-beams
main beams, columns , plinth, footings there are all element
rigid-joins constructed . Its subjected to external loads,
Compresive ,tensile ,torsion 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG
BHANGALE
16. DESIGN LOAD 1. DEAD LOAD it consists of self weight of
different parts of the building like floor ,roof, walls, plaster,
door, windows. unit weight KN/m3 RCC- 25 PCC- 24 2. LIVE LOAD live
load consists of moving or variable loads due to people or
occupants their furniture ,temporary story, machinery.
6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
17. DESIGN LOAD 3. WIND LOADS P=K.V2 p=wind pressure k=
coefficient. of size of structure v= wind velocity 4. EARTHQUAKE
LOADS acts in horizontal direction . earthquake force =m. m= w/g
M=mass of buildings G=gravitational acceleration = acceleration of
earthquake 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
18. Different type of foundation FOUNDATION shallow foundation
deep foundation DB spread pile Combined coffer dams Strap Raft
grillage 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
19. Spread footing 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
20. Strip footing 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
21. Combined footings 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
22. STREP FOOTING 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
23. Raft foundation 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
24. Deep foundation 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
25. RCC lintel chhaja 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
26. Component Parts of a Building The basic requirements a
building should satisfy in design and performance are: It must be
strong enough to withstand the loads coming on it including the
self- weight, live load, wind load and earthquake load. It must not
deflect under the loads. It must give comfort and convenience to
the inhabitants. BUILDING COMPONENTS A building broadly consists of
three parts: Foundation Plinth Superstructure 6/16/2014PREPARED BY
CHIRAG BHANGALE
27. 1 Foundation The foundation is the most critical part of
any structure and most of the failures are probably due to faulty
foundations. Hence, it is highly essential to secure good
foundation to maintain the stability of the structure. A good
foundation must remain in position without sliding, bending,
overturning or failing in any other manner. The foundation of any
structure should be laid much below the surface of the ground in
order to attain the following: To secure a good natural bed. To
protect the foundation courses from atmospheric influences. To
increase the stability of the structure against overturning due to
wind uplift. Fig:Section of a building showing various components
6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
28. The primary function of the foundation is to transmit the
anticipated loads safely to the soil below. The foundation in a
building structure is supposed to satisfy the following basic
requirements in their design and construction: To distribute the
total load coming on the structure over a large bearing area so as
to prevent it from any movement. To load the bearing surface or
area at a uniform rate so as to prevent it from any movement. To
prevent the lateral escape or movement of the supporting material
or alternatively to ensure the stability of the structure against
sliding. To secure a level or firm natural bed upon which to lay
the course of masonry and also support the structure. To increase
the stability of the structure as a whole to prevent it from
overturning or sliding against the disturbing forces such as wind,
rain and frost. 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
29. Plinth This is the portion of the structure between the
surface of the surrounding ground and the surface of the floor
immediately above the ground. The thickness of the plinth wall
depends upon the weight of the superstructure and the width of the
foundation concrete. The minimum height of the plinth is usually
kept as not less than 4.5 cm. The plinth wall should satisfy the
following requirements in a building structure in its design and
construction: To transmit the load of the superstructure to the
foundation. To act as a retaining wall so as to keep the filling in
position below the raised floor or the building. To protect the
building from dampness or moisture. To enhance the architectural
appearance of the building. 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG
BHANGALE
30. Superstructure The primary function of the wall is to
enclose or divide space. Piers are usually in the form of a
thickened section of a wall, placed at intervals along the wall to
take concentrated vertical loads or to provide lateral support to
the wall. A load-bearing wall should satisfy the following
requirements: Strength: A wall should be strong enough to take up
the loads safely. The loads coming in the wall include its own
weight, weight by superimposed loads and bilateral pressures like
wind. Stability: It should be stable against overturning by lateral
forces and buckling caused by excessive slenderness. Weather
Resistance: All the external walls whether load bearing or panel
constructions should provide adequate resistance to rain, sun and
wind. Fire Resistance: The walls should offer sufficient resistance
to fire as they behave as vertical barriers for spread of fire in
the horizontal direction. Heat Insulation: It should be possible
for walls to attain insulation against heat. Sound Insulation: The
walls should be made of such materials and by such technique so as
to insulate the building against sound. Privacy and Security: The
walls should provide sufficient privacy and afford security against
theft. 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
31. Floors The main function of a floor is to provide support
for occupants, furniture and equipment of a building, and the
function of providing different floors is to divide the building
into different levels for creating more accommodation within the
limited space . A floor should satisfy the following requirements:
Strength and Stability: All the floors, whether basement, ground or
upper should be strong enough to support the floor covering and
other superimposed loads. Durability and Damp Prevention: The
floors provide a clean, smooth, impervious, durable and
wear-resisting surface. Heat Insulation: Insulation against heat
should be provided in case of ground and basement floors,
especially when suspended and ventilated timber floors are used.
Sound Insulation and Fire Resistance: The insulation against sound
and fire should be provided in the case of upper floors as they act
as horizontal barriers for the passage of sound and fire in a
vertical direction. 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
32. Doors and windows The main function of doors in a building
is to serve as a connecting link between internal parts and to
allow free movement to the outside of the building. Windows are
generally provided for proper ventilation and lighting and their
number should be determined according to the requirements. Doors
and windows should satisfy the following requirements: Weather
Resistance: They should be strong enough to resist the adverse
effects of weather. Sound and Thermal Insulation: They should be
capable of being made air tight to achieve insulation against sound
and heat. Damp Prevention and Termite Prevention: They should not
be affected by white ants and the moisture penetration as this will
reduce the strength and durability. Fire Resistance and Durability:
They should offer fire resistance and should be durable. Privacy
and Security: They should offer sufficient privacy without
inconvenience or trouble and security against theft.
6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
33. Sills, lintels and weather shades Window sills are provided
between the bottom of the window frame and the wall below to
protect the top of the wall from wear and tear. The openings are
provided in the wall of a building to accommodate the doors and
windows. The actual frame of a door or window is not strong enough
to support the weight of the wall above the opening and a separate
structural element is, therefore, introduced between the top of the
window frame and the wall coming over it. This is known as the
lintel. Weather shades are generally combined with lintels of
windows to protect them from the weathering agencies.
6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
34. Roofs A roof is the uppermost part of a building whose main
function is to enclose the space and to protect the same from the
effects of weather elements. A good roof is just as essential as a
safe foundation. A roof should satisfy the following requirements:
Strength and Stability: The roof structure should be strong and
stable enough to take up the anticipated loads safely. Weather
Resistance: The roof covering should have adequate resistance to
resist the effects of weather elements. Heat Insulation: The roof
should provide adequate insulation against heat. Sound Insulation:
The roof should have adequate insulation against sound from
external sources. Fire Resistance: The roof should offer an
adequate degree of fire resistance in order to give protection
against the spread of fire from any adjacent buildings and to
prevent early collapse of the roof. The form of construction should
also be such that the spread of fire from its source to other parts
of the building by way of roof cannot occur. Day Lighting: The roof
provides daylight in buildings with large floor area.
6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
35. Steps and stairs A step usually consists of a tread and
riser supported by strings. A stair is a structure consisting of a
number of steps leading from one floor to another. Steps and stairs
should satisfy the following requirements: Strength and Stability:
The stairs should be designed like floors such that they are strong
and stable enough to carry the anticipated loads safely due to the
weight of the people using them and also the weight of the
furniture or equipment being carried up or down through them. Fire
Resistance: The stairs should be made of fire-resisting material
and should be connected to different floors, such that they provide
safe means of escape in the event of fire. Sound Insulation: The
stairs should have adequate insulation against sound from external
sources. Weather Resistance: The stairs if exposed to open air
should offer sufficient resistance to weather elements such as rain
and heat. Comfort: The proper design of steps and proper location
of stairs in a building offer several advantages such as comfort
and efficiency in vertical movement, natural light and ventilation
and safety in emergency. 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
36. Finishes for walls Finishes of several types such as
pointing, plastering, painting and distempering and decorative
colour washing are applied on the walls. The main functions of
these finishes are as follows: They protect the structure,
particularly the exposed surfaces, from the effects of weather.
They provide a true, even and smooth finished surface and also
improve the aesthetic appearance of the structure as a whole. They
cover up the unsound and porous materials used in the construction
6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
37. Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction.
However, the materials used, the quality of the mortar and
workmanship, and the pattern in which the units are assembled can
significantly affect the durability of the over all masonry
construction. Masonry 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
38. GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN BRICK MASONRY The bricks used should
be hard, well burnt and tough with uniform colour, shape and size.
The bricks should be laid on their beds with the frogs pointing
upwards. The courses should be truly horizontal and should have
truly vertical joints. Use of brickbats should be avoided to the
maximum possible extent. Generally, the height of the brick masonry
construction in a day is limited to 1.5 m. In order to ensure
continuous bond, the walls should be stopped with a toothed end at
the end of each stage of construction. Finished brickwork should be
cured for at least 2-3 weeks where lime mortar is used and for 1-2
weeks where cement mortar is used. 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG
BHANGALE
39. Brick Bonds Structural Bonds Cavity (Veneer) Walls Running
bond Stacked bond 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
40. Masonry Joints Size JointTooling Joint Profiles Concave
Flush Racked Concave Struck Weathered Vee 6/16/2014PREPARED BY
CHIRAG BHANGALE
41. TYPES OF BRICK MASONRY WALLS AND STRUCTURES Spanning
Openings in Brick Walls Brick walls must be supported above
openings for windows or doors, using reinforced concrete lintels,
reinforced brick,or steel angles A corbel is an ancient structural
device of limited spanning capability, that may be used for small
openings in brick walls, for beam brackets, and for ornamental
provisions. Arches can be used instead of lintels to span large
openings in walls- Different forms of arches can be built:
Segmental Arch, Jack Arch, Tudor Arch, Elliptical Arch, Roman Arch
(cylindrical shape), Goethic Arch, Parabolic - Arch Terminologies:
Intados, Extrados, Soffit, Spring line, Skewback, Crown, Span, Rise
6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
42. TYPES OF BRICK MASONRY WALLS AND STRUCTURES Reinforced
Brick Masonry: A reinforced brick masonry wall in constructed with
two wythes of brick, 2 to 4 apart, placing the reinforced steel in
the cavity and filling the cavity with grout. Grout is a mixture of
Portland cement, aggregate and water. Grout must be filled enough
to flow readily into the narrow cavity and fill it completely -Two
methods are used in building reinforced brick walls: Low-lift
method: Height of grout filling is not more than 4 feet -Wythes are
held together by galvanized steel wire ties at 24 c/c horizontally
and 16 c/c vertically - High-lift method:Wall is grouted, one story
at a time - Clean out holes are left at the bottom to drive out the
debri (from mortar in brick masonry) down with water through the
holes - Finally the clean out holes are sealed with a brick and
mortar joint 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
43. Masonry is commonly used for the walls of buildings,
retaining walls and monuments. Brick and concrete block are the
most common types of masonry in use in industrialized nations and
may be either weight-bearing or a veneer. Concrete blocks,
especially those with hollow cores, offer various possibilities in
masonry construction. They generally provide great compressive
strength, and are best suited to structures with light transverse
loading when the cores remain unfilled. Filling some or all of the
cores with concrete or concrete with steel reinforcement (typically
rebar) offers much greater tensile and lateral strength to
structures Applications 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
45. MATERIALS FOR FLOORING The materials used for Ground floor
construction are: Stones. Bricks. Concrete. Marble. Chips. Asphalt.
6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
46. FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF FLOORS 1- INITIAL COST The
cost of floor covering is the most important thing. The expensive
types of floor coverings are marble and teerrazzo (chips). Tiles
and asphalt are less expensive whereas concrete and brick are the
cheapest and are commonly used. 2- APPEARANCE Co lour, texture and
architectural beauty are the factors taken into consideration.
6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
47. 3- DURABILITY Resistance to wear and tear is an important
factor for a floor covering. Resistance to temperature changes,
humidity, disintegration and decay has alsoto be taken into
account. Tiles, marble and concrete floor covering offer good
resistance to these factors. Wherever heavy floor traffic is not
anticipated bricks and wood blocks can be used. 4- CLEAN LINESS OF
FLOOR A floor should be non absorbent and capable of being easily
cleaned. All joints should be simple so that they can be made water
tight as possible. Glass strips used for making panels, should not
be more than 16 sq. ft. i.e. (4`x4`). 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG
BHANGALE
48. 5- DAMPNESS Moisture should not penetrate in the floor.
They should be completely water tight. Wood, Rubber are not
suitable in damp places, whereas tiles, bricks, concrete
andTerrazzo is suitable for use on flooring which are subjected to
dampness. 6- INDENTATIOIN Marks, depression due to furniture legs
or ladies shoes should not make any impression on the floor.
6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
49. 7- NOISELESSNESS This is not an important factor for ground
floor constructions, but it should be noiseless when traveled over.
Rubber coverings and cork covering are most suitable. 8-
MAINTENANCE For keeping floor in perfect condition it is necessary
to clean, repair and apply any other treatment from time to time.
Marble and concrete floors require less repair whereas wood blocks,
need frequent maintenance. Concrete surfaces can not be repaired
easily while tiles can be replaced quickly. 6/16/2014PREPARED BY
CHIRAG BHANGALE
50. CONSTRUCTION OF FLOORS 1- BRICK FLOORING Brick flooring is
commonly used. The filling over which this floor is to be laid
should be well compacted. The level of the flooring being known,
the filling is excavated the desired depth. Generally two types of
beds are provided. In the first type, after excavation the surface
is leveled and a layer of 3// sand is spread over which a course of
bricks is laid. In the second type, a lean cement concrete (P.C.C),
one part of cement, 6 parts of sand and 18 parts of aggregates of
10 to15 cms in thickness is laid on the compacted bed. Flat brick
flooring is laid into1:6 C/S mortar over a bed of // thick cement
sand mortar. Bricks on edge flooring are laid into1:6 C/S mortar
over a bed of // thick C/S mortar. 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG
BHANGALE
51. 2- CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING This type of floors are most
commonly used both in residential and commercial buildings. The two
components of a concrete floor are Base & Wearing surface (top
surface). The flooring can be constructed either monolithic or
non-monolithic. In monolithic floors, a base layer is laid and then
immediately a concrete topping is provided and in non-monolithic
the topping is laid after the base has set. 6/16/2014PREPARED BY
CHIRAG BHANGALE
52. DISADVANTAGES OF MONOLITHIC FLOORS The topping is likely to
get damaged due to subsequent building operations. It is likely to
develop hair-like cracks on account of small settlements which may
occur in the base course immediately after it is laid. When the
surface of the topping gets damaged, it is very difficult to repair
it. The progress is slow since the topping can be laid only after
the base course has sufficiently set to allow the workmen to lay
the top layer. 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
53. CEMENT CONCRETE FLOOR DETAILS Topping is laid in panels
over a base thickness which varies 1// to 3//. If the thickness is
1-1/2// then it can be laid in single layer and if it is exceeding
then it is laid in double layer. To avoid cracks due to shrinkage,
the area of a panel is restricted to 4/ x 4/ (i.e. 16 sq. ft.).
6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
54. 3. MOSAIC ORTERRAZO FLOORING The base for terrazzo floor is
of plain cement concrete (1:2:4). The topping shall not be less
than 3/8// thick and shall be laid with a bottom layer of cement
concrete (1:2:4). The total thickness of topping of cement concrete
should mot be less than 1- 3/8//. Normally 2// thickness is used,
1-1/2// concrete (1:2:4) and // mosaic. The mosaic topping shall
consist of one part of cement (including15% to30% marble powder)
and two parts of marble chips. The mosaic topping shall be laid
while the bottom concrete is still fresh preferably on the next day
or after 24 hours to have better bond. The surface should be rough
to get better bonding. 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
55. 4. TILE FLOORING Tiles of various shapes, sizes,
thicknesses, color and surface finishes are manufactured for used
as surface covering for floors. Floorings tiles are set on the
concrete base with mortar. Special bedding made up of asphalt or
portland cement is available for use over concrete base. The
concrete bedding is generally 5// thick and is laid evenly with a
slight rough surface at the top. After a period of 2 to3 days, a
mortar layers of 1:1 mix is spread on the concrete bed and the
tiles are set evenly with a thin a thin paste of cement applied to
their sides. 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
56. They are slightly topped till the cement comes out through
the joints to the top surface. This extra cement is wiped off and
the joints are cleaned. After2 to3 days, these joints are rubbed to
chip off all the projecting edges or surfaces. The whole surface is
then polished with a very soft carborundum stone. Finally the
surface is washed with soap. If the tiles have glazed surfaces then
this rubbing process is not suitable. 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG
BHANGALE
57. 5. GLASS FLOOR Glass floors are used wherever it is desired
to admit light into the basements through the upper floor. The
glass blocks are fitted within the frames of various thicknesses to
transmit light at an angle to the farther areas in a room.
Structural glass is available in the from of tiles or slabs and its
thickness ranges from 12 to 30 millimeters. The framework is spaced
closed apart so the glass can withstand loads coming over it. Glass
flooring is not commonly used. 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG
BHANGALE
58. 6. ASPHALT FLOORING Asphalt mastic is a mixture of fine
aggregates (sand), natural or artificial asphalt and coarse
aggregates. It can be mixed hot and laid in continuous sheets or
pressed into blocks which can be used as flooring. It can also be
mixed with a mineral oil and asbestos and applied cold. While
heating, the asphalt is stirred thoroughly so that the layer at the
bottom may not get burnt, when the whole quantity is fused, sand or
aggregates equal to twice the volume of asphalt is added gently and
mixed thoroughly. This mixture is then ready for laying.
6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
59. 7. WOODEN FLOORING This type of floor construction is not
extensively used but is popular for special purpose floors, e.g. in
auditorium, hospitals. Wooden flooring should have a concrete base
or should rest on joists spanning across walls which are
constructed at suitable interval. For the fixing of wooden floors
on concrete slabs, longitudinal railing strips are provided.
6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
60. ROOFS The covering provided over the top of an enclosure
made for a building to keep out the sun, rain, wind and to protect
the interior from exposure to the weather is known as roof.
6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
61. A roof usually consists of frame work provided with a
suitable covering at its top. A good roof is as essential as a safe
foundation of a building. Roofs must, therefore, be well designed
and constructed to meet the requirements of different climates and
covering materials locally available. The form of construction of a
roof is governed by the plan of a building, span, the type of
covering material locally available and the architectural
appearance required. The roof covering to be provided should be
economical and most suitable according to the nature of the
building. 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
62. CLASSIFICAION Sloping, pent or pitched roofs Flat or
terrace roofs (Sloping roofs are suitable for the area where
rainfall and snowfall are heavy, whereas, flat roofs are suitable
for the area where rainfall is meager i.e. of low intensity, and
there is no snowfall) Shelled roofs Domes 6/16/2014PREPARED BY
CHIRAG BHANGALE
63. TYPES OF SLOPING ROOFS Shed Roof Gable Roof Hipped Roof
Gamberal Roof 6/16/2014 PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
64. 1. Shed Roof:- A slopping roof having slope only in one
direction is called a Shed Roof. This is the simplest type of
sloping roof and is used for smaller spans. 2. Gable Roof:- A
sloping roof having slope in two directions is called a Gable Roof.
This type of sloping roof is used for larger span. 3. Hipped Roof:-
A sloping roof having slope in four directions is called Hipped Or
Hip Roof. This type of sloping roof is mostly used for buildings in
hilly area. 4. Gambrel Roof:- A sloping roof having slope in two
directions with a break in the slope is known as Gambrel Roof. This
type of sloping roof is mostly used for buildings in hilly area.
6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
65. Mansord Roof SawTooth or North Light Roof 6/16/2014PREPARED
BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
66. 5. Mansord roof:- A sloping roof having slope in four
directions with a break in slope is known as Mansard Roof 6. Saw
tooth or north light roof:- A sloping roof having glazing fixed on
the steep sloping sides of the roof is called Saw Tooth Or North
Light Roof. This is generally used in factories where more light is
required. 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
67. IMPORTANT TECHNICAL TERMS Ridge:- The highest point or line
of a sloping roof where the two opposite slopes meet is known as
ridge. Ridge piece:- A horizontal piece of timber which runs the
highest level (bridge) of a sloping roof is called ridge piece.
Eaves:- The lowest edges of the surfaces of a sloping roof are
called eaves. Eaves board:- A wooden board fixed along the eaves at
the end of common rafters is known as eaves board or facia board.
Gutter is usually supported at eaves board. 6/16/2014PREPARED BY
CHIRAG BHANGALE
68. 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
69. Jack rafter:- The short common rafters which run from a hip
rafter to the eave of a sloping roof are called jack rafters.
Common rafters:- The members supporting the battens or boardings
under the covering of a sloping roof are known as common rafters.
Gable:- The end of a sloping roof finished in a vertical triangle
is called gabled end or gable. Barge:- The finished edge of slating
or tiling over-hanging a gable wall is called barge. Barge board:-
Wooden planks fixed to the ends of the common rafters projecting
beyond the gabled end of a sloping roof is called a barge board.
6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE
70. Purlins:- The wooden or steel members laid horizontally to
support the common rafters of a sloping roof are called purlins.
Cleats:- The pieces of timber or angle-iron which are nailed or
screwed (for timber), riveted or welded (for angle-iron) on the
trusses, to support the purlins are known as cleats. Battens:- The
pieces of wood which are directly nailed to the common rafters are
called battens. The roof coverings are directly laid over battens.
Pitch:- The inclination of the side of a slopping roof to the
horizontal surface is called pitch of the roof. It is usually
expressed as the ratio of the rise to the span or in degrees.
Truss:- A frame work of members arranged in triangles is called a
truss. 6/16/2014PREPARED BY CHIRAG BHANGALE