Post on 29-Nov-2014
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8th Grade US History (CCA 2013-2014)
M. SHOMAKER
UNIT 3:CAUSES OF THE
CIVIL WAR
What led to civil war?1.Manifest Destiny
2.Trouble in California
3. “Slavery” [there’s much more to this]
4. Failed compromises
5. 1860 election
What was What was Manifest Destiny?Manifest Destiny?
The time has come for everyone to stop treating Texas as an alien, and to stop thwarting our policy and hampering our power, limiting our greatness and checking the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.
-John O. Sullivan “Annexation” [1845]
WHYWHYNOW?NOW?
The Mexican WarThe Mexican War
Roots of the Roots of the ConflictConflict
• Protestant Texas vs. Catholic Mexico
• Immigration restrictions• Mexico forbid slavery
James Polk• Two-term Governor of Tennessee, Speaker of the House, & won against Whig Henry Clay in 1844
• Ran on “Manifest Destiny”
•US had God-given right to the West
•Annex Texas/Occupy Oregon
• How did his presidency preface war?
•Lower tariffs & independent treasury caused “boom”
•Gained Oregon Territory & California*
Mexican-American War• Texas was Mexican territory
• Americans were allowed to settle there
• Santa Anna imposed strict stipulations
• Stephen Austin encouraged revolt
• American victory led to annexation debate (imbalance)
TREATY OF TREATY OF GUADALUPE GUADALUPE
HIDALGOHIDALGO
TREATY OF TREATY OF GUADALUPE GUADALUPE
HIDALGOHIDALGO
Mexican-American War…cont’d.• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war
• Annexed Texas into the US
• Mexican land cession worth $18 million
Wilmot Proviso• Suggested ban on slavery in new territories from Mexico
• Slaveholders viewed it as an attack
• Led to the creation of the “Free-Soilers”
Trouble in California• President Taylor (1848) courted “Free-Soilers” &
Northern Democrats
• Advised California to apply for statehood quick
• California’s entry was blocked (imbalance)
• Resulted in the “Compromise of 1850”
• Created by Clay, Webster, & Stephen Douglas
Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850The Compromise of 1850 demonstrated just how fractured the country had become over the issue of slavery.
1Fugitive Slave Act
2California is a free state
3456
New Mexico/Utah Slavery-NR
Texas boundaries Slavery-NR
Slave trade abolished in D.C.
$10 million in reparation
2California is a free state
4New Mexico/Utah Slavery-NR3New Mexico/Utah Slavery-NR
6 $10 million in reparation
Fugitive Slave Act
Allowed slave-owners to use Federal power to return runaways
No right to trial
One white accuser
If accused, even free blacks could be enslaved
Divided the Whigs
North and South: North and South: A ComparisonA Comparison
SlaverySlavery
Small % of Small % of plantation ownersplantation owners
States & Pop.States & Pop.23 states + border states 23 states + border states & territories & territories
22 million (4 million)22 million (4 million)
11 states + limited 11 states + limited border state assistanceborder state assistance
9 million (1.2 million with 9 million (1.2 million with 3.5 million slaves)3.5 million slaves)
EconomyEconomy100,000 (1.1 million workers)100,000 (1.1 million workers)
20,000 (101,000 workers)20,000 (101,000 workers)
20,000 miles of rail20,000 miles of rail
9,000 miles of rail9,000 miles of rail
Dred Scott Decision• Slave Dred Scott sued for freedom
• Taney court denied
•Blacks were not citizens
•Congress could not outlaw slavery
• Denied civil rights and opened territories to slavery
STATES STATES RIGHTS RIGHTS
S.C. S.C.
Congress approved Congress approved force to crush South force to crush South
CarolinaCarolina
18331833
Children…Yummy!
Henry Clay
Bleeding Kansas
POPULAR POPULAR SOVEREIGNTYSOVEREIGNTY
Bleeding Kansas• 1854: Kansas-Nebraska act gave “Popular Sovereignty”
• Radicals took votes away from settlers
•“Border Ruffians” from Missouri
•“Emigrant Aid Society” from East
• Numbers favored slavery & drafted “Lecompton Constitution”
• Abolitionists formed separate gov’t. in Lawrence
Bleeding Kansas…cont’d.• 1855: Beginning of the “Wakarusa War”
• 1856: Slave-state supporters sacked Lawrence
• Preston Brooks attacks Charles Sumner
Bleeding Kansas…cont’d.• 1855: Beginning of the “Wakarusa War”
• 1856: Slave-state supporters sacked Lawrence
• Preston Brooks attacks Charles Sumner
• Out of the fray came John Brown
john brown
chosen by God
hunted by creditors
a murderous hand
a fierce devotion
saint or sinner?
transplanted from the east to Kansas
intellectually & radically opposed to slavery
<won him the support of Yankee abolitionists>
Pottawatomie Massacre
Lincoln• Elected to US Congress (Whig) in 1846
• Early views on slavery:
•Opposition to slavery’s expansion
•Gradual emancipation
•Colonization
• Put him at odds with both major parties
• Had contradictory views on the issue
Lincoln…cont’d.• “Slavery should not be expanded but left untouched where it exists.” -Lincoln
•“Slavery must be cut out like a cancer.” -Lincoln
•Passed the Emancipation Proclamation freeing only slaves in the 11 official Confederate States
Antebellum Politics • Much more diverse than today
• “The Know-Nothings”
•Emerged from splintered Whig party
•Most were “Nativists”
•Hated a few things:
• Irish
• Germans
• Catholics
• Blacks
Election of 1860• After Harper’s Ferry, Republican party grew as the abolitionist party
• Many Democrats sided with slave-holders
• Lincoln vs. Stephen Douglas
• Lincoln’s moderate views/egalitarian image helped him in a landslide (Douglas won Missouri)
• Lincoln won and the South was fed up
Secession!• South Carolina voted to secede four days later
• Ten states followed•Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina, Virginia
•Feb. 1861: C.S.A. founded under Jefferson Davis
•Took advantage of Buchanan’s “lame duck”
• “Crittenden Amendments” failed
Proposed Crittenden Compromise, 1860
Secession! …cont’d.•Basis of secession:
•No Constitutional limitation
•“States Rights”
•Powerful anti-slavery Republican party/Northern interference
•Historical precedent
•Worldwide nationalism
•Not all southerners wanted secession (WV) and not all northerners wanted war