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THE CLASSICAL ERA IN THE EAST
UNIT 3
UNIT 3 VOCABULARY
Caste systemDynastyNirvanaInferiorSuperiorReincarnationHinduismMandate of HeavenConfucianismBuddhism
IDENTIFY
BuddhaEmperor AsokaMauryan EmpireGupta EmpireZhou DynastyConfuciusQin DynastyShih Huang-tiHan Dynasty
• What were the major accomplishments of the civilizations of India and China during the “Classical Era”?
• How did these civilizations compare with the ones in the West?
• What factors contributed to the rise and fall of empires and dynasties in the East?
• READ PAGES 74 TO 86 IN YOUR TEXTBOOK
The Big Questions
Introduction
In the centuries when Persia, Greece, and Rome dominated the West, a different series of empires and dynasties flourished in the east.
India witnessed a flowering of Hindu and Buddhist cultures, influencing all of South and Southeast Asia
China saw the emergence of great philosophers, who set the tone for much of Chinese thought and tradition.
THE ARYAN INVASION
After the collapse of Harappan civilization, the Dravidian people living in western India were conquered by the Aryan invaders (c.1500 B.C.)
Some people believe they came from central Asia
Others believe Aryan culture developed locally
THE ARYAN CULTURE
Nomadic herders and warriorsDeveloped iron weapons and horse-drawn
chariotsThey continued to push native peoples
farther south as they moved into the Ganges River valley
By 900 B.C., they had formed city-states (each ruled by its own ruler)
Developed Sanskrit writing (only taught to members of higher castes)
Introduced HinduismDeveloped a caste system (rigid social
order)
Left Side
The mixing of Aryan and native peoples led to a new social order
The new rules allowed only Aryans to occupy the higher social classes
There were 5 castesCaste lines were rigid
and based on birthDRAW A DIAGRAM OF
THE CASTE SYSTEM
Priests (Brahmin
s)
Warriors (Kshatriyas)
Landowners (Vaisyas)
Peasants (Sudras)
Untouchables
FILL IN THE HINDUISM SECTION OF YOUR RELIGIONS CHART
Major beliefs: believe in many deities, but each of these gods is a manifestation of one Supreme Being. Reincarnation – the belief that at death a person’s soul is reborn as another living thing. Karma refers to a person’s behavior in life which determines one’s form in the next life.Sacred places and objects: The Ganges River – has the power to wash away sin and evil. Temples – places of worship. The cow – sacred and religious…Hindus do not eat beef.
Activity
The Spread of Buddhism
A new religion, Buddhism, began around 500 B.C.
Spread quickly and attracted many followersMissionaries helped it spread throughout
India and other Southeast Asian countries (Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Indochina)
It also spread to central Asia, China, Japan, and Korea
It was popular among many groups because it rejected the caste system
Activity
FILL IN THE BUDDHISM SECTION OF YOUR RELIGIONS CHART Basic philosophy: based on the idea of self-denial
and meditation Gods: do not believe in a supreme being Holy books: no major holy book, but teachings can
be found in the Sutras Major beliefs: Four Noble Truths – explain life’s
meaning. Eightfold Path – must be followed to achieve Nirvana. Nirvana – a state of eternal peace and bliss and release from the soul’s endless reincarnation.
Left Side
Create a venn diagram showing what beliefs Buddhism borrowed from Hinduism (pgs. 77-79)
Create a chart comparing the spread of Buddhism with the spread of Christianity (pg. 79-171&172)
Hinduism Buddhism
Religion
How & Why it for spread
Buddhism
Christianity
The Mauryan Empire (321 B.C. – 232 B.C.)
Stretched from Afghanistan to the Ganges RiverBegun by King Chandragupta who challenged the
GreeksHis grandson, Asoka was the next great ruler of India
Fought a series of wars to enlarge the empire After 8 years of warfare, he renounced violence and
converted to Buddhism Won his people’s loyalty by acts of kindness and promoting
welfare and happiness Promoted religious freedom Improved roads, built hospitals and promoted education Built Buddhist shrines and sent missionaries to other lands After his death, the empire began to fall apart
The Gupta Empire (320 A.D. – 535 A.D.)
United the territory around the GangesEmperors encouraged peace, prosperity, and trade
with foreign lands, especially ChinaHad a “Golden Age” of Hindu Culture for nearly two
centuries Built universities Supported learning, the arts (colorful murals), and
literature (poems and plays written in Sanskrit) Scholars excelled in math (concept of zero, idea of infinity,
a decimal system, Arabic numerals) Astronomy (Earth was round and rotated on its axis, solar
year, movement of heavenly bodies) Medicine (set bones, skin grafts)
Declined when invaded by the Huns
CHINA
CHINA
Chinese history is generally divided into periods based upon the dynasty that governed China at the time
From 1027 B.C. to 220 A.D., China was ruled by three main dynasties
Like the flowering of Greek and Roman culture, China also witnessed some of its greatest cultural achievements in these centuries
READ PAGES 88-103 IN YOUR TEXTBOOK
Zhou Dynasty (1027 B.C. – 221 B.C)
Conquered the Shang dynasty Justified rule as the Mandate of Heaven (ruler
chosen by heaven and heaven would overthrow bad rulers)
Gave land to nobles in exchange for military service
Conquered neighboring peoples6th century B.C., local nobles became too
powerful and China was plunged into civil warGreatest legacy of Zhou was the work of two
philosophers, Confucius and Lao Tzu.
Activity
Add Confucianism and Daoism to your Religions chart Confucius – taught ideas he believed were the basic order
of the universe. Stressed following traditional ways to achieve peace and harmony. All was based on social obligations. Obedience and order Importance of family Family served as model for society (duty, good deeds,
civilized way of life) Lao Tzu (Daoism or Taoism) – believed that nature has a
“way” in which it moves. People should accept the way rather than to try to resist it. Respect for nature and harmony Use contemplation and abandon earthly concerns
QIN DYNASTY (221 B.C. – 206 B.C. )
Unified under the lord of Qin (Shih Huang-ti) First to call himself emperor All power should be in the hands of a single, absolute ruler Strong government was needed to punish bad acts Harsh ruler, rejected Confucianism (burned books and
persecuted scholars)Accomplishments
Divided China into districts Constructed roads and canals (uniting distant parts of
China) Uniform system of writing and measurement Joined a number of protective walls to create the Great
Wall of China
Left Side
Create a cartoon about an accomplishment of the Qin or Zhou dynasties
Strong dynasty
establishes peace
Dynasty declines,
corruption, high
taxes, etc.
Disasters – floods,
famines, revolts,
invasions
Old dynasty loses
Mandate of Heaven
(rebellion is justified)
Dynasty overthrow
n (rebellion
and bloodshed)
New dynasty gains
power, restores
peace and order
DYNASTIC CYCLE IN CHINA
HAN DYNASTY (206 B.C. – 220 A.D.)
Unified China for over 400 years following years of civil war
Political achievements Established civil service examinations based on Confucian
ideas Strengthened the power of the emperor by weakening the
independence of nobles Commoners could move up the social ladder Spread Confucian ideals
Innovations Paper Lead-glazed ceramics Improved silk-weaving
Continued…
Economy Established overland trade routes, the Silk Road,
connecting trade with the Roman Empire and other regions Exported silk, iron, and bronze for gold, linen cloth, glass,
ivory, animal hides, horses and cattleSocial and cultural
Buddhism was introduced Wealthy families had many children (sons served in
government and daughters married into other wealthy families)
Marriages were arranged Women were subordinate to men Boys went to public schools Old people were well taken care of by their families
FALL OF THE HAN DYANSTY
Ruled an immense empire for 400 yearsHan emperors were weakened by a series of
rebellionsProvincial governors raised taxes and raised
their own armies (some became local warlords)
Economic hardship and population growthEmperor turned over power to a warlord and
Han China collapsed into a series of civil wars and split into separate states
LEFT SIDE
Create a diagram for the reasons for the decline of the Han Dynasty describing political, economic, and military weaknesses.
Ex.
Fall of the Han Dynasty