Unit 2Unit 2The Chemistry of LifeThe Chemistry of Life

Learning TargetsLearning Targets Describe the bonding properties of carbon atoms Compare and understand the importance of the four

macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Describe how bonds break and reform during chemical reactions Explain why and how chemical reactions release or absorb energy. Explain the effect of catalysts on activation energy. Describe and explain how enzymes regulate chemical reactions.

Describe the bonding properties of carbon atoms Compare and understand the importance of the four

macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Describe how bonds break and reform during chemical reactions Explain why and how chemical reactions release or absorb energy. Explain the effect of catalysts on activation energy. Describe and explain how enzymes regulate chemical reactions.

Carbon Based

Molecules

Carbon Based

Molecules

Carbons unique bonding properties

Carbons unique bonding properties

Building blocks of life because they are the basis of most molecules that make up living things.

Organisms obtain energy (food) and turn it into ATP (cells power source for all life processes).

Unique atomic structure because it has four unpaired electrons on the outer energy level and can form covalent bonds with up to four other atoms!!!!!!

Building blocks of life because they are the basis of most molecules that make up living things.

Organisms obtain energy (food) and turn it into ATP (cells power source for all life processes).

Unique atomic structure because it has four unpaired electrons on the outer energy level and can form covalent bonds with up to four other atoms!!!!!!

Three types of molecular structures

Three types of molecular structures

Straight ChainBranched

ChainRing

Straight ChainBranched

ChainRing

Monomer / PolymerMonomer / Polymer

Monomer= small molecular subunit

Polymer= molecule that contains manyMonomers bonded together.

How many monomers are above?

Four Carbon Based Molecules in Living

Things / Macromolecules

Four Carbon Based Molecules in Living

Things / Macromolecules

1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids

1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesFruits, grains, sugars, starchesMonosaccharides, Disaccharides,

PolysaccharidesMade up of carbon, hydrogen, and

oxygen, generally in a 1:2:1 ratioWhen broken down they provide a

source of usable chemical energy for cells

Major part of plant cell structure too!!!

Fruits, grains, sugars, starchesMonosaccharides, Disaccharides,

PolysaccharidesMade up of carbon, hydrogen, and

oxygen, generally in a 1:2:1 ratioWhen broken down they provide a

source of usable chemical energy for cells

Major part of plant cell structure too!!!

MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides

MonomersSimple sugars -> glucose= C6H12O6

MonomersSimple sugars -> glucose= C6H12O6

DisaccharidesDisaccharides

Two monosaccharides linked togetherTransport = organisms use it to move

glucose from place to placeEx- Sucrose= common table sugar

(made from glucose and fructose)Ex- Lactose= milk sugar (made from

glucose and galactose)

Two monosaccharides linked togetherTransport = organisms use it to move

glucose from place to placeEx- Sucrose= common table sugar

(made from glucose and fructose)Ex- Lactose= milk sugar (made from

glucose and galactose)

PolysaccharidesPolysaccharidesMany monosaccharides linked

together to form long branches or chains.

PolymersEx- starch and glycogen -> energy

storage in plants and animalsEx- Cellulose- cell walls in plants

Many monosaccharides linked together to form long branches or chains.

PolymersEx- starch and glycogen -> energy

storage in plants and animalsEx- Cellulose- cell walls in plants

LipidsLipids Nonpolar molecules that are insoluble in

water (they don’t dissolve) Examples such as fats, oils (coconut, olive,

corn), waxes, cholesterol, steroids, fatty acids, glycerol,

Function- Some are broken down for cell use, some are stored for later energy use, and others are parts of cell structures.

Monomer- glycerol and fatty acids (no true monomer)

Polymer- lipids

Nonpolar molecules that are insoluble in water (they don’t dissolve)

Examples such as fats, oils (coconut, olive, corn), waxes, cholesterol, steroids, fatty acids, glycerol,

Function- Some are broken down for cell use, some are stored for later energy use, and others are parts of cell structures.

Monomer- glycerol and fatty acids (no true monomer)

Polymer- lipids

3 Main Lipids3 Main Lipids

1. Fats or Triglycerides= energy storage moleculesThree fatty acids bonded to glycerol

1. Fats or Triglycerides= energy storage moleculesThree fatty acids bonded to glycerol

2a. Saturated fatty acids= held together by a single covalent bond and is solid at room temperature.

Has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible

2b. Unsaturated fatty acids= one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms.

Not saturated with hydrogen atoms

2a. Saturated fatty acids= held together by a single covalent bond and is solid at room temperature.

Has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible

2b. Unsaturated fatty acids= one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms.

Not saturated with hydrogen atoms

2c. Polyunsaturated- two or more double covalent bonds

Good fatty acids

2c. Polyunsaturated- two or more double covalent bonds

Good fatty acids

3. Phospholipids3. Phospholipids

Form the bilayer of the cell membrane

One glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate

Hydrophobic tails- afraid of water (non-polar)

Hydrophilic heads- love water (polar)

Form the bilayer of the cell membrane

One glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate

Hydrophobic tails- afraid of water (non-polar)

Hydrophilic heads- love water (polar)

ProteinsProteins Most varied- a part of everything from

moving your leg to digesting your pizza. Protein is the polymer made up of monomers

called amino acids. Amino acids are referred to as the “building

blocks” of proteins and are thought to be the first molecules on Earth. We use 20 different amino acids to build proteins

in our bodies. Your body makes 12 and the others need to be

ingested through meat, beans, and nuts.

Most varied- a part of everything from moving your leg to digesting your pizza.

Protein is the polymer made up of monomers called amino acids.

Amino acids are referred to as the “building blocks” of proteins and are thought to be the first molecules on Earth. We use 20 different amino acids to build proteins

in our bodies. Your body makes 12 and the others need to be

ingested through meat, beans, and nuts.

Amino AcidsAmino Acids All have similar structures:

hydrogen atom, an amino group (NH2), and a carboxyl group (COOH).

NH2 and COOH are always present.

The R group (side group) is different for each group

Central carbon is covalently bonded to four atoms (functional group) with one always being a hydrogen.

All have similar structures: hydrogen atom, an amino group (NH2), and a carboxyl group (COOH).

NH2 and COOH are always present.

The R group (side group) is different for each group

Central carbon is covalently bonded to four atoms (functional group) with one always being a hydrogen.

Proteins Cont. Proteins Cont. Held together by covalent bonds called peptide

bonds. The bonds form between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid.

Held together by covalent bonds called peptide bonds. The bonds form between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid.

• Polypeptide forms between two amino acids• They are a single chain of three or more amino acids linked

together by peptide bonds.

Peptide bond

Functions of ProteinsFunctions of Proteins1. Catalyzing enzymes- speed

up the rates of reactionsActivate metabolic reactionsLowers activation energy-> the

amount of energy to get a reaction started

On-goingNeeds certain factors-> pH,

temperature, and concentrationEx- Human enzymes work best at

98.6, above 104 they fall apart.

1. Catalyzing enzymes- speed up the rates of reactionsActivate metabolic reactionsLowers activation energy-> the

amount of energy to get a reaction started

On-goingNeeds certain factors-> pH,

temperature, and concentrationEx- Human enzymes work best at

98.6, above 104 they fall apart.

2. Defensive proteins- basis of the bodies endocrine and immune systems. They attack invading microbes and cancer cells. Ex- antibodies attack viruses and bacteriaEx- fibrinogen = protein that causes your

blood to clot3. Storage proteins / Nutrient - bind

with iron and calcium to provide nourishment for an organism.

4. Transport proteins- allows larger molecules to move in and out of cells.Ex- Hemoglobin= carries oxygenEx- Myoglobin= carries oxygen to muscles

2. Defensive proteins- basis of the bodies endocrine and immune systems. They attack invading microbes and cancer cells. Ex- antibodies attack viruses and bacteriaEx- fibrinogen = protein that causes your

blood to clot3. Storage proteins / Nutrient - bind

with iron and calcium to provide nourishment for an organism.

4. Transport proteins- allows larger molecules to move in and out of cells.Ex- Hemoglobin= carries oxygenEx- Myoglobin= carries oxygen to muscles

5. Support Proteins- provide structural support and protection.Ex- Keratin in your hair, skin, and nailsEx- Fibrin- allows your blood to clotEx- Collagen and elastin- major components

of connective tissue6. Motion Proteins such as myosin and

actin cause muscles to contract or change shape.

7. Messenger proteins- allow different cells to communicate.

Ex- Hormones- regulate body functionsEx- Insulin- regulates glucose levelsEx- Vasopressin- tells your kidneys to

reabsorb water

5. Support Proteins- provide structural support and protection.Ex- Keratin in your hair, skin, and nailsEx- Fibrin- allows your blood to clotEx- Collagen and elastin- major components

of connective tissue6. Motion Proteins such as myosin and

actin cause muscles to contract or change shape.

7. Messenger proteins- allow different cells to communicate.

Ex- Hormones- regulate body functionsEx- Insulin- regulates glucose levelsEx- Vasopressin- tells your kidneys to

reabsorb water

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids Detailed instructions that build proteins and are

stored in extremely long carbon based molecules. Nucleic acid = polymer Nucleotides = monomer Nucleotides are made up of: sugar, phosphate

group, and a nitrogen base (Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.

Nitrogen bases always pair up in the same way! For DNA: A – T, C – G For RNA: A – U, C – G (thymine in RNA is replaced with

uracil) Two types= DNA and RNA ONE FUNCTION!!!!!-> DNA and RNA work together

to make proteins. DNA passes on genetic instructions to RNA. RNA decodes and turns the genetic information into a protein.

Detailed instructions that build proteins and are stored in extremely long carbon based molecules.

Nucleic acid = polymer Nucleotides = monomer Nucleotides are made up of: sugar, phosphate

group, and a nitrogen base (Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.

Nitrogen bases always pair up in the same way! For DNA: A – T, C – G For RNA: A – U, C – G (thymine in RNA is replaced with

uracil) Two types= DNA and RNA ONE FUNCTION!!!!!-> DNA and RNA work together

to make proteins. DNA passes on genetic instructions to RNA. RNA decodes and turns the genetic information into a protein.

DNA – Double HelixThe sides of the ladder are made of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules.  The sugar is a pentose called deoxyribose. The deoxyribose and phosphate molecules are held together by covalent bonds. Label the covalent bonds. Label the thymines. Label the adenines. Label the guanines. Label the cytosines.  In DNA, What nitrogenous base does adenine always pair with? ___________________In DNA, What nitrogenous base does guanine always pair with? ____________________ So… _____ - ______ and ______ - _______ The two sides of the DNA ladder are held together loosely by hydrogen bonds (small circles). Label the hydrogen bonds. In RNA, the pairing of nitrogenous bases is a little different.Guanine still pairs with cytosine. But thymine is replaced by uracil. So… _____ - ______ and ______ - _______ 

thymine

cytosine

A T C G

UA C G

DNA is the basis of genes and heredity.

DNA is the basis of genes and heredity.

Chemical ReactionsChemical ReactionsWhen substances are changed into

different substances by breaking and forming chemical bonds.

When substances are changed into different substances by breaking and forming chemical bonds.

Reactants vs. ProductsReactants vs. Products

Reactants ProductsLabel Them!!!!

What causes bonds in oxygen and glucose molecules to break?

What causes bonds in oxygen and glucose molecules to break?

Energy is added that causes the bonds to break into oxygen and glucose.

Each bond requires a different amount of energy= Bond Energy

Energy is added that causes the bonds to break into oxygen and glucose.

Each bond requires a different amount of energy= Bond Energy

What happens when new bonds form in carbon dioxide and water?

What happens when new bonds form in carbon dioxide and water?

When new bonds form, energy is released and this energy that is released is equal to the amount of energy that breaks the same bond.

Sometimes bonds can form a chemical equilibrium, meaning they are reversible and the same on both sides of the equation.

When new bonds form, energy is released and this energy that is released is equal to the amount of energy that breaks the same bond.

Sometimes bonds can form a chemical equilibrium, meaning they are reversible and the same on both sides of the equation.

Example of EquilibriumExample of Equilibrium Blood cells and plasma

transport materials throughout the body.

Carbonic acid (H2CO3) dissolves in the blood (leaving a bicarbonate, HCO3)

That bicarbonate is later converted back into carbon dioxide in the lungs and is able to be expelled.

Blood cells and plasma transport materials throughout the body.

Carbonic acid (H2CO3) dissolves in the blood (leaving a bicarbonate, HCO3)

That bicarbonate is later converted back into carbon dioxide in the lungs and is able to be expelled.

Chemical reactions release or absorb energy

Chemical reactions release or absorb energy

Energy added = breaks chemical bonds

Energy released= new bonds formEnergy is released or absorbed and

in different amounts.

Energy added = breaks chemical bonds

Energy released= new bonds formEnergy is released or absorbed and

in different amounts.

Activation energyActivation energy

Amount of energy that needs to be absorbed for a chemical reaction to start.

Ex.- the energy you would need to push a rock up a hill.

Amount of energy that needs to be absorbed for a chemical reaction to start.

Ex.- the energy you would need to push a rock up a hill.

ExothermicExothermicReleases more energy than it

absorbsExcess energy is typically given off

in heat or lightReactants have more energy than

productsEx- firefly squid, fireflies, cellular

respiration (releases usable energy as well as keep your body warm).

Releases more energy than it absorbs

Excess energy is typically given off in heat or light

Reactants have more energy than products

Ex- firefly squid, fireflies, cellular respiration (releases usable energy as well as keep your body warm).

EndothermicEndothermicAbsorbs more energy than it

releasesProducts have more energy

than reactantsExample- photosynthesis->

plants absorb energy from the sun and use that energy to make simple and complex carbs.

Absorbs more energy than it releases

Products have more energy than reactants

Example- photosynthesis-> plants absorb energy from the sun and use that energy to make simple and complex carbs.

EnzymesEnzymes

How did the Venus Flytrap digest the frog?

How did the Venus Flytrap digest the frog?

Enzymes-> type of protein that helps start and run chemical reactions in living things.

Break down food into smaller molecules that the body can use.

Enzymes-> type of protein that helps start and run chemical reactions in living things.

Break down food into smaller molecules that the body can use.

What is activation energy?What is activation energy?

The energy needed to get things started

The energy needed to get things started

Most of the time the activation energy for a chemical reaction comes from an increase in temperature-> sometimes the process is very slow.

In order to speed the process up substances called catalysts decrease the activation energy needed to start the chemical reaction -> in the end it increases the chemical reaction.

When a catalyst (ex- enzymes) is present less energy is needed and products form a lot faster.

Most of the time the activation energy for a chemical reaction comes from an increase in temperature-> sometimes the process is very slow.

In order to speed the process up substances called catalysts decrease the activation energy needed to start the chemical reaction -> in the end it increases the chemical reaction.

When a catalyst (ex- enzymes) is present less energy is needed and products form a lot faster.

What are two functions of catalysts in chemical

reactions?

What are two functions of catalysts in chemical

reactions?1. Decrease activation energy

2. Increase reaction time.

1. Decrease activation energy

2. Increase reaction time.

EnzymesEnzymes Definition= catalysts for chemical reactions in

living things (made by proteins) Reactants are usually found at very low

concentrations in the body, but really need to occur quickly.

Almost all are proteins= long chains of amino acids

Each one depends on its structure to function Temperature, concentration, and pH can affect

the shape, function, rate, and activity of the enzyme.

Work best at normal body temperature

Definition= catalysts for chemical reactions in living things (made by proteins)

Reactants are usually found at very low concentrations in the body, but really need to occur quickly.

Almost all are proteins= long chains of amino acids

Each one depends on its structure to function Temperature, concentration, and pH can affect

the shape, function, rate, and activity of the enzyme.

Work best at normal body temperature

If temperature is a little elevated then the hydrogen bonds will fall apart, the enzymes structure will change, and its ability to function will be lost.

This is the reason why a high temperature / fever is very dangerous to a person.

If temperature is a little elevated then the hydrogen bonds will fall apart, the enzymes structure will change, and its ability to function will be lost.

This is the reason why a high temperature / fever is very dangerous to a person.

Examples of enzymes in action

Examples of enzymes in action

Amylase is an enzyme in saliva that breaks down starches into simpler sugars. Without amylase it would take a million times slower for you to chew, swallow, and digest your food.

Blood cell engulfing a pathogen

Amylase is an enzyme in saliva that breaks down starches into simpler sugars. Without amylase it would take a million times slower for you to chew, swallow, and digest your food.

Blood cell engulfing a pathogen

ENZYME CHEMICAL

ACTED UPON PRODUCTS

Lipase Fats & oils Glycerol & fatty

acids

Amylase Starch Maltose

Maltase Maltose Glucose

Pepsin Protein Polypeptides

Protease Polypeptides Amino acids

Catalase Hydrogen peroxide

Water and oxygen

The structure is so important because each enzyme’s shape is specific to a certain reactant= allows them to fit perfectly together just like a key fits into a lock

Specific reactant an enzyme acts on are called substrates

The sites where substrates bind to enzymes are called active sites.

Enzymes bring substrate molecules close together, then they decrease activation energy, substrates attach together and their bonds are weakened, and then the catalyzed reaction forms a product that is released from the enzyme.

The structure is so important because each enzyme’s shape is specific to a certain reactant= allows them to fit perfectly together just like a key fits into a lock

Specific reactant an enzyme acts on are called substrates

The sites where substrates bind to enzymes are called active sites.

Enzymes bring substrate molecules close together, then they decrease activation energy, substrates attach together and their bonds are weakened, and then the catalyzed reaction forms a product that is released from the enzyme.

VideosVideos

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NdMVRL4oaUo

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NdMVRL4oaUo

ReflectionReflectionOn a sheet of paper, review the three

parts of the lock and key model and write a paragraph (3-5 sentences) describing the analogy. Consider why the model is described as a lock and key. Also identify the different parts and what happens to each part after the reaction is complete. You may use your notes

On a sheet of paper, review the three parts of the lock and key model and write a paragraph (3-5 sentences) describing the analogy. Consider why the model is described as a lock and key. Also identify the different parts and what happens to each part after the reaction is complete. You may use your notes