Unit 2 Slides for Students

Safety Equipment

• Eye Protection / Goggles

• Gloves

• Aprons

• Eye Wash Stations

• Fire alarm/ fire extinguisher

What To Wear

• Goggles/safety glasses

• Closed-toe shoes

• Clothing made of natural fibers

• Long hair pulled back

• Glasses vs. contact lenses

Do not wear:

1. Sandals

2. Jewelry

3. Loose fitting/

baggy clothes

Safety Rules 1. Follow all instructions from your teacher; NEVER use chemicals or equipment in a

different way than directed

2. Goggles on at all times until permission is given by teacher

3. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times

4. Do not touch equipment or supplies unless told to do so

5. No food, drinks, or gum allowed in the lab;

6. NEVER taste or smell a chemical unless directed; Assume every chemical is dangerous

7. Report all accidents, improper behavior, & damaged equipment to your teacher immediately

8. Keep work area neat

9. Keep electrical cords out of the way; Never used damaged cords; turn off before unplugging

10. Cut away from body and only on surface (not in hands)

Lab Equipment

• Beaker

• Erlenmeyer Flask

• Test Tube

• Graduated Cylinder

• Pipette

• Forceps

• Scalpel

• Probe

• Microscope

PLACE VALUE

Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones Tenths Hundredths Thousandths

Hundred

Millions Ten Millions Millions

Hundred

Thousands

Ten

Thousands Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones

Greater than one-whole Less than one-whole

? ?????

KILO

1000

Units HECTO

100

Units

DEKA

10

Units DECI

0.1

Unit CENTI

0.01

Unit MILLI

0.001

Unit Meters

Liters

Grams

The Ladder

Place Value

KILO

1000

Units HECTO

100

Units

DEKA

10

Units DECI

0.1 =

Unit

CENTI

0.01 =

Unit MILLI

0.001 =

Unit Meters

Liters

Grams

The “Metric Ladder”

1

10 1

100

1

1000

Be able to write this from memory on Wednesday

Death by Chocolate Milk?

Measurement Systems! Customary/ English

(USA)

Metric

(Most other countries)

Length (how long, wide or

high) Inch, foot, yard, mile

Micrometer, millimeter,

centimeter, decimeter,

METER, kilometer…

Volume or

Capacity (how much

something holds)

Gallon, quart, pint, cup milliliter, liter,cubic centimeter,

CUBIC METER…

Mass (how much

matter)

troy, avoirdupois Milligram, centigram, gram,

KILOGRAM…

Weight (how heavy/

Force from gravity)

Ounce, pound, ton Newton (1 )

1 N ≈ 4oz

4 N ≈ 1 lb

Temperature (how hot or cold) Fahrenheit Celsius, KELVIN

kg∙m

s2

• Pages x-xii

Units of Measure

• Customary System

• International System/Metric System

• Pages x-xii

Safety Equipment

• Eye Protection / Goggles

• Gloves

• Aprons

• Eye Wash Stations

• Fire alarm/ fire extinguisher

What To Wear

• Goggles/safety glasses

• Closed-toe shoes

• Clothing made of natural fibers

• Long hair pulled back

• Glasses vs. contact lenses

Do not wear:

1. Sandals

2. Jewelry

3. Loose fitting/

baggy clothes

Safety Rules 1. Follow all instructions from your teacher; NEVER use chemicals or equipment in a

different way than directed

2. Goggles on at all times until permission is given by teacher

3. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times

4. Do not touch equipment or supplies unless told to do so

5. No food, drinks, or gum allowed in the lab;

6. NEVER taste or smell a chemical unless directed; Assume every chemical is dangerous

7. Report all accidents, improper behavior, & damaged equipment to your teacher immediately

8. Keep work area neat

9. Keep electrical cords out of the way; Never used damaged cords; turn off before unplugging

10. Cut away from body and only on surface (not in hands)

Lab Equipment

• Beaker

• Erlenmeyer Flask

• Test Tube

• Graduated Cylinder

• Pipette

• Forceps

• Scalpel

• Probe

• Microscope

KILO

1000

Units

HECTO

100

Units

DEKA

10

Units DECI

0.1

Unit

CENTI

0.01

Unit

MILLI

0.001

Unit Meters

Liters

Grams

The Ladder

P. 55 # 1-5 1. The length multiplied by the width of an object is the AREA of the object

2. The measure of the amount of matter in an object is the MASS of the object.

3. The METER is the SI unit most often used to measure LENGTH.

4. Two benefits of the SI system are that it is USED BY SCIENTISTS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, and

it is BASED ON THE NUMBER 10, and IT PROVIDES A COMMON “LANGUAGE” OF MEASUREMENT

5. Water freezes a 0 DEGREES CELSIUS.

Mass ≠ Weight

Mass – a measure of the amount of matter in an object

Weight – a measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object

You are here!

Mass, Weight & Newtons, MASS

•A measure of the amount of matter in an object;

mass is NOT the same as weight

WEIGHT

•A measure of the force of gravity on an object;

weight is NOT the same as mass

•If you visit another planet does your mass

change? Your weight? http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/weight/index.html

How many cookies are needed to make 1 Newton

of force?

Area & Volume

Area =

length x width = l x w

“SQUARE” units (ex. cm2 or m2 or km2 )

Volume =

length x width x height = l x w x h

“CUBIC” units (ex. cm3 or m3 or km3)

l

w

l w

h

Finding Volume

• How would you find the volume of an object like this?

P. 87 #1-4, 7 1. Volume is the amount of space taken up by matter. Density is the amount of matter in a given volume. Mass is the amount of matter an object contains. 2. I would use a meter to express the height of my desk. 3. Mass and density are related because in order to calculate density, the mass and the volume of an object must be known. Density tells how much mass is in a certain volume. 4. Normal body temperature is 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit and 37 degrees Celsius. 7.Area is called a derived quantity because two basic quantities—length and width—must be combined to calculate it.

Factor-Label Method

To use, you must know how many units “go in to”

other units

Using the Graduated Cylinder

Using the Graduated Cylinder to Find Volume of Irregularly Shaped Object

1. Find the meniscus

2. Record the starting volume at the BOTTOM of

the meniscus

3. Drop 1 rock into the graduated cylinder

4. Record the ending volume

5. Subtract the starting volume from the ending

volume

6. You now have the volume of the rock

Remember that 1 mL = 1 cm3

Density • Ratio of mass to volume

• D = m / v Units: g/cm3 kg/m3

• A dense object has a large mass compared to a small volume

What is a Dichotomous Key?

• Dichotomous means "divided in two parts".

• A method for determining the identity of something (like the name of an insect, a plant, or a rock) by going through a series of choices that leads the user to the correct name of the item.

Electron Microscope Images

Types of Microscopes Handout

3-D image

The Light Microscope

Measurement Tools

• Balances •Dual-pan balance •Triple beam balance

• Scales

•Spring Scale •Digital Scale

• Graduated Cylinder

• Thermometer / Temp. Probe

• Meter Stick / Metric Ruler

• Caliper

• Stop Watch

These measure MASS

These measure

FORCE (“weight”)

Homework: Metric

Conversions

KILO

1000

Units HECTO

100

Units

DEKA

10

Units DECI

0.1

Unit CENTI

0.01

Unit MILLI

0.001

Unit Meters

Liters

Grams

The Ladder

Mass Weight

MASS

•A measure of the amount of matter in an object;

mass is NOT the same as weight

•Measured in g, kg, mg, cg, etc.

“WEIGHT”

•A measure of the force of gravity on an object;

weight is NOT the same as mass

•Measured in N

Mass

• The amount of matter in an object

• How do you measure mass?

– Balances!

• Dual Tray Balance

• Triple Beam Balance

How many “fig newtons” make a real NEWTON?

Factor-Label Method

To use, you must know how many units “go in to”

other units

KILO

1000

Units HECTO

100

Units

DEKA

10

Units DECI

0.1 =

Unit

CENTI

0.01 =

Unit MILLI

0.001 =

Unit Meters

Liters

Grams

The “Metric Ladder”

1

10 1

100

1

1000

“King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk” Draw the complete metric ladder from memory

How many hours in 90 minutes?

How many centimeters in 2 meters?

Weight

• A measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object

• What is the difference between weight and mass?

• How do you measure weight? – SCALES

• SPRING SCALES!

• DIGITAL SCALES!

Volume

• The amount of space taken up by an object – Units: mL or L for liquids / cm3 or m3 for solids

• How calculate for a rectangular prism?

Volume = length x height x width

• How calculate for an irregularly shaped object?

Dichotomous

Key Examples

Calculate using the factor-label-method. Show problem set up & steps. Circle your answer.

LENGTH EXAMPLES: 553 millimeters to meters 11.5 feet to meters

1) 2.5 meters to millimeters

2) 20 decimeters to meters

3) 10 feet to meters (recall that 1 meter=3.28 feet)

4) 12 inches to meters

Know:

Find:

Solve:

Know:

Find:

Solve:

Know:

Find:

Solve:

Know:

Find:

Solve:

SI Unit for LENGTH

1 centimeter (cm) = 10 millimeters (mm)

1 decimeter (dm) = 10 centimeters

1 meter (m) = 10 decimeters

1 kilometer (km) = 1,000 meters

1 centimeter (cm) = 10 millimeters (mm)

1 decimeter (dm) = 10 centimeters

1 meter (m) = 10 decimeters

1 kilometer (km) = 1,000 meters

Metric

1 meter = 10 decimeters = 100 centimeters =1,000 millimeters

METER

Metric Prefixes

deca- / deka- means x10

hecto- means x100

kilo- means x1000

deci- means one tenth

centi- means one hundredth

milli- means one thousandth

Base Unit: METERS, LITERS, GRAMS

REFERENCE TOOL FOR METRIC/SI CAPACITY

1000 Liters (L)

1 meter (m)

1 m

ete

r (m

)

1 cubic

meter

(m3)

1 m x 1m x 1m = 1 m3 = 1000 L

(Use same approach for 1 cm3 = 1 mL)

1. When moving it, always carry with both hands. Grasp the arm with one hand and place the other hand

under the base for support.

2. Turn the revolving nosepiece so that the lowest power objective lens is "clicked" into position.

3. Place the microscope slide on the stage and fasten it with the stage clips. You can push down on the back

end of the stage clip to open it.

4. Using the coarse adjustment, lower the objective lens down as far as it will go without touching the

slide! Note: Look at the slide and lens from the side when doing this (see Figure 2).

5. Look through the eyepiece and adjust the illuminator (or mirror) and diaphragm (Figure 3) for the greatest

amount of light.

6. Slowly turn the coarse adjustment so that the objective lens goes up (away from the slide).

Continue until the image comes into focus. Use the fine adjustment, if available, for fine focusing.

7. Move the microscope slide around so that the image is in the center of the field of view and readjust the

mirror, illuminator or diaphragm for the clearest image.

8. You should be able to change to the next objective lenses with only slight focusing adjustment. Use the fine

adjustment, if available. If you cannot focus on your specimen, repeat steps 4 through 7 with the higher

power objective lens in place. DO NOT ALLOW THE LENS TO TOUCH THE SLIDE!

9. The proper way to use a monocular microscope is to look through the eyepiece with one eye and keep the

other eye open (this helps avoid eye strain). If you have to close one eye when looking into the microscope,

it's ok. Remember, everything is upside down and backwards. When you move the slide to the right,

the image goes to the left!

10. Do not touch the glass part of the lenses with your fingers. Use only special lens paper to clean the

lenses. (read the page on keeping your microscope clean)

11. When finished, raise the tube, click the low power lens into position and remove the slide.

How To Use a Light Microscope

Source: http://www.microscope-microscope.org/basic/how-to-use-a-microscope.htm

The Light Microscope

REFERENCE TOOL FOR LENGTH M

easu

res

of L

engt

h

1 foot (ft.) = 12 inches (in.)

1 yard (yd) = 3 feet

1 yard = 36 inches

1 mile (mi.) = 1,760 yards

1 mile = 5,280 feet

1 foot (ft.) = 12 inches (in.)

1 yard (yd) = 3 feet

1 yard = 36 inches

1 mile (mi.) = 1,760 yards

1 mile = 5,280 feet

Customary (U.S.)

1 foot = 12 inches

1 yard = 3 feet

DICHOTOMOUS KEY

• A method for determining the identity of something (like the name of an insect, a plant,

or a rock) by going through a series of choices that leads the user to the correct name of the item. Dichotomous means "divided in two parts".

MAKE ONE!

Precision vs. Accuracy

REFERENCE TOOL FOR CUSTOMARY CAPACITY

GQPC C

PC C QP

CC

PCC

QPC C

PC CQP

C C

PC C

Cus

tom

ary

Cap

acity

Mea

sure

s

1 gallon (gal) = 4 quarts

1 gallon = 8 pints

1 gallon = 16 cups

1 quart (qt) = 2 pints

1 pint (pt) = 2 cups (c)

1 quart = 4 cups

1 gallon (gal) = 4 quarts

1 gallon = 8 pints

1 gallon = 16 cups

1 quart (qt) = 2 pints

1 pint (pt) = 2 cups (c)

1 quart = 4 cups

= = =

GQPC C

PC C QP

CC

PCC

QPC C

PC CQPC C

PC CQP

C C

PC CQPC C

PC C

Cus

tom

ary

Cap

acity

Mea

sure

s

1 gallon (gal) = 4 quarts

1 gallon = 8 pints

1 gallon = 16 cups

1 quart (qt) = 2 pints

1 pint (pt) = 2 cups (c)

1 quart = 4 cups

1 gallon (gal) = 4 quarts

1 gallon = 8 pints

1 gallon = 16 cups

1 quart (qt) = 2 pints

1 pint (pt) = 2 cups (c)

1 quart = 4 cups

= = =

Customary Units

• 1 Yard = ___Feet?

• 1 Foot = ___Inches?

• 1 Gallon =___Quarts?

• 1 Pound = ___Ounces?

Equivalent Units 1

1

1 m

1 m

100 cm

100 cm 1 X

X = = = =

(ANYTHING divided by itself always equals one)

= 150 cm 150 cm

1 (Any number is equal to that number divided by one)

300 cm ∙ 1 m

1 ∙ 100 cm

300 cm ∙ 1 m

1 ∙ 100 cm (Any unit divided by itself “cancels” both units)

3 m X 300 ∙1 m

1∙100 = 300 cm

1 m

100 cm

300 cm

1 X

1 m

100 cm = =

300 m

100 = = =

1

1

1 m

1 m

100 cm

100 cm 1 X

X = = = =

(ANYTHING divided by itself always equals one)

30 dm

1 X

1 m

10 dm 3 m 14 lb

1 X

1 kg

2.2 lb = 14 kg

2.2 = 6.4 kg

= 1 kg

2.2 lb

2.2 lb

1 kg

How do we make measurements?

• Precision

• Accuracy

Measures of Weight

Customary (US)

2000 lb = 1 Ton

1 lb = 16 oz

Metric (Rest of world)

1000 gram = 1 kilogram

What is Scientific Notation?

• 2,000 = 2.0 x 103

• 0.001 = 1.0 x 10-3

• 75,000,000 = 7.5 x 107

• 0.000045 = 4.5 x 10-5

Customary SI

Length

Volume

Mass

Temperature

Time

If given…

Customary Unit Multiply By

To get..

Metric/SI Unit

Yard 0.91 Meters

Foot 0.30 Meters

Quart 0.95 Liters

Pounds 0.45 Kilograms

Converting SI Units

Kilometers Meters

Meters Centimeters

Centimeters Meters

Grams Kilograms

Seconds Minutes

Celsius Kelvin