Post on 03-Sep-2020
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UNIT 1 WHY STUDY HISTORY???
History Helps Us Understand People and Societie
History Helps Us Understand Change and How the
Society We Live in Came to Be
The Importance of History in Our Own Lives
History Contributes to Moral Understanding
History Provides Identity
Studying History Is Essential for Good Citizenship
History Is Useful in the World of Work
What Skills Does a Student of History Develop?
1. The Ability to Assess Evidence.
2. The Ability to Assess Conflicting Interpretations.
3. Experience in Assessing Past Examples of Change.
SO WHY STUDY HISTORY?
The answer is because we virtually must, to gain access to the laboratory of human experience. When we study it reasonably well, and so acquire some usable habits of mind, as well as some basic data about the forces that affect our own lives, we emerge with relevant skills and an enhanced capacity for informed citizenship, critical thinking, and simple awareness. The uses of history are varied. Studying history can help us develop some literally "salable" skills, but its study must not be pinned down to the narrowest utilitarianism. Some history—that confined to personal recollections about changes and continuities in the immediate environment—is essential to function beyond childhood. Some history depends on personal taste, where one finds beauty, the joy of discovery, or intellectual challenge. Between the inescapable minimum and the pleasure of deep commitment comes the history that, through cumulative skill in interpreting the unfolding human record, provides a real grasp of how the world works.
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Anthropologists: Anthropology is the study of humans, past and present.
To understand the full sweep and complexity of cultures across all of human
history, anthropology draws and builds upon knowledge from the social and
biological sciences as well as the humanities and physical sciences. A central
concern of anthropologists is the application of knowledge to the solution of
human problems. Historically, anthropologists in the United States have been
trained in one of four areas: sociocultural anthropology, biological/physical
anthropology, archaeology, and linguistics.
Archaeologists study past peoples and cultures, from the deepest
prehistory to the recent past, through the analysis of material remains,
ranging from artifacts and evidence of past environments to architecture and
landscapes. Material evidence, such as pottery, stone tools, animal bone, and
remains of structures, is examined within the context of theoretical
paradigms, to address such topics as the formation of social groupings,
ideologies, subsistence patterns, and interaction with the environment. Like
other areas of anthropology, archaeology is a comparative discipline; it
assumes basic human continuities over time and place, but also recognizes
that every society is the product of its own particular history and that within
every society there are commonalities as well as variation.
HISTORY SHOULD NOT BE BIAS
BIAS: is an inclination of temperament or outlook to present or hold a
partial perspective, often accompanied by a refusal to even consider the
possible merits of alternative points of view. People may be biased toward or
against an individual, a race, a religion, a social class, or a political party.
Biased means one-sided, lacking a neutral viewpoint, not having an open
mind. Bias can come in many forms and is often considered to be
synonymous with prejudice or bigotry.
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HISTORY HAS S.P.I.C.E
A) There are “5” Themes that we will focus on
1. SOCIAL: Of or relating to human society and its modes of
organization: social classes; social problems; a social issue.
2. POLITICAL: Of, relating to, or dealing with the structure or
affairs of government, politics, or the state.
3. INNOVATIONS: a creation (a new device or process) resulting
from study and experimentation
4. CULTURAL: The totality of socially transmitted behavior
patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human
work and thought.
5. ECONOMICS: the science that deals with the production,
distribution, and consumption of goods and services, or human
welfare.
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Geography Terms
http://www.enchantedlearning.co
m/geography/glossary/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_g
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How did Paleolithic
people acquire food
from their natural
environment?
MOVEMENT OF
PEOPLE AND GOODS
Three important ways in
which cultural diffusion
occurs are through
migration, trade, and
warfare.
The Neolithic Revolution
was one of the great
turning points of history.
Farming and the
domestication of animals
changed the way people
lived. A dependable source
of food allowed villages to
grow larger and develop
into cities. People who lived
in cities developed more
complete forms of
government and such
concepts as division of labor
and social classes.
How did agriculture
change everyday life?
eography_terms
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/geography-
terms-glossary-of-geography-terms-and-
definitions.html
UNIT 1 ANCIENT WORLD (4000 BC – 500 AD)
Over the first thousands of years of human existence, people advanced in
many different areas. A new era of human development began when humans
discovered how to plant crops and domesticate animals. A more settled life
and more dependable food sources allowed people to build civilizations with
complex political, social, and religious structures. Civilizations began to
interact with each other. They shared ideas and technology through such
means as trade and conquest. Classical civilizations arose in Africa, Asia, and
Europe. These civilizations made contributions to art, architecture, law,
government, and other fields. Their achievements continue to affect society
today. Ancient civilizations also made an impact on each other and on today’s
world through the development of powerful belief systems. These belief
systems have spread throughout the world and affected cultural development
and the course of history.
SECTION1 U1: Early People and River Civilizations
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List and EXPLAIN 5
characteristics of
early civilizations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Belief Systems
Many early peoples had
polytheistic belief systems.
The gods were seen as
closely tied to the force of
nature, and keeping them
happy was essential to
agriculture. Therefore,
religious leaders became
very important in early
societies.
Section overview
Scientists believe that humans first appeared over two million years ago. The
first humans were wandering hunters and gatherers. They made simple tools
and weapons from stone, bone, and wood.
With the development of farming, ancient peoples gave up their nomadic
lifestyles and established permanent settlements, which grew over time into
civilizations. Early civilizations developed in river valleys. As populations
grew, these peoples developed systems of government, social structures, and
belief systems. Migration, trade, and warfare helped ideas move from one
culture to another.
Key Themes and Concepts
1. ENVIRONMENT
How did the earliest people adapt to their environment?
2. URBANIZATION
How did the development of agriculture change the way early
people lived?
3. POLITICAL SYSTEMS
What types of government and social structure were created by
early civilizations?
4. CULTURE AND INTELLECTUAL LIFE
What contributions did early people make to later civilizations?
5. MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE AND GOODS
How did trade, warfare, and migration spread ideas among
early civilizations?
Key Terms and People
Term Definition Visual
Nomads
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GEOGRAPHY
What geographical features
of the Fertile Crescent
helped civilization to grow
and ideas to spread between
cultures?
Cultural
diffusion
Neolithic
Technology
civilization
Polytheistic
Pharaoh
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Fertile
Crescent
Ziggurats
cuneiform
Empire
Code of
Hammurabi
Middle
Kingdom
dynasty
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I. Early Peoples
A) Hunters and Gatherers
The earliest people lived during the Old Stone Age, also called the
Paleolithic age, which began more than two million years ago. Paleolithic
people were nomads, or people who moved from place to place, hunting and
gathering their food. Their simple social structure consisted of small groups
of people when traveled together.
B) Adapting to Their Environment
Stone Age people adapted to their environment. They made simple tools
and weapons, such as digging sticks and spears, from stone, bone, or wood.
During Paleolithic times, people developed language, which allowed them to
communicate and cooperate during a hunt. Paleolithic people invented
clothing made of animal skins. They used fire for warmth as well as for
cooking food.
C) Spiritual Beliefs
Paleolithic people developed some spiritual beliefs. Toward the end of the
Old Stone Age, people began burying their dead with care, a practice
suggesting that they believed in an afterlife. They buried tools and weapons
with their dead.
D) Migration
Evidence supports the theory that the earliest people lived in East Africa.
Their migrated north and east into Europe and Asia. After many years, some
migrated over a land bridge into North America. Others migrated by boat to
islands in the Pacific. Migration led to cultural diffusion, or the exchange
of ideas, customs, and goods among cultures. Cultural diffusion also occurred
through trade and warfare.
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II. The Neolithic Revolution Environmental changes brough new climate patterns that contributed to the
end of the Old Stone Age. Warmer weather allowed plants to grow where,
previously, sheets of ice had dominated the landscape.
Around 10,000 B.C., people made two important discoveries. They learned to
plant seeds to grow food, and they learned to domesticate animals. These
meant that people no longer had to wander in search of food. They could live
in permantent settlements. This change marked the beginning of the New
Stone Age, or Neolithic period. Historians call these discoveries the
Newolithic Revoluition, or the Agricultural Revolution, because farming and
domestic sanimals changed the way people lived.
A. The Impact of Agriculture
After the Neolithic Revolution, more abundant food helped the populationi to
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increase. Humans’ lives changed in many ways.
Permanent Settlements: People settled together in villages
New Social Classes: When resources were scarce, groups wernt to
war. Chiefts or headmen emerged. Some men gained prestige as
warriors and had great power.
New Technology: People began to develop technology, or tools and
skills they could use to meet their basic needs, such as calendars and
plows. Other new technology included the wheel, metal weapons, and
metal tools.
These changes paved the way for civilization to emerge.
III. The Rise of Civilization
A) Cities and Central Government
Cities emerged as farmers cultivated land along river valleys and produced
surplus food. Surplus food led to increased population. More systematic
leadership than just a headman or council of elders was needed. Governments
developed to make sure that enough food was produced and that the city was
protected. Rulers also ordered that public works such as roads, bridges, and
defensive walls be built.
B) Traditional Economy
Traditional economies, based primarily on farming, grew up in early
civilizations. Skilled crafts workers made pottery, cloth, and other goods.
C.) Organized Religion
Ancient peoples were polytheistic, believing in many gods. Priests and
worshipers tried to gain the favor of these gods through complex rituals. They
hoped that the gods would ensure plentiful crops and protect their cities.
D.) Job Specialization and Social Classes
People began to specialize in certain jobs because no one person could
master all the necessary skills to provide for himself or herself. People
became ranked in classes according to their jobs. Priests and nobles were
usually at the top of these societies, followed by warriors and merchants, with
peasant farmers and slaves at the bottom.
E.) Art and Architecture
Much early art and architecture consisted of temples and palaces, symbols of
the power of rulers.
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F.) System of Writing
Writing may have first developed in temples, where many types of records
were kept. Early writing was picture writing, consisting of simple drawings.
Over time the writing became more symbolic.
IV. Ancient River Valley Civilizations (c. 3000 – 1000 B.C.)
A. Egypt
Location: Northeastern Africa
Major River: Nile River
Characteristics and achievements:
Developed hieroglyphics- Writing using picture symbols.
Constructed pyramids- Massive structures used to bury Egyptian
Pharaohs (kings).
B. Mesopotamia (Sumer)
Location: Middle East
Major Rivers: Tigris River and Euphrates River
Characteristics and achievements:
Developed cuneiform- Writing system using wedge-shaped
symbols.
Code of Hammurabi- Oldest written set of laws in the world that is
known for its
strict (harsh) punishments of crimes (i.e.- “an eye for an eye”).
C. Harappan Civilization
Location: India
Major River: Indus River
Achievements: The urban (city) areas of Harappan civilization were
organized and well- planned.
NOTE: Early societies in India (and areas of Southeast Asia) were
very affected by seasonal monsoons- Winds that brought rain
needed to farm (but too much rain caused dangerous flooding).
D. China
Major Rivers- Yellow (Huang He) River and Yangtze River
Early Chinese societies were very isolated from other civilizations
because China is surrounded by natural boundaries (i.e.-
mountains and deserts).
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Common Features- Many ancient societies had important traits in
common:
They existed in river valley regions.
They were all polytheistic- People believed in many gods associated
with nature (i.e.- Sun God, Rain God, Wind God, etc).
They often had traditional economic systems with the following
characteristics:
o Barter- Trade without using money.
o Subsistence agriculture- Farming in which the crops are used
only to feed the farmer and his family. Food is not usually sold
for a profit.
o People have the same occupation
SUMMARY (Unit 1 Section 1)
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The BIG Idea
The classical
civilizations of India,
China, Greece, and
Rome:
1.
2.
3.
The earliest people were nomadic hunters and gatherers. When
they learned how to grow food, they settled in villages. These
changes led to the growth of civilizations. Early civilizations grew
up in river valleys. Civilizations developed governments, economic
systems, and social structures. Early civilizations also had complex
systems of belief and made advances in technology, architecture,
and legal systems. These advances were spread among early
civilizations by migration, trade, and warfare.
SECTION2 U1: Classical Civilizations
Section overview
The classical civilizations of China, India, Greece, and Rome have had a
strong impact on the world. Each of these civilizations was influenced by its
particular geographic setting. Each had a strong, well-organized government
and a prosperous economy that allowed it to thrice. Each civilization made
important contributions in such areas as art, science, architecture, and law.
The growth of global trade routes during this period allowed classical
civilizations to share ideas and technology.
Classical civilizations are the societies that were more advanced and more
recent than the ancient civilizations discussed in the previous section. Most
classical civilizations had a Golden Age- A period of great achievements in
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art, literature, math, and science.
Key Themes and Concepts
1. GEOGRAPHY
How did geographic conditions influence the development of
classical civilizations?
2. GOVERNMENT
What features of government allowed the classical civilizations
of India, China, Greece, and Rome to remain strong?
3. CULTURE and INTELLECUTAL LIFE
What contributions have the classical civilizations of India,
China, Greece, and Rome made to later civilizations?
4. MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE and GOODS
How did trade routes link civilizations and lead to cultural
diffusion?
Key Terms and People
Mandate of
Heaven
Feudalism
Qin
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Han
Dynasty
Maurya
dynasty
Bureaucracy
Asoka
Polis
Aristocracy
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Direct
democracy
Hellenistic
Republic
Senate
Patricians
Plebeians
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Pax Romana
Laws of the
Twelve
Tables
Aqueducts
Silk Road
I. The Classical Civilizations
A) Greece
The ancient Greeks adapted ideas from many earlier cultures, such as
those of Mesopotamia and Egypt. However, they also developed their
own ideas about the role of the individual and how society is best
governed.
1) Geographic Setting: Located on a peninsula with an irregular
coastline in southeastern Europe. Greece is made up of many
mountains, isolated valleys, and small islands. This geography
prevented the Greeks from building a large empire like that of
Egypt or Mesopotamia. Instead the Greeks created many small city-
states.
The Aegean and Mediterranean Seas were an important link to the
rest of the world. The Greeks became skilled sea traders. They
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exchanged not only goods but ideas and technology as well. For
example, the Greeks adapted the Phoenician alphabet for their own
use.
2) Rise of City-States: Because Greece has a very mountainous
geography, it was not one united civilization. Instead, Greece was
divided into many independent (separate) city-states. Each city-
state (or polis) had its own government and land.
A polis typically was made up of two parts. There was a hilltop
acropolis, which included marble temples. On the flatter ground
below was the main city, within a wall. This area included the
marketplace, theater, other public areas, and homes.
Between 750 B.C. and 500 B.C, the Greek city-states had several
different types of government. At first, kinds rules the city-states.
Over time, landowning nobles gained power, creating an
aristocracy, a government ruled by the landowning elite.
The two most famous city-states were Athens and Sparta. They
were very different societies, although they shared Greek culture.
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3) Sparta
Sparta was a warrior society, and from an early age, boys
trained for a lifetime in the military. At the age of seven,
boys were moved into barracks, where they were toughened
by a coarse diet, hard exercise, and rigid discipline. Girls
were also trained to exercise rigorously and strengthen their
bodies in order to give birth to healthy boys for the army.
Although Sparta was an excellent military state, its power
declined as a result of its rigid ways and its inability to
change. A military society where men spent almost all of
their lives training for warfare. People in Sparta had very
little freedom.
4) Athens
A wise leader named Pericles ruled Athens from 460B.C to
429 B.C. Under Pericles, Athens had a direct democracy, in
which a large number of the male citizens actually took part
in the day-to-day running of the government. Women,
however, did not participate, since Athenians believed that
women were inferior to men and needed male guidance.
Another group that did not participate in the Athenian
democracy were enslaved people. Enslaved people had
neither political rights nor any personal freedom. Even so,
Athens gave a greater number of people a voice in
government that did any other culture of its time.
Athens is known for having the first democracy in the world.
A democracy is a form of government in which people can
vote. Athens had a direct democracy, which means that all
citizens (adult males born in Athens) were able to vote on
laws.
Unlike Sparta, which focused mainly on war, Athens focused
heavily on culture and is known for its philosophers
(Socrates, Aristotle, Plato) and writers (such as Homer).
5) Religion
The people of ancient Greece were polytheistic (believed in
many nature gods).
The Olympic Games were held every 4 years in Greece to honor
their god, Zeus.
6) Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Age
Macedonia was a mountain kingdom north of Greece. In the
300s B.C., Phillip of Macedonia conquered Greece, which had
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How did the geography
of Greece affect both
its economic activity
and its political
=divisions?
What was a cause of
Sparta’s decline in
power?
been weakened by years of civil war. His son, Alexander the
Great, went on to build an empire that included the Egypt,
Persia (Iran), and part of India. Through his conquests
Alexander spread Greek culture. A new Hellenistic culture arose
that blended aspects of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian
life. This culture gave more right and opportunities to women,
who even gained some political power. Although Alexander’s
empire fell apart soon after his death, Hellenistic culture had a
lasting impact on the regions he had ruled.
7) Hellenistic impact- The word Hellenistic is used to describe the
mixture of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian culture that took
place in the areas that Alexander conquered.
a. Philosophy: Greek thinkers tried to use observation and
reason to understand why things happened. The Greeks
called these thinkers philosophers, a word that means
“lovers of wisdom”. Three of the most famous Greek
philosophers were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
The Greek Philosophers:
SOCRATES PLATO ARISTOTLE
Developed Socratic
method: learning about
beliefs and ideas by
asking questions
Believed government
should control lives of
people
Believed one strong
and good leader should
rule
Government put him to
death
Divided society into
three classes: workers,
philosophers, and
soldiers
Believed people learned
through reason
b. Literature: The first Greek plays developed from religious
festivals. Stories of the gods usually served as the basis for
plays. Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides wrote tragedies,
plays that told stories of human conflict. Other Greek
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CULTURE and INTELLECTUAL
LIFE
Greek art portrayed individuals in perfect form, a
reflection of the Greek belief
in beauty, balance, and order
in the universe.
playwrights wrote comedies. In addition, the Greek poet
Homer wrote epic poems that inspired many later writers.
Greeks applied observation and logic to their writing of
history. The Greek historian Herodotus is often called the
Father of History because of his careful historical writing.
c. Art and Architecture: The Greeks believed in beauty,
balance, and order in the universe. Greek art and
architecture reflected those ideas. Greek paintings and
statues were lifelike, but they also showed the human body
in its most perfect form. The most famous Greek building
was the Parthenon. Architects today still use ancient Greek
ideas, such as Greek column styles, in their buildings.
d. Science: The astronomer Aristarchus discovered that the
earth rotates on its axis and moves around the sun.
Archimedes explored the principles of the lever and pulley.
Hippocrates, a Greek physician, studies the causes of illness
and looked for cures.
e. Mathematics: Greek and Hellenistic thinkers made great
strides in mathematics. Pythagoras developed a formula to
measure the sides of a right triangle; Euclid wrote a book
that became the basis for modern geometry.
B) Rome
1) Geographic Setting: Located on the peninsula of Italy, near the
center of Italy. Unlike the geography of Greece, Italy’s geography
helped its people to unite. Low mountains presented fewer natural
barriers. Fertile plains supported a growing population. In
addition, the location of the Italian peninsula helped Romans to
move easily though the lands of the Mediterranean.
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GEOGRAPHY
The location of Rome helped the
Romans to carry on trade and build an
empire around the Mediterranean
Sea.
What impact did Rome
have on the development of
later political systems?
2) The Roman Republic: The traditional date given foe the
founding of Rome is 509 B.C., when the Romans drove out the
Etruscans who had ruled them. The Romans established a new
form of government called a republic. In a republic, officials were
chose by the people. The most powerful governing body was the
Senate. Senators were members of the landholding upper class,
called patricians. These officials elected two consuls, who
supervised the business of government and commanded the
armies. The plebeians- farmers, merchants, artisans, and traders,
who made up most of the population-had little power.
Under Roman law, the male head of the household had authority
over his wife and family. During the late years of the republic and
early years of the empire, however, women gained greater freedom.
Roman women help prominent public roles and owned successful
businesses.
3) The Roman Empire: By 270 B.C., Rome had conquered all of
Italy. The Romans went on to conquer Carthage, Macedonia,
Greece, and parts of Asia Minor. This expansion, however, led to a
widening gap between rich and poor and also to increased
corruption. Attempts at reform led to a series of civil wars. Out of
this period of chaos, Julius Caesar came to power in 48 B.C. Caesar
made new conquests as well as important reforms.
After Caesar was murdered, his grandnephew Octavian- later called
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The blending of Greek,
Hellenistic, and Roman
traditions is often referred to
as Greco-Roman civilization. It
has had a great impact on the
western world.
MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE AND
GOODS
In the ancient world, goods
moved both over land and
over the seas. Rulers saw
the value of improving
transportation.
Governments built roads,
bridges, ships , and canals
to benefit trade.
Augustus- became ruler. Augustus ruled with absolute power, thus
bringing the republic to an end. The age of the Roman empire had
begun. The 200-year peace that began with Augustus is called the
Pax Romana, or Roman peace. During this time, the Roman empire
spread stability over a large area of the world, including parts of
Europe, North Africa, and Southwest Asia.
4) Roman Contributions: Roman civilizations spread to other
lands. The Romans also absorbed the ideas of other cultures.
Law: A system of laws was Rome’s greatest achievement. It
applied to all people and created a stable Roman empire. Many
of its basic principles-including equality under the law, the right
of the accused to face ones accusers and mount a defense, and
the idea of being considered innocent until proven guilty- are
the basis for systems of justice to this day.
In 450 B.C, the plebeians demanded written laws, saying that
they could not know what the laws were if they were not written
down. These Laws of the Twelve Tables, inscribed on twelve
tablets, were displayed in the marketplace. Later, plebeians won
the right to elect their own officials and serve in all kinds of
government jobs.
Art and Architecture: The Romans borrowed many Greek
concepts in the arts and architecture. They used Greek-style
statues in their home and public buildings. Roman buildings
were mighty and grand, however, instead of simple and elegant.
Roman writers used the Latin language, which united the
empire, to write great poetic, historical, and philosophical
works.
Engineering: The Romans were very practical. They built
excellent roads, bridges, harbors, and aqueducts- bridge like
stone structures that carried water from the hills to the cities.
The Romans also improved the arch and the dome.
5) Key Features and Achievements of the Roman Empire:
o Trade and Transportation Networks- The Romans were
able to unite the areas of their empire and grow wealthy
from trade because of the roads they built on land and
because the Mediterranean Sea connected areas within
their empire.
o Twelve Tables of Rome- Written set of laws that stated
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BELIEF SYSTEMS
One of the most
important contributions
of the Mauryans was the
spread of Buddhism into
other parts of Asia.
the rules of behavior for members of Roman society.
Although the laws favored the wealthy, these laws
created stability (order) since they were displayed in
public for all to see.
o Ideas about Law- Romans developed important legal
ideas that we still use today (‘innocent until proven
guilty)
o d.) Pax Romana- means “Roman Peace”. This was the
200-year Golden Age of Rome in which there was
extensive trade and great achievements in art, literature,
math, and science.
B) India (c. 1500 B.C.-185 B.C)
1) Geographic Setting: The subcontinent of India juts out from the
Asian continent. The Indian subcontinent includes three major
geographical regions:
The northern plain, fertile and well watered by the Indus and
the Ganges
The Deccan Plateau, dry and sparsely populated
The coastal plains, flat land along the east and west coasts
where farming, fishing, and trading can occur.
This varied geography had made the subcontinent difficult to unite.
During the classical period, India was ruled by two successful
dynasties (families of rulers): The Maurya dynasty and the Gupta
Dynasty.
3) Maurya Dynasty
Asoka- Famous ruler of India who wrote the laws of India on
tall rock pillars (columns) that were displayed throughout India.
Asoka converted to Buddhism during his reign and is known for
his kind treatment of people and animals.
3) Gupta Dynasty
The Gupta Dynasty is considered the Golden Age of India since
there were many achievements in art, literature, math, and
science. Some of the achievement include the invention of zero
in mathematics, the development of Sanskrit writing, and
beautiful Buddhist paintings.
4) Caste System
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a) The caste system was the social hierarchy of India in which
people were born into a social class (called a caste) and
remained in that class for the remainder of their lives. The four
main castes were Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors),
Vaisyas (merchants and artisans), and Sudras (laborers). The
lowest group included people who were known as Untouchables
(they had the worst jobs).
b) Since people could not move up or down in the caste system,
it provided order and structure to society.
c) The caste system is closely associated with the Hindu religion
D) China
1) During the classical period, China was also ruled by two main
dynasties (families of rulers): The Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty.
2) Qin Dynasty
a) Lasted only 15 years.
b) Qin rulers based their government on the philosophy of
Legalism- Believes that humans are evil and that harsh
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punishments are needed to keep order in society.
c) NOTE: Legalism was similar to the Code of Hammurabi in
ancient Mesopotamia since both noted that harsh punishments
were necessary in society.
3) Han Dynasty
a) Lasted 400 years.
b) Key Features and Achievements:
1) Trade and Transportation Networks- As with the Roman
Empire, the Han Dynasty grew wealthy through trade because
of the system of roads that was developed throughout the
region.
2) Civil Service System- System in which government positions
were given only to skilled people who passed difficult exams.
The Chinese were the first to use this kind of system.
E) The Growth of Global Trade Routes
The classical civilizations engaged in trade with one another. These
exchanged of goods, technology, and culture expanded from the time of the
first Indian empire to the time of the Romans.
1. Phoenician Trade: The Phoenicians were one of the earliest trading
empires of the ancient Middle East. Phoenicia was made up of small
city-states in the lands known today as Lebanon and Syria.
Phoenicians made glass from sand, manufactured a purple dye from
the sea snail, and created scrolls from Egyptian papyrus. Their ships
carried valuable goods across the Mediterranean. As trade expanded,
Phoenicia founded colonies throughout the region. The most
important Phoenician contribution to history was the alphabet,
developed to record business transactions. It is the basis of the
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The BIG Idea
1.
2.
3.
4.
alphabet we use today.
2. India’s Role in Trade: Even during early Indus Valley Civilization,
trade had gone on between the peoples of the Indian coast and
Mesopotamian civilizations such as Sumer. During the 300 B.C., when
Alexander expanded his territory into India, he opened a trade
corridor between India and the Mediterranean. By 100 B.C., Indian
goods such as textiles, gems, and spices were given in great demand.
Some goods were sent overland into central Asia and China. Others
went by ship to the Middle East, Egypt, East Africa, and Southeast
Asia. Rome later became an eager market for Indian goods.
3. China and the Silk Road: The Han dynasty opened a trade route
called the Silk Road that eventually linked China with lands as far west
as Mesopotamia. Silk and other Chinese goods moved west, while
products such as muslin, glass, and new foods flowed into China.
The Silk Road eventually stretched for 4,000 miles. Few merchants
traveled the entire distance. Most goods were traded at carious
markets along the way. In the wet, groups such as the Persians
controlled the Silk Road.
4. Roman Trade: During the Pax Romana, trade flowed freely among
the peoples of the Roman empire and other parts of the world.
Egyptian farmers supplied grain; other Africans supplied ivory, gold,
and even lions. Indians exported cotton and many spices to the Roman
empire, and the Chinese supplied silk and other goods. Cultural
Diffusion- Cultural diffusion is the exchange of goods and ideas
between societies. The Silk Road led the exchange of many products
(like Silk) and religious idea (like Buddhism) between civilizations.
SUMMARY (Unit 1 Section 2)
SECTION 3 U1: Rise and Fall of Great Empires
Section overview
The rise and fall of the Han dynasty and the Roman empire followed
remarkably similar courses. Both empires gained power through conquest,
strong central government, and profitable trade. Both eventually fell because
of weak leadership, internal dissent, and aggressive invaders.
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Key Themes and Concepts
1. POLITICAL SYSTEMS
What factors contributed to the rise of both the Han dynasty
and the Roman empire?
2. ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
What WAS THE IMPORTANCE OF TRADE TO THE Han and
Roman empires?
3. CHANGE
What factors contributed to the decline of both the Han and
Roman empires?
Key Terms and People
Wudi
Monopoly
Silk Road
Augustus
Pax Romana
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CHANGE
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I. Factors Leading to Growth
Both the Han and the Roman empires reached their height between 200 B.C
and A.D 200. Both empires began by throwing off oppressive rulers: the Qin
in China and the Etruscans in Rome. Although many elements contributed to
the growth of these two empires, the most important factors that sustained
them were strong government and profitable trade.
A. The Han Empire
1. Military Power: The most famous of the Han emperors, Wudi,
conducted many military campaigns to secure and expand China’s
borders. Many of the battles he fought were attempts to drive
nomadic peoples beyond the Great Wall.
2. Government: Wudi worked to strengthen the Chinese
government. He removed many harsh laws. Also, the civil service
system helped him to choose wise officials. He set up an imperial
university to train scholars in Confucian teachings.
3. Economy and Trade: Initially, Wudi improved the economy
internally by adding canals and roads to ease the movement of
goods. He also had storage areas for grain set up throughout his
empire. When grain was plentiful, the government would buy and
store it. Then, when it became scarce, the government could sell it.
Another source of government revenue was income from the sale of
iron and salt. Wudi created a government monopoly on these
items. A monopoly is the complete control of a product or business
by one person or group- in this case, the Han government. Sales of
iron and salt allowed the government to have a source of income
besides taxes. Wudi and later emperors also developed the Silk
Road, a caravan route stretching from the Chinese capital to the
Mediterranean Sea.
B. The Roman Empire
1. Military Power: The Romans were able to conquer partly because
they had a strong, well-disciplined army. However, they also
treated conquered peoples well, allowing them to keep their own
governments and customs. In return, conquered lands were
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required to supply soldiers of well-trained and well-educated
government officials.
2. Government: Emperor Augustus, who ruled the Roman empire
from 31 B.C. to A.D. 14, stabilized the government. He, like the Han
emperors, created a civil service system that ensured a supply of
well-trained and well-educated government officials.
Both good and bad emperors followed Augustus. However, the
200-year period called the Pax Romana, or Roman peace, began
with his reign. During this time, Roman rule brought order and
prosperity to the empire. Roman legions maintained the road
system and guarded the borders.
3. Economy and Trade: Roman expansion allowed the empire to
take over prosperous trade routes throughout the Mediterranean.
The Mediterranean served as a natural highway for trade. In
addition, the Romans built miles of fine roads that promoted trade
and brought wealth into the empire. Grain from the Nile Valley,
ivory and gold from Africa, spices and gems from India, and silk
that came from China via the Silk Road flowed into the empire.
Under Augustus the tax system was reformed, and new coins were
issued to make trade easier.
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II. Geographic Setting
The Han and Roman empires arose on opposite sides of the Eurasian
landmass. Both, however expanded their borders over time.
A. Extent of the Han Empire
The Han empire was first located where the Qin had ruled: in eastern
China. However, the empire expanded during Han times as Wudi secured
and expanded China’s borders. To the north, the Han moved into
Manchuria and Korea. To the south, the empire moved into northern
Vietnam. To the west, the Han gained territory in Tibet and central Asia.
B. Extent of the Roman Empire
Rome also expanded from its initial location in central Italy. The powerful
Roman military first took over the Italian peninsula. By about 44 B.C.
Roman power extended throughout the Mediterranean, from Spain to
parts of Asia Minor. To the north, the Roman empire spread to what is
now France as well as into parts of Great Britain.
35
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III. Causes of Decline
Both the Han and Roman empires grew weak as a result of internal problems
and external pressures.
A. The Han Empire
Expansion helped to strengthen the Han empire but also led to its
decline.
Political Causes: Rulers that followed Wudi were unable to
control powerful warlords in outlying areas.
Economic Causes: Some rulers did not maintain the systems
of canals and roads, which were vital routes of commerce. As a
result, the economy suffered. High taxes oppressed the peasants
and this led to a revolt.
Military Causes: In A.D 220, warlords overthrew the last Han
emperor, and the empire was spilt into several kingdoms.
Invaders overran the Great Wall and set up their own kingdoms.
B. The Roman Empire
Some of the same factors that led to the Han decline led to the Roman
decline. Overexpansion of the empire, high taxes, and foreign
invasions all weakened the empire.
Roman emperor Diocletian divided the empire into two parts in a
failed attempt to restore order. Although the decline of the Roman
empire was a long, slow process, the year A.D. 476, when Germanic
leader Odoacer ousted the emperor in Rome, is the date generally
considered to mark its fall. The Eastern Roman empire survived,
however, and became known as the Byzantine empire.
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The Fall of the Roman Empire
Military
Causes
Economic
Causes
Political
Causes
Social Causes
Visigoths and
other
Germanic
peoples
invaded the
empire
Roman army
lacked training
and discipline
Romans were
forced to hire
foreign soldiers
to defend
borders
Heavy taxes
were
necessary to
support the
government
Farmers left
land
Middle class
disappeared
Romans used
too much
slave labor
Government
became too
strict
People stopped
supporting
government
Many officials
were corrupt
Divided empire
became weak
Population
declined because
of diseases and
war.
People became
selfish and lazy.
SUMMARY (Unit 1 Section 3)
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SECTION 4 U1: Emergence and Spread of Belief Systems
Section overview
Belief systems developed with the earliest humans, who saw the world as
being full of spirits, With the rise of civilization, more complex belief systems
developed. Hinduism and Buddhism emerged in India. In China,
Confucianism and Taoism developed. In the Middle East, three great world
religions- Judaism, Christianity, and Islam- grew. Each of these religions had
its own beliefs and sacred texts, though all shared some concepts. Several of
these religions spread and had an impact far beyond their places of origin.
Key Themes and Concepts
1. BELIEF SYSTEMS:
What are the characteristics of the major religions?
How are they similar and different?
2. CULTURE
How did major religions affect cultures?
3. MOVEMENT of PEOPLE and GOODS
How did belief systems spread over large areas?
Key Terms and People
Animism
Brahman
Reincarnation
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Karma
Dharma
Upanishads
Buddha
Nirvana
Monotheistic
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Torah
Messiah
Bible
Hihra
Qur’an
Sharia
Missionaries
Diaspora
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I. The Monotheistic Religions
A) Monotheism
Monotheistic religions believe in only one God.
The 3 main monotheistic religions are Judaism, Islam, and
Christianity.
B) Codes of Conduct (Behavior)- All 3 monotheistic religions have
codes of behavior issued by God that state the religious and
moral/ethical obligations (duties) of followers:
Ten Commandments- Code of behavior for Jews and Christians
(i.e.- Do not kill, do not steal, do not worship false gods, etc.).
Five Pillars- Code of behavior for Muslims (i.e.- Make a
pilgrimage to Mecca, pray five times daily, etc.).
II. Religions and Philosophies of India
A) Hinduism
Reincarnation- The idea that after humans die, their souls are
reborn into another body. Hindus believe that humans go
through many rounds of reincarnation (death and rebirth).
Karma- Karma refers to all of the good and bad deeds that one
does during their lifetime. Those who do good deeds develop
good karma and are reborn at a higher level in the next life.
Those who do bad deeds develop bad karma and are reborn at a
lower level in the next life. Hindus follow the Caste System (SEE
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PREVIOUS SECTION ON INDIA) and believe that the social
class that they are born into in this life is based on the karma
they developed in a previous life.
The goal of Hindus is to achieve Moksha- Ending reincarnation
and stopping the cycle of death and rebirth.
B) Buddhism
Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama (also called the
Buddha).
Buddhism is very similar to Hinduism. Both religions believe in
Reincarnation and Karma.
The goal of Buddhists is to achieve Nirvana- Ending
reincarnation and stopping the cycle of death and rebirth
(similar to Hindu concept of Moksha).
Buddhists believe that Nirvana can be achieved when people
accept the Four Noble Truths (the idea that all of life is suffering
and that suffering is caused by our selfish desires). People must
work to end suffering and desire by following the Eightfold Path
(a code of behavior for Buddhists that requires them to resist
evil, act in a kind manner, meditate, etc.).
III. Philosophies of China
A) Legalism
Philosophy based on the idea that humans are evil and that
harsh punishments are needed in order to prevent crime and
keep order in society.
B) Confucianism
Major philosophy of China. It’s main teachings include:
o The Five Relationships- The idea that every single
person has specific roles and obligations that must be
followed in order to keep order and stability
(calmness) in society. For example, subjects must
obey their ruler, wives must obey their husbands, and
children must obey their parents.
o Filial Piety- The idea that people must honor and
respect the elders of their family (i.e.- children must
be loyal and obedient to their parents).
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IV. Nature Religions
A) Nature religions believe that both living and non-living things in
nature (i.e.- trees, mountains, rivers, rain, rocks, animals, etc.) have
a spirit.
B) NOTE: The two most common nature religions are Shinto
(practiced in Japan) and Animism (practiced in Africa). Both
religions believe in nature spirits.
SUMMARY (Unit 1 Section 4)