Post on 01-Aug-2018
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
Training Program
Version 1.0August 2004
Updated March 2005
Training Program Training Program
Version 1.0Version 1.0August 2004August 2004
Updated March 2005Updated March 2005
Denotes slide will be hidden in attendee handouts
H
2
undamentalsof CONCRETE MASONRY
for the 2003 International Building Code
H
3
undamentalsof CONCRETE MASONRY
for the 2003 International Building Code
4
Concrete Masonry Requirements of the 2003 IBC
H
P ennsylvaniaH ousingR esearch / ResourceC enter
H
6
MissionMissionMission
To serve the housing industry and the housing consumer in PA. To improve the quality and affordability of housing.To provide information, training and education.To conduct research, development and demonstration.
H
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
7
PHRC organizationPHRC organizationPHRC organization
Manufacturers / Suppliers
Penn College of Technology(Williamsport)
Operations Committee
IndustryAdvisory Council
Builders
Remodelers
DCED & OtherGovernment Agencies
Educators
Consumers
PHRC
H
8
H
9
Applied researchApplied researchApplied research
Glue Joints in Floors (Floor Sheathing and Joist)
H
Repairing Masonry (Helix SS Ties)
10
This program was developed with support from:This program was developed with support from:This program was developed with support from:H
11
Program OverviewProgram Overview
H
12
Program ObjectivesProgram ObjectivesProgram Objectives
Provide an overview of masonry related requirements of the 2003 IBC, including:
Design considerationsFire safetyStructuralThermal enclosure
Some of the relevant changes between 96 BOCA and 2003 IBC
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
13
HousekeepingHousekeepingHousekeeping
IntroductionsHandoutsQuestionsCell phones & PagersBathroomsSmoking
H
14
Program OverviewProgram Overview
This MorningGeneral info on UCC
General IBC design considerations
Building planning
Structural considerations
15
Program OverviewProgram OverviewProgram Overview
This Afternoon:
Fire resistive construction
Sound
Energy conservation
Field Inspections
Common code violations (Wrap up)
16
Important Stuff the Program Will Not Cover:Important Stuff the Program Will Not Cover:Important Stuff the Program Will Not Cover:
Special use and occupancy (chapter 4)
Unlimited area buildings (507)
Mezzanines (507)
Alarm and sprinklering requirements (Ch. 9)
Accessibility (ADA)
Means of egress (Exiting)
17
Your BackgroundYour BackgroundYour Background
How many here are familiar with the IBC?
Who has a background working with BOCA?
Is there anyone who has not worked with a “commercial”building code?
How many here are:
Architects
Engineers
Code Officials
Other?
H
18
Pennsylvania'sUniform Construction Code
(UCC)
Pennsylvania'sUniform Construction Code
(UCC)
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
19
1. 44% of municipalities have a building code.33% use BOCA or CABO.25% use up-to-date codes.
2. 21.5% of fastest growing municipalities do not have a building code. (32% of new housing starts).
Reasons for UCCReasons for UCCReasons for UCC
Provide for the protection of life, health, property and the environment.
Establish one statewide code.Eliminate restrictive and obsolete codes. Allow faster adoption of innovative materials and methods.Provide for adequately trained Code Officials
20
UCC Enactment & EnforcementUCC Enactment & EnforcementUCC Enactment & Enforcement
LegislationRegulations
(PA DLI)
AdministrationTraining & Certification
Act 45 of 1999Act 43 of 2001Act 13 of 2004Act 92 of 2004
Act 230 of 2004
www.dli.state.pa.us/codes
21 22
23
UCC Administration & EnforcementUCC Administration & EnforcementUCC Administration & Enforcement
State Owned Buildings
24
Non-Municipal EnforcementNonNon--Municipal EnforcementMunicipal Enforcement
ResidentialResponsibility of permit applicant to obtain 3rd party agency
CommercialAdministered by L&IMunicipality to notify L&I of applicant
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
25
Municipal Enforcement of the UCCMunicipal Enforcement of the UCCMunicipal Enforcement of the UCC
Opt out, 278
Opt in, 2287
Opt-In Municipalities2,287 or 89%
26
AppealsAppealsAppeals
XAccessibility Issues
XState Owned Buildings
XOpt-out MunicipalitiesXOpt-in Municipalities
GeneralBuildings
Issues
L&ILocalAppeals
27
ICC Codes Adopted by the UCCICC Codes Adopted by the UCCICC Codes Adopted by the UCC
28
Concrete Masonry Requirements of the 2003 IBC
H
29
Grandfathered OrdinancesGrandfathered OrdinancesGrandfathered Ordinances
Municipalities may retain pre-July 1, 1999 ordinances if:
Ordinances must equal or exceed the UCC
30
May propose amendments (by ordinance).Proposed amendments must equal or exceed the requirements of the UCC.Proposed amendments must be reviewed and approved by the Department.Enacted ordinance may be challenged by an aggrieved party.
Municipal AmendmentsMunicipal Amendments
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
31
Agricultural BuildingsStores hay, feed, grain, farm implements, etc.Houses livestock or poultryStorage of agricultural or horticultural productsMilking operations
Exclusion does not apply to:Habitable spacesSpaces open to general publicSpaces used for food processing or packaging
Exempt BuildingsExempt BuildingsExempt Buildings
32
Activities Regulated by the UCCActivities Regulated by the UCCActivities Regulated by the UCC
Construction
Alteration
Repair
Movement
Equipment
Demolition
Maintenance
Change of Occupancy
33
A Permit is Not Required for the Exceptions:
A Permit is Not Required for A Permit is Not Required for the Exceptions:the Exceptions:
Building construction
Electrical work
Gas work
Plumbing repairs Review lis
t
H
34
General IBC Considerations
35
Overview of IBC RequirementsOverview of IBC RequirementsOverview of IBC Requirements
The following design information shall be provided:Use and occupancy of all spaces (302)Construction type (Table 601)Building height and area (Table 503)Fire rated assemblies (Ch. 7)
36
H
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
37
Problems and solutions: Client needs and IBC Requirements
Problems and solutions: Problems and solutions: Client needs and IBC RequirementsClient needs and IBC Requirements
H
38
Building Site ConsiderationsBuilding Site ConsiderationsBuilding Site Considerations
Sloping lotNew building will abut existing shops at upper levelLower level will be 21′ to the lot lineStreet exposure on three sides
H
39
Design ParametersDesign ParametersDesign Parameters
Mercantile 9,000 sq. ft.Parking for mercantile or Business 10,000 sq. ft.Possible restaurant or bar tenant space at street level 1,500-2,000 sq. ft.Business tenant spaces (above) 10,000 sq. ft. Three stories based on zoning limits
H
40
General IBC Considerations
General IBC General IBC Considerations Considerations
41
OverviewOverviewOverview
Plan preparation requirements (UCC 403.42a)Design approach
Use and occupancyConstruction typeBuilding height and areaHeight and area modifiersMixed-use buildings
42
Plan Submittal Requirements & Construction Documents
Plan Submittal Requirements & Plan Submittal Requirements & Construction DocumentsConstruction Documents
The following design information shall be provided:Use and occupancy of all spaces (302)Construction type (Table 601)Building height and area (Table 503)Fire rated assemblies (Ch. 7)Special inspections (UCC 403.42a, 1704)Soils report (1802)Masonry design requirements (2101.3)
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
43
Construction DocumentsConstruction DocumentsConstruction Documents
Plans are required to be prepared by a PA registered design professional (403.42a), additionally:
Plans, special inspection programs and other data shall be submitted in one or more sets with each application for a permit.Documents shall be clear, indicate the nature and extent of work proposed, and show in detail that the work will conform to the UCC.Site plan indicating boundary lines, distances to lot lines, established street and finish grades.
44
Design Approach (pink handout)Design Approach (pink handout)Design Approach (pink handout)
1. Classify use or occupancy2. Consider characteristics of the 5 types of
construction3. Determine building height and area4. Determine construction type for single use or non-
separated mixed use groups5. Determine construction type for mixed use separated
use groups
45
1) Use Groups (302)1) Use Groups (302)1) Use Groups (302)
Use Group CodeAssembly A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4 and A-5 303Business B 304
Educational E 305Factory F-1 and F-2 306
High Hazard H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4 and H-5 307Institutional I-1, I-2, I-3 and I-4 308Mercantile M 309
Residential R-1, R-2, R-3 and R-4 310Storage S-1 and S-2 311
Utility and Miscellaneous U 312 46
Design ParametersDesign ParametersDesign Parameters
Mercantile 9,000 sq. ft. (M)
Parking for mercantile & business (S-2)
Possible restaurant or bar tenant space at street level (A-2)
Business above (B)
47
2) Types of Construction2) Types of Construction2) Types of Construction
See Table 601 (Blue handout)Five possible construction types Each construction type denotes type of materials usedFire Resistance Rating Requirements for Building Elements (in hours) is shown
48
Construction Type (Table 601)Construction Type (Table 601)Construction Type (Table 601)
Non-combustibleCom/non-com
Heavy timberCombustible
Protected (typical) Unprotected (typical)
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
49
Building MaterialsBuilding MaterialsBuilding Materials
Protected UnprotectedBuilding materials are protected when they are encased in other materials that have a higher resistance to fire. As shown in the figure below, wood can be encased in gypsum to increase its fire-resistance rating, just as steel can be encased in concrete to increase its fire-resistance rating.
Unprotected building materials are not encased in protective coating. As shown in the figure below, a wood beam and a steel girder are examples of unprotected materials.
50
Type I Construction (Section 602.2)Type I Construction (Section 602.2)Type I Construction (Section 602.2)
Structural members are constructed of protected noncombustible materials.
51
Type II Construction (Section 602.2)Type II Construction (Section 602.2)Type II Construction (Section 602.2)
Protected Noncombustible Materials
Unprotected Noncombustible Materials
Structural members are constructed of noncombustible materials.II-A is protected; II-B is unprotected.
52
Type III Construction (Section 602.3)Type III Construction (Section 602.3)Type III Construction (Section 602.3)
Noncombustible/Combustible Protected/Unprotected
Exterior walls are constructed of noncombustible materials and the interior structural elements may be of wood.III-A is protected; III-B is unprotected.
2 21 0
53
Type IV Construction (Section 602.4)Type IV Construction (Section 602.4)Type IV Construction (Section 602.4)
Noncombustible/Combustible Heavy Timber
Exterior walls are constructed of noncombustible materials and the interior structural elements are constructed of heavy timber.Materials are unprotected.
2HT 54
Type V Construction (Section 602.5)Type V Construction (Section 602.5)Type V Construction (Section 602.5)
Typically, the structural members and exterior walls of a Type V building are standard wood frame construction.V-A is protected; V-B is unprotected.
1 01 0
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
55
Building HeightBuilding HeightBuilding Height
Important definitions (502)Height, Building
Grade Plane
Average Grade
Story above Grade
56
3) Building Height3) Building Height3) Building Height
The vertical distance from grade plane to the average height of the highest roof surface (Section 502.1).
In this case, the term “average height” for a sloping roof is the midway point between the extremes of the sloping roof.
57
Exception, PenthousesException, PenthousesException, Penthouses
A structure located above the roof of a building which does not exceed 33⅓ percent of the roof area (Section 1502).
If the structure is multilevel and still is to be classified as a penthouse, the aggregate area of all levels cannot exceed 33⅓ percent of the roof area.
58
Exception, PenthousesException, PenthousesException, Penthouses
A penthouse, when considered part of the floor below, is not added to the height of the building.
However, if the area of the structure exceeds 33⅓percent of the roof area, it must be labeled as a story and is included in the height measurement.
59
Grade PlaneGrade PlaneGrade Plane
The level or elevation of ground adjoining the exterior wall of a building.Grade is easy to calculate if the land adjoining a building is flat.In the case of sloping ground, grade is the lowest ground elevation within 6 feet of an exterior wall, or, if the lot line is within that 6 feet, the lowest ground elevation between the wall and the lot line (Section 502.1).
60
Average GradeAverage GradeAverage Grade
A “plane” of ground next to the building walls.Once the grade elevation along the points of an exterior wall have been determined, these points are then averaged using the following formula:
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
61
Average GradeAverage GradeAverage Grade
An alternate method for determining average grade is as follows:The figure shows an exterior wall with adjoining ground that does not have a constant elevation. To determine what the average grade is, find that area of wall surface entirely above the earth.
This area can be determined by breaking the odd configuration of the wall above grade into several geometric shapes. The area of each shape can easily be found.
62
Average GradeAverage GradeAverage Grade
By adding the area of the shapes together, the total area of the wall above grade can be determined. Dividing this area by the wall length will result in a determination of the distance from the top of the wall to the average grade “plane”.
In this example, the average height (elevation) is 3 feet 4 inches from the top of the wall. Therefore, grade can be stated to be that plane which is 3 feet 4 inches below the top of the wall.
63
Average Grade Calculation (for our project)Average Grade Calculation (for our project)Average Grade Calculation (for our project)
Average Grade CalculationBuilding Section - East
64
Story Above GradeStory Above GradeStory Above Grade
Consider as being above grade if:The finished surface of the floor above is more than 6 feet above the adjoining ground for more than 50% of the perimeter of the building.The finished surface of the floor above is more than 6 feet above grade plane.
The finished surface of the floor above is more than 12 feet above the adjoining ground at any point around the perimeter of the building.
65
Building HeightBuilding HeightBuilding Height
Table 503 Allowable Height & Building AreasHeight Limits Shown as Stories and Feet Above Grade PlaneArea Limits Determined by Definition of “Area, Building” Per Floor (gross square footage)
(Yellow Handout)
This table represents the base height and area allowed for buildings based on the type of construction.
66
Height ModificationsHeight ModificationsHeight Modifications
Automatic sprinkler system increase for buildings equipped throughout with an NFPA 13 system (504.2)
maximum height increased by 20 feetmaximum number of stories is increased by one story
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
67
Height Modifications for “R” UseHeight Modifications for Height Modifications for ““RR”” UseUse
Automatic sprinkler system increase for buildings equipped throughout with an NFPA 13 system or 13R system
Maximum height increased by 20 feetMaximum number of stories is increased by one storyNot to exceed four stories or 60 feet
68
Building Area ModificationsBuilding Area ModificationsBuilding Area Modifications
Increase for Frontage (open perimeter) (506.2) Maximum increase = 75%Width limits (506.2.1)
Sprinklered throughout with an NFPA 13 system (506.3):
Area of table 503 is increased up to 200% for multistory buildings, and;Increased up to 300% for single story buildings
69
North East South WestFrontage (506.2) 60 180 60 158Total Frontage (F) 60 + 180 + 60 + 158 = 458Perimeter (P) 60 + 180 + 60 + 180 = 480
Minimum width of open space W = 27Width Limits (506.2.1 – weighted average)
27458
(158x21) (60x30) (180x30) (60X30) WLimitsWidth =+++
=
(North) (East) (South) (West)
Frontage Increase:
3025.0100If
WPF
⎥⎦⎤
⎢⎣⎡ −=
302725.0
480458 100 ⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣⎡ −=
63=
Allowable Area per foot:
1)-5(Equation 100
IA100
I AAA st ftta ⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣⎡+⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣⎡+=
0
1.63x A100
63 x AA tt
t =⎥⎦⎤
⎢⎣⎡+=
Frontage Calculation (open perimeter under BOCA) 506.2Frontage Calculation Frontage Calculation (open perimeter under BOCA) 506.2(open perimeter under BOCA) 506.2
70
Design ParametersDesign ParametersDesign Parameters
Mercantile (M) 9,000 sq. ft. Parking (S-2) 10,800 sq. ft. Restaurant (A-2) tenant space 1684 sq. ft. Business (B) 3rd floor; 10,800 sq. ft. 40 feet in heightBuilding Area (footprint) = 10,800 sq. ft.
71
Design ApproachDesign ApproachDesign Approach
1. Classify use or occupancy2. Consider characteristics of the 5 types of
construction3. Determine building height and area4. Determine construction type for single use or non-
separated mixed use groups5. Determine construction type for mixed use separated
use groups
72
H
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
73
Mixed Occupancies (302.3)Mixed Occupancies (302.3)Mixed Occupancies (302.3)
A building, or portion thereof, occupied by two or more uses not included in the same occupancy classification shall comply with one of the following:
Non-separated uses (302.3.1) Separated uses (302.3.2) orCombination of these sections
74
Non-Separated Uses (302.3.1)NonNon--Separated Uses (302.3.1)Separated Uses (302.3.1)
Each portion of the building shall be individually classified as to use
The most restrictive type of construction, so determined, shall apply to the entire building
Other code requirements apply to each portion of the building based on the use of that space except that the most restrictive provisions of 403 and Chapter 9 shall apply to these non-separated uses
Fire separations are not required between uses except as required by other provisions
75
4) Minimum Construction Type for Single Use or Non-separated Mixed Use Groups
4) Minimum Construction Type for Single Use or 4) Minimum Construction Type for Single Use or NonNon--separated Mixed Use Groupsseparated Mixed Use Groups
Use Table 503Can we design our building as a mixed non-separated occupancy?
76
5) Minimum Construction Type for Mixed Use Separated Use Groups
5) Minimum Construction Type for Mixed Use 5) Minimum Construction Type for Mixed Use Separated Use GroupsSeparated Use Groups
Table 302.3.2Separation, in hours, for our “use” groupsWhat “reduced” construction type can we use if we consider this design option?
77
Separated Uses (302.3.2)Separated Uses (302.3.2)Separated Uses (302.3.2)
Each portion of the building shall be individually classified as to use and shall be separated from adjacent fire areas in accordance with Table 302.3.2
78
Mixed Occupancy Separated UsesMixed Occupancy Separated UsesMixed Occupancy Separated Uses
Section 302.3.2 (Review)In each story, the building area shall be such that the sum of the ratios of the floor area of each use divided by the allowable area for each use shall not exceed oneMixed use calculation
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
79
Construction Type IIBConstruction Type IIBConstruction Type IIB
Construction Type IIB Mixed Occupancy Separated Uses (302.3.2)
Story
Group Actual Floor Area
Adjusted Floor Area
Actual Height
Allowable Height
Feet Stories Feet Stories 1 S-2 10,800 6,626 14 1 65 5 2 A-2 1,684 1,033 14 1 65 3 2 M 9,120 5,595 28 2 65 4 3 B 10,800 6,626 42 3 65 5
Construction Type IIB Mixed Occupancy Separated Uses (302.3.2)
Story
Group Actual Floor Area
Adjusted Floor Area
Actual Height
Allowable Height
Feet Stories Feet Stories 1 S-2 10,800 6,626 14 1 65 5 2 A-2 1,684 1,033 14 1 65 3 2 M 9,120 5,595 28 2 65 4 3 B 10,800 6,626 42 3 65 5
PART 1
80
Construction Type IIBConstruction Type IIBConstruction Type IIB
=AreaTabular Allowable
*AreaFloor AdjustedOK125.0
000,26626,6
∴<=
PART 2
OK156.0500,12595,5
500,9031,1
∴<=+
OK129.0000,23626,6
∴<=
FactorConversionAreaFloor ActualAreaFloor Adjusted* =
Story
3
2
1
2B Construction OK
81
Construction Type IIIAConstruction Type IIIAConstruction Type IIIA
Construction Type IIIA Mixed Occupancy Separated Uses (302.3.2)
Story
Group Actual Floor Area
Adjusted Floor Area
Actual Height
Allowable Height
Feet Stories Feet Stories 1 S-2 10,800 6,626 14 1 65 4 2 A-2 1,684 1,033 14 1 65 3 2 M 9,120 5,595 28 2 65 4 3 B 10,800 6,626 42 3 65 5
Construction Type IIIA Mixed Occupancy Separated Uses (302.3.2)
Story
Group Actual Floor Area
Adjusted Floor Area
Actual Height
Allowable Height
Feet Stories Feet Stories 1 S-2 10,800 6,626 14 1 65 4 2 A-2 1,684 1,033 14 1 65 3 2 M 9,120 5,595 28 2 65 4 3 B 10,800 6,626 42 3 65 5
77.0500,28626,6
500,18595,5
000,14031,1
000,39626,6
AreaTabular Allowable*AreaFloor Adjusted
=+++=
(Table 503)
Factor ConversionAreaFloor ActualAreaFloor Adjusted* = permitted. isIIIA Type 177.0 ∴<
= .17 + .07 + .30 + .23 = .77
82
Construction Type IVConstruction Type IVConstruction Type IV
Construction Type IV Mixed Occupancy Separated Uses (302.3.2)
Story
Group Actual Floor Area
AdjustedFloor Area
Actual Height
Allowable Height
Feet Stories Feet Stories 1 S-2 10,800 6,626 14 1 65 5 2 A-2 1,684 1,033 14 1 65 3 2 M 9,120 5,595 28 2 65 4 3 B 10,800 6,626 42 3 65 5
Construction Type IV Mixed Occupancy Separated Uses (302.3.2)
Story
Group Actual Floor Area
AdjustedFloor Area
Actual Height
Allowable Height
Feet Stories Feet Stories 1 S-2 10,800 6,626 14 1 65 5 2 A-2 1,684 1,033 14 1 65 3 2 M 9,120 5,595 28 2 65 4 3 B 10,800 6,626 42 3 65 5
69.0000,36626,6
500,20595,5
000,15031,1
500,38626,6
AreaTabular Allowable*AreaFloor Adjusted
=+++=
(Table 503)
FactorConversionAreaFloor ActualAreaFloor Adjusted* = permitted. is IV Type 169.0 ∴<
= .17 + .07 + .27 + .18 = .69
83
Conclusion for Mixed Separated UsesConclusion for Mixed Separated UsesConclusion for Mixed Separated Uses
Separation in hours between use groups:B / M (horizontal) 2 hr.A-2 / B (horizontal) 2 hr.A-2 / M (vertical) 2 hr.A-2 / S-2 (horizontal) 1 hr. (footnote c)M / S-2 (horizontal) 1 hr. (footnote c)Note: these ratings come from Table 302.3.2 (green handout)
84
Conclusion for Construction TypeConclusion for Construction TypeConclusion for Construction Type
Type IIA:Structural frame 1 hr.Bearing walls (interior and exterior) 1 hr.Nonbearing walls 0 hr.Floor construction 1 hr.Roof construction 1 hr.Note: these ratings come from Table 601(blue handout)
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
85
Other ConsiderationsOther ConsiderationsOther Considerations
Incidental Use Areas (Table 302.1.1)
Structural Considerations
87
H88
H
89
Structural ConsiderationsStructural ConsiderationsStructural Considerations
IBC: Ch16
Design Standards:ACI 530-02/ASCE 5-02/TMS 402-02: Building Code Requirements for Masonry StructuresACI 530.1-02/ASCE 6-02/TMS 602-02: Specification for Masonry StructuresASCE 7-02: Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other StructuresASTM Various Standards
90
Structural ConsiderationsStructural ConsiderationsStructural Considerations
Information Required On Design DocumentsDesign Live Loads (1607) (T1607.1) (ASCE 7-02)Roof Live Load (1607.11)Roof Snow Load (1608) (ASCE 7-02)
Pg, Pf, Ce, Is, Ct
Wind Design Data (1609) (ASCE 7-02)V3s, Iw, Exposure Factor, Internal Pressure Coefficient, Cladding Design Pressure
Seismic Design Data (1614-1620)IE, Ss, S1, Site Class, SDS, SD1, Seismic Design Category, Basic Seismic-Force Resisting System, Design Base Shear, CS, R, Analysis Procedure Used
IBC: Ch16
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
91
Structural ConsiderationsStructural ConsiderationsStructural Considerations
IBC:T1604.592
Structural Considerations Structural Considerations Structural Considerations
General Design Requirements (1604)Serviceability (1604.3)
Deflections are governed by ACI 530-02
Anchorage (1604.8.2)Masonry walls shall be anchored to elements that provide lateralsupport by a direct positive connection able to resist a minimumload of 280 plf horizontal force, substitute for “E” in the applicable load combinations
Load CombinationsStrength Design / Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) (1605.2)Allowable Stress Design (ASD) (1605.3)
IBC: Ch16
93
Structural ConsiderationsStructural ConsiderationsStructural Considerations
Allowable Stress Design (ASD) (1605.3)DD + LD + L + (Lr or S or R)D + (W or 0.7E) + L + (Lr or S or R)0.6D + W0.6D + 0.7E
Where roof snow load is 30 psf or less it does not need to be combined with seismic loads. Where roof snow load exceeds 30 psf, 20 percent shall be combined with seismic loads.
IBC: Ch1694
Structural ConsiderationsStructural ConsiderationsStructural Considerations
Load Reduction (1605.3.1.1)It is permitted to multiply the combined effect of two or more variable loads by 0.75 and add to the effect of dead load. The combined load used in design shall not be less than the sum of the effects of dead load and any one of the variable loads. The0.7 factor on E does not apply for this provision
Increases in allowable stresses specified in the appropriate materials section of this code or referenced standard shall not be used with the load combinations of section 1605.3.1 except that a duration of load increase shall be permitted in accordance with Chapter 23 (wood)
IBC: Ch16
95
Structural ConsiderationsStructural ConsiderationsStructural Considerations
Snow Loads (1608)Ground Snow loads are determined from the map in Figure 1608.2.Site-specific case studies shall be made in areas designated with a “CS” on Figure 1608.2.Snow loads for areas with an elevation exceeding the (xxx) limits shown on Figure 1608.2 and for areas designated “CS”shall be approved. These shall be based on an extreme value statistical analysis with a 2% annual probability of being exceeded, or a 50 year mean recurrence interval.
IBC: Ch1696
Structural ConsiderationsStructural ConsiderationsStructural Considerations
Ground Snow Load Map for Pennsylvania
(700 FT)
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
97
Structural ConsiderationsStructural ConsiderationsStructural Considerations
Snow Loads (1608)Be careful to contact the local code administration to determine localized snow considerations
Ex. State College, Pennsylvania (1184 ft)
Figure 1608.2 – Pg = 30 psf (700 ft)
Local Amendment – Pg = 40 psf
IBC: Ch1698
Structural ConsiderationsStructural ConsiderationsStructural Considerations
Wind Loads (1609)Minimum wind load pressure is 10 psf (1609.1.2)Wind & Seismic Detailing (1609.1.5)
Lateral-force-resisting systems shall meet the seismic detailing requirements and limitations prescribed in this code, even when wind code prescribed load effects are greater than seismic load effects
IBC: Ch16
99
Structural ConsiderationsStructural ConsiderationsStructural Considerations
Soil Lateral Load (1610)Soil loads from Table 1610.1 shall be used as the minimum design lateral soil load unless specified otherwise in a soil investigation report approved by the building officialHorizontal wall movement or rotation is resisted at the top:
Design must use at-rest soil pressures
Wall is free to move and rotate at the top:Design may use active soil pressures
Exception: Basement walls extending not more than 8 feet below grade and supporting flexible floor systems shall be permitted to be designed for active pressure.
IBC: Ch16100
Structural ConsiderationsStructural ConsiderationsStructural Considerations
2
21 HKγ
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ −=
−=
245tan
sin1
2
0
φφ
aK
K
H/3
For granular non-cohesive materials:
H
Equivalent fluid pressure:
γγ
γγ
K
HHK
EQ
EQ
=
= 22
21
21
101
Structural ConsiderationsStructural ConsiderationsStructural Considerations
°==
30120
φγ pcf
( )
( )
( )( )
plf
ftpcfP
pcf
pcf
K
EQ
3000
10602160
1205.05.0
30sin1
2
0
=
=
=
==
°−=
γ
Using silty gravels (GM):
( )
( )( )
plf
ftpcfP
pcf
pcf
K
EQ
a
2000
10402140
120333.0333.0
23045tan
2
2
=
=
=
==
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ °
−=
γ
At-Rest Pressure Active Pressure
102
Structural ConsiderationsStructural ConsiderationsStructural Considerations
IBC: Ch16
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
103
Structural ConsiderationsStructural ConsiderationsStructural Considerations
Earthquake Loading (1613-1622)All structures and portion thereof, shall as a minimum, be designed and constructed to resist the effects of earthquake motions and assigned a Seismic Design Category as set forth in Section 1616.3. Structures determined to be in Seismic Design Category A need only comply with section 1616.4.
IBC: Ch16104
Structural ConsiderationsStructural ConsiderationsStructural Considerations
Exemptions:1. Designed by the provisions of ASCE 7-02 Sections 9.1-9.6 &
9.13-9.142. Detached 1 & 2 family dwellings in Seismic Design Categories A,
B, and C or located where Ss < 0.4g are exempt from 1613 – 16223. Seismic-force resisting system of wood-frame buildings that
conform to 2308 (light frame construction) are not required to be analyzed as specified in 1616.1
4. Ag storage structures intended only for incidental human occupation are exempt from 1613-1622
IBC: Ch16
105
Structural ConsiderationsStructural ConsiderationsStructural Considerations
Exemptions cont.:5. Structures located where SS ≤ 0.15g and S1 ≤ 0.04g shall be
categorized as Seismic Design Category A and need only comply with 1616.4
6. Structures located where SDS ≤ 0.167g and SD1 ≤ 0.067g shall be categorized as Seismic Design Category A and need only comply with 1616.4
IBC: Ch16106
H
107
Structural ConsiderationsStructural ConsiderationsStructural Considerations
Short Duration (0.2 sec.) Spectral Response Acceleration (SS) Map
IBC: Ch16108
Structural ConsiderationsStructural ConsiderationsStructural Considerations
1 Second Spectral Response Acceleration (S1) Map
IBC: Ch16
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
109
Structural ConsiderationsStructural ConsiderationsStructural Considerations
Site Class Definitions
IBC:T1615.1.1110
Structural ConsiderationsStructural ConsiderationsStructural Considerations
Seismic Design Coefficients
IBC:T1617.6.2
111
Soils&
Foundations
Chapter 18
112
Soils & FoundationsSoils & FoundationsSoils & Foundations
1805.5 Foundation walls. Concrete and masonry foundation walls shall be designed in accordance with Chapter 19 or 21. Foundation walls that are laterally supported at the top and bottom and within the parameters of Tables 1805.5(1) through 1805.5(4) are permitted to be designed and constructed in accordance with Sections 1805.5.1 through 1805.5.5.
IBC: Ch18
113
Soils & FoundationsSoils & FoundationsSoils & Foundations
Table 1805.5(1) Plain Masonry Foundation Walls
IBC: Ch18114
Soils & FoundationsSoils & FoundationsSoils & Foundations
Table 1805.5(2) 8 in. Reinforced Masonry Foundation Walls
IBC: Ch18
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
115
Soils & FoundationsSoils & FoundationsSoils & Foundations
1805.5.5.2 Seismic requirements for masonry foundation walls.Masonry foundation walls designed using Tables 1805.5(1) through1805.5(4) shall be subject to the following limitations:
IBC:S1708
A design using Tables 1805.2(2) through 1805.5(4) subject to the seismic requirements of Section 2106.6.
Seismic Design Categories E and F
A design using Tables 1805.2(2) through 1805.5(4) subject to the seismic requirements of Section 2106.5.
Seismic Design Category D
A design using Tables 1805.5(1) through 1805.5(4) subject to the seismic requirements of Section 2106.4.
Seismic Design Category CNo additional seismic requirements.Seismic Design Categories A and B
116
Soils & FoundationsSoils & FoundationsSoils & Foundations
Section 1806 Retaining Walls
1806.1 General. Retaining walls shall be designed to ensure stability against overturning, sliding, excessive foundation pressure and water uplift. Retaining walls shall be designed for a safety factor of 1.5 against lateral sliding and overturning.
IBC: Ch18
117
Soils & FoundationsSoils & FoundationsSoils & Foundations
Other ResourcesTek Manual For Concrete Masonry Design & Construction Published by The National Concrete Masonry Association Availablein print or on-line @ www.NCMA.org
15-2B Strength Design of Reinforced Concrete Masonry Foundation Walls15-7A Concrete Masonry Cantilever Retaining Walls
NCMA: TEK118
Masonry
Chapter 21
119
MasonryMasonryMasonry
Design MethodsWorking Stress Design (2101 – 2104) & (2106 – 2107)Strength Design (2101 – 2104) & (2106 – 2108)Prestressed Masonry (2101 – 2104), (2106), (ACI 530: Ch 1-4), & Special Inspections (1704.5)Empirical Design (2101 – 2104) & (2106 – 2109) or (ACI 530: Ch 5)Masonry Veneer (Ch 14)
IBC: Ch21
120
MasonryMasonryMasonry
2106.1 Seismic design requirements for masonry. Masonry structures and components shall comply with the requirements in Section 1.13.2.2 of ACI 530 and Section 1.13.3, 1.13.4, 1.13.5, 1.13.6 or 1.13.7 of ACI 530 depending on the structure’s seismic design category as determined in Section 1616.3. All masonry walls, unless isolated on three edges from in-plane motion of the basic structural systems, shall be considered to be part of the seismic-force-resisting system.
IBC: Ch21
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
121
MasonryMasonryMasonry
2106.1.1 Basic seismic-force-resisting system. Buildings relying on masonry shear walls as part of the basic seismic-force-resisting system shall comply with Section 1.13.2.2 of ACI 530 or with Section 2106.1.1.1, 2106.1.1.2 or 2106.1.1.3.
Additional Requirements Based On Seismic Design CategoryCategory B (2106.3)Category C (2106.4)Category D (2106.5)Category E & F (2106.5)
IBC: Ch21
122
MasonryMasonryMasonry
Modifications to the acceptable design methods:Working Stress Design (2107)Strength Design (2108)Empirical Design (2109)
IBC: Ch21
123
Structural Design ResourcesStructural Design ResourcesStructural Design Resources
2003 International Building Code: International Code CouncilSEI/ASCE 7-02 Minimum Design Loads For Buildings and Other Structures: American Society of Civil EngineersACI 530-02/ASCE 6-02/TMS 402-02 Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures: Masonry Standards Joint Committee (American Concrete Institute/American Society of Civil Engineers/The Masonry Society)TEK Manual for Concrete Masonry Design and Construction:National Concrete Masonry Association2003 International Building Code Commentary: International Code Council2003 International Building Code ASTM Referenced Standards:International Code CouncilYour local PCMA Producer Member
124
Fire Separation DistanceAnd
Fire Resistive Construction
125
Fire Separation DistanceFire Separation DistanceFire Separation Distance
H126
Fire Separation DistanceFire Separation DistanceFire Separation Distance
Definition (702.1)Table 602 (blue handout)
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
127
Fire Separation DistanceFire Separation DistanceFire Separation Distance
The distance measured from the building face to:
The closest interior lot line;The center line of a street, alley, or public way; or To an imaginary line between two buildings on a lotThe distance shall be measured at right angles from the face of the wall.
128
Allowable Area of Openings (704.8)Allowable Area of Openings (704.8)Allowable Area of Openings (704.8)
129
Fire Resistive ConstructionFire Resistive ConstructionFire Resistive Construction
Fire Walls, Fire Barriers, Fire Partitions… What’s the difference?Important definitions:
Fire Wall (702, 705)
Fire Barrier (702, 706)
Fire Partitions (702, 708)
Shafts (702, 707)
130
Fire Resistance Ratings & Fire Rated Assemblies
Fire Resistance Ratings & Fire Resistance Ratings & Fire Rated AssembliesFire Rated Assemblies
Design professional determines and provides documentation validating fire performance characteristics of material or assemblyFire resistance ratings determined by one of the following methods:
ASTM E-119 (703.2)Prescriptive Fire Resistance (720)Calculated Fire Resistance (721)Other methods acceptable to the “Authority Having Jurisdiction”
Complete listings and details of construction of fire rated assemblies required on the “Construction Documents”
131
Fire Wall (705)Fire Wall (705)Fire Wall (705)
Must be non-combustible construction (unless Type V construction)Must remain in place if construction on either side collapses (but not if both sides collapse)Commonly used to divide a structure into two separate buildings or separate a new addition from the existing structureFirewalls create separate buildingsMinimum two hour ratingShall extend beyond exterior walls (exceptions)Shall extend 30” above adjacent roofs (exceptions)
132
Fire Barrier (706.4)Fire Barrier (706.4)Fire Barrier (706.4)
Used for separation of:Shafts, exits and incidental use areasDifferent occupanciesA single occupancy into separate fire areas
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
131
Fire Wall (705)Fire Wall (705)Fire Wall (705)
Must be non-combustible construction (unless Type V construction)Must remain in place if construction on either side collapses (but not if both sides collapse)Commonly used to divide a structure into two separate buildings or separate a new addition from the existing structureFirewalls create separate buildingsMinimum two hour ratingShall extend beyond exterior walls (exceptions)Shall extend 30” above adjacent roofs (exceptions)
132
Fire Barrier (706.4)Fire Barrier (706.4)Fire Barrier (706.4)
Used for separation of:Shafts, exits and incidental use areasDifferent occupanciesA single occupancy into separate fire areas
133
Fire BarrierFire BarrierFire Barrier
Figure 706.4Continuity of Fire Barriers
134
Fire Partition (708.4)Fire Partition (708.4)Fire Partition (708.4)
Used for separating:Dwelling units in the same buildingSleeping units in group R-1, R-2, I-1Mall tenant spacesCorridor walls per 1016.1Elevator lobbies per 707.14.1
135
Example of Fire Partition (corridor wall in R-2)Example of Fire Partition (corridor wall in RExample of Fire Partition (corridor wall in R--2)2)
Oh boy – that looks bad
H
136
Fire PartitionFire PartitionFire Partition
Figure 708.4Continuity of Fire Partitions
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
137
ShaftsShaftsShaftsH
Shaft….John Shaft
138
ShaftsShaftsShafts
Successive openings in floorsRequired to be enclosed with fire resistance rated assemblies to help prevent the vertical spread of fire from story to storyExamples include:
Interior stairwaysDuct and plumbing “chases” (exceptions)Refuse and linen chutesElevator and dumbwaiter hoistways
139
Example of Shaft constructionExample of Shaft constructionExample of Shaft construction H
140
Example of Exit ShaftExample of Exit ShaftExample of Exit ShaftH
141
H
142
Shafts are required to be constructed as Fire Barriers (706) and are not permitted to be supported by non-rated floors (706.4)
H
Code Violation
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
143
H
Code Violation 144
Horizontal Fire Barriers (706.5, 711)Horizontal Fire Barriers (706.5, 711)Horizontal Fire Barriers (706.5, 711)
Fire resistance ratings per Table 302.3.2 (711.3)Must be supported by structure elements at least equal in fire rating to the horizontal rated assembly being supported (711.4)Used to subdivide a fire area into smaller fire areas
145
Example of a Horizontal Fire BarrierExample of a Horizontal Fire BarrierExample of a Horizontal Fire Barrier
146
Figure 711.3.1Ceiling Panels Used in Fire-Resistance-Rated Assemblies
Fire-Resistance-RatedFireFire--ResistanceResistance--RatedRated
147
Additional Considerations
148
Allowable Building Area vs. Fire AreaAllowable Building Area vs. Fire AreaAllowable Building Area vs. Fire Area
Definition of Building Area (502.1)Definition of Fire Area (702.1)Table 503 addresses limits of a building areaSection 903.2 identifies common thresholds of fire areas/sprinkler requirements
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
149
Summary of Occupancy-Related Automatic Sprinkler Thresholds
Summary of OccupancySummary of Occupancy--Related Related Automatic Sprinkler ThresholdsAutomatic Sprinkler Thresholds
H
150
Special Provisions (508)Special Provisions (508)Special Provisions (508)
Exempts or modifies heights and/or areas based on occupancy and construction typeDeals mostly with attached parking structuresReduces hardship of including parking in mixed use buildingsConditions typically involve a three hour fire resistance rated separation between the garage and other parts of the building
Sound
152
Sound Transmission Considerations
Chapter 1207
153
Sound TransmissionSound TransmissionSound Transmission
1207.1 Scope. This section shall apply to common interior walls, partitions and floor/ceiling assemblies between adjacent dwelling units or between dwelling units and adjacent public areas such as halls, corridors, stairs or service areas.
IBC: 1207154
Sound TransmissionSound TransmissionSound Transmission
1207.2 Air-borne sound. Walls, partitions and floor/ceiling assemblies separating dwelling units from each other or from public or service areas shall have a sound transmission class (STC) of not less than 50 (45 if field tested) for air-borne noise when tested in accordance with ASTM E 90. Penetrations or openings in construction assemblies for piping; electrical devices; recessed cabinets; bathtubs; soffits; or heating, ventilating or exhaust ducts shall be sealed, lined, insulated or otherwise treated to maintain the required ratings. This requirement shall not apply to dwelling unit entrance doors; however, such doors shall be tight fitting to the frame and sill.
IBC: 1207
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
155
NCMA 13-1A
STC ≈ 0.18W + 40Where: W = wall weight (psf)
156
NCMA 13-1A
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
157
NCMA 13-2
STC ratings for CMU walls can be estimated using:
STC = 23 w0.2Where: w = wall weight (psf)
158
Sound TransmissionSound TransmissionSound Transmission
IBC: 1207
Cavity Walls (Exterior)Cavity Walls (Exterior)Cavity Walls (Exterior)
159
8″ C.M.U. Wall Systems88″″ C.M.U. Wall SystemsC.M.U. Wall Systems
160
Sound TransmissionSound TransmissionSound Transmission
1207.3 Structure-borne sound. Floor/ceiling assemblies between dwelling units or between a dwelling unit and a public or service area within the structure shall have an impact insulation class (IIC) rating of not less than 50 (45 if field tested) when tested in accordance with ASTM E 492.
IBC: 1207
161
Sound TransmissionSound TransmissionSound Transmission
8″ Hollow Core Floor Systems88″″ Hollow Core Floor SystemsHollow Core Floor Systems
162
Sound TransmissionSound TransmissionSound Transmission
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
163
Sound TransmissionSound TransmissionSound Transmission
Energy
165
Commercial Energy Code ComplianceIECC 2003
Envelope RequirementsChapter 8 IECC
166
Overview of Code ComplianceStructure of the IECC
Overview of Code ComplianceOverview of Code ComplianceStructure of the IECCStructure of the IECC
Chapter 1 Administrative & EnforcementChapter 2 DefinitionsChapter 3 Design ConditionsChapter 4 Residential - Systems AnalysisChapter 5 Residential - Component PerformanceChapter 6 Simplified Prescriptive RequirementsChapter 7 ASHRAE 90.1 Energy Code ReferenceChapter 8 Design by Acceptable Practice for Commercial BuildingsChapter 9 Referenced Standards Chapter 8 covered in
this presentation.
167
Overview of Commercial Energy CodesCode Requirements
Building EnvelopeMandatory RequirementsPrescriptive Requirements
Mechanical SystemsSimple SystemsComplex Systems
Service Water HeatingLighting Systems
Commercial Compliance OutlineCommercial Compliance Outline
2003 IECC Chapter 8 Envelope
Requirementscovered in this presentation.
Requirements for Chapter 7 (ASHRAE
90.1) are not included in this presentation.
168
ApplicationApplicationApplication
When does the IECC apply?
Newly conditioned space
New construction in existing buildings
Alterations to existing spaces
Additions
Mixed use buildings
Change in occupancy
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
169
ExceptionsExceptionsExceptions
Very low energy use buildings (<3.4 Btu/h-ft2 or 1 watt/ft2) for all purposes
Buildings (or portions) not heated or cooled
Buildings designated as historic
170
IECC Chapter 8Design by Acceptable Practice
IECC Chapter 8IECC Chapter 8Design by Acceptable PracticeDesign by Acceptable Practice
Mandatory Mandatory ProvisionsProvisions
(required for all compliance options)
Envelope
Mechanical
Lighting
HVAC
SWH
Building SystemBuilding System Compliance OptionsCompliance Options
Energy Energy Code Code
ComplianceCompliance
Prescriptive Prescriptive OptionOption
Trade Off Trade Off OptionOption
Performance Performance OptionOption
171
IECC Building Envelope RequirementsIECC Building Envelope RequirementsIECC Building Envelope Requirements
Mandatory Requirements:Moisture ControlAir Leakage
Prescriptive Requirements:RoofAbove Grade WallsBelow Grade WallsFloorSlabSkylights, Windows, and Doors
172
Moisture Control - Vapor RetarderMoisture Control Moisture Control -- Vapor RetarderVapor Retarder
Install in non-vented framed ceilings, walls, floorsMust have a Perm Rating of <1.0Install on the “warm-in-winter”side of insulation
Lets take a look at the IBC requirements
173
Vapor retarder (1403.3)Vapor retarderVapor retarder (1403.3)(1403.3)
An approved vapor retarder shall be provided.Exception:
1. Where other approved means to avoid condensation and leakage of moisture are provided.
2. Plain and reinforced concrete or masonry walls designed and constructed in accordance with Chapter 19 or 21.
174
SealingSealingSealing
Building envelope
Sealed with caulking materials or
Closed with gasketing systems
Joints and seams sealed or taped or covered with a moisture vapor-permeable wrapping material
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
175
Building Envelope Prescriptive RequirementsBuilding Envelope Prescriptive RequirementsBuilding Envelope Prescriptive Requirements
Mandatory Requirements:Moisture ControlAir Leakage
Prescriptive Requirements:RoofAbove Grade WallsBelow Grade WallsFloorSlabSkylights, Windows, and Doors
176
Building Envelope RequirementsBuilding Envelope RequirementsBuilding Envelope Requirements
For buildings ≤ 50% glazing to gross wall areaMinimal calculationsBased on:
Climate zoneWindow wall ratioConstruction assembly
All components must meet or exceed building envelope requirements
177
U-FactorsUU--FactorsFactors
The amount of heat in Btu (British thermal units) that flows each hour through one square foot, when there is a 1ºF temperature difference across the surfaceThe smaller the number the better
U FactorR Value
- =-
1
178
Map of IECC Climate ZonesMap of IECC Climate Zones
Zone 14A Zone 15
Zone 12A Zone 11B
Zone 13B
Zone 10BZone 12B
179
IECC Prescriptive TableIECC Prescriptive TableIECC Prescriptive Table
Section 802
Climate Zone 12BWINDOW & GLAZED DOOE AREA 10% OR LESS OF ABOVE GRADE WALL AREA
< 10%10% - 25%25% - 40%40% - 50%
180
Glazing Area PercentageGlazing Area PercentageGlazing Area Percentage
Glazing percentage to Above Grade Wall
Gross window area / gross wall area Gross wall area includes
Above-grade wallsBand joist and subfloor between floorsArea of all doors and windows
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
181
Above Grade WallsAbove Grade WallsAbove Grade Walls
Meet or exceed R-value requirement
Insulation PlacementsInsulation between framing membersContinuous R-value
Wall TypesFramedCMU - ≥8" with Integral InsulationOther
Equal mass on each side of insulation
≥37 lb/ft2
CMU ≥ 8"182
Wall InsulationWall InsulationWall InsulationH
183
Below-Grade WallsBelowBelow--Grade WallsGrade Walls
≤85% below gradeProposed R-value(s) must meet or exceed required R-value
184
Mandatory Mandatory ProvisionsProvisions
(required for all compliance options)
Envelope
Mechanical
Lighting
HVAC
SWH
Building SystemBuilding System Compliance OptionsCompliance Options
Energy Energy Code Code
ComplianceCompliance
Prescriptive Prescriptive OptionOption
Trade Off Trade Off OptionOption
IECC Chapter 8Design by Acceptable Practice
IECC Chapter 8IECC Chapter 8Design by Acceptable PracticeDesign by Acceptable Practice
Performance Performance OptionOption
185
H
www.energycodes.gov
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
187 188
189 190
191
COMcheck-EZ printout
H
192
Mandatory Mandatory ProvisionsProvisions
(required for all compliance options)
Envelope
Mechanical
Lighting
HVAC
SWH
Building SystemBuilding System Compliance OptionsCompliance Options
Energy Energy Code Code
ComplianceCompliance
Prescriptive Prescriptive OptionOption
Trade Off Trade Off OptionOption
IECC Chapter 8Design by Acceptable Practice
IECC Chapter 8IECC Chapter 8Design by Acceptable PracticeDesign by Acceptable Practice
Performance Performance OptionOption
COMcheck-PLUSDOE-2
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
193
Who is responsible?Who is responsible?Who is responsible?
Who assures compliance with the energy requirements?
Architect
HVAC Engineer
Electrical Engineer
Lighting Designer
Etc. 194
Field Inspection
195
Inspection Concerns Inspection Concerns Inspection Concerns
Why Inspect Masonry Construction???
To ensure that the constructed assembly is constructed as designed and detailed in the construction documents.
196
Inspection ConcernsInspection ConcernsInspection Concerns
PreconstructionReview construction documents and detailsReview material submittalsReview submittals for specialty itemsReview hot & cold weather construction requirementsReview details of embedded non-structural items
ConstructionObserve how materials are being storedVerify proportions of site prepared mortar / groutVerify construction of mortar jointsVerify reinforcement placement and detailsVerify grout space and lift heightObserve grout placementObserve construction of required test specimens
197
Cold Weather MasonryCold Weather MasonryCold Weather Masonry
2104.3 Cold weather construction. The cold weather construction provisions of ACI 530.1, Article 1.8 C, or the following procedures shall be implemented when either the ambient temperature falls below 40°F or the temperature of masonry units is below 40°F.
2104.3.1 Preparation.1. Temperatures of masonry units shall not be less than 20°F when laid
in the masonry. Masonry units containing frozen moisture, visible ice or snow on their surface shall not be laid.
2. Visible ice and snow shall be removed from the top surface of existing foundations and masonry to re-ceive new construction. These surfaces shall be heated to above freezing, using methods that do not result in damage.
IBC: Ch21198
Cold Weather MasonryCold Weather MasonryCold Weather Masonry
H
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
199
Cold Weather MasonryCold Weather MasonryCold Weather Masonry
2104.3.2.1 Construction requirements for temperatures between 40°F and 32°F.
1. Glass unit masonry shall not be laid.2. Water and aggregates used in mortar and grout shall not be heated
above 140°F.3. Mortar sand or mixing water shall be heated to produce mortar
temperatures between 40°F and 120°F at the time of mixing. 4. When water and aggregates for grout are below 32°F, they shall be
heated.
IBC: Ch21200
Cold Weather MasonryCold Weather MasonryCold Weather Masonry
2104.3.2.2 Construction requirements for temperatures between 32°F and 25°F.
1. The mortar temperature shall be maintained above freezing until used in masonry.
2. Aggregates and mixing water for grout shall be heated to producegrout temperature between 70°F and 120°F at the time of mixing. Grout temperature shall maintained above 70°F at the time of grout placement.
IBC: Ch21
201
Cold Weather MasonryCold Weather MasonryCold Weather Masonry
2104.3.2.3 Construction requirements for temperatures between 25°F and 20°F.
1. Masonry surfaces under construction shall be heated to 40°F.2. Wind breaks or enclosures shall be provided when the wind velocity
exceeds 15 miles per hour (mph) (24 km/h).3. Prior to grouting, masonry shall be heated to a minimum of 40°F.
IBC: Ch21202
Cold Weather MasonryCold Weather MasonryCold Weather Masonry
2104.3.2.4. Construction requirements for temperatures below 20°F. The requirements of Sections 2104.3.2.1, 2104.3.2.2 and 2104.3.2.3 and the following construction requirement shall be met when theambient temperature is below 20°F: Enclosures and auxiliary heat shall be provided to maintain air temperature within the enclosure to above 32°F.
IBC: Ch21
203
Cold Weather MasonryCold Weather MasonryCold Weather Masonry
H204
Cold Weather MasonryCold Weather MasonryCold Weather Masonry
2104.3.3.2 Protection requirements for temperatures between 40°F and 25°F. Newly constructed masonry shall be covered with a weather-re-sistive membrane for 24 hours after being completed.
2104.3.3.3 Protection requirements for temperatures between 25°F and 20°F. Newly constructed masonry shall be completely covered with weather-resistive insulating blankets, or equal protection, for 24 hours after being completed. The time period shall be extended to 48 hours for grouted masonry, unless the only cement in the grout is Type III portland cement.
2104.3.3.4 Protection requirements for temperatures below 20°F.When the temperature is below 20°F, newly constructed masonry shall be maintained at a temperature above 32°F for at least 24 hours after being completed by using heated enclosures, electric heating blankets, infrared lamps or other acceptable methods. The time period shall be extended to 48 hours for grouted masonry, unless the only cement in the grout is Type III portland cement.
IBC: Ch21
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
205
Cold Weather MasonryCold Weather MasonryCold Weather Masonry
H206
Cold Weather MasonryCold Weather MasonryCold Weather Masonry
H
207
Cold Weather MasonryCold Weather MasonryCold Weather Masonry
H208
Hot Weather MasonryHot Weather MasonryHot Weather Masonry
2104.4 Hot weather construction. The hot weather construction provisions of ACI 530.1 Article 1.8 D, or the following procedures shall be implemented when the temperature or the temperature andwind-velocity limits of this section are exceeded.
IBC: Ch21
209
Hot Weather MasonryHot Weather MasonryHot Weather Masonry
2104.4.1 Preparation. The following requirements shall be met prior to conducting masonry work. 2104.4.1.1 Temperature. When the ambient temperature exceeds 100°F, or exceeds 90°F with a wind velocity greater than 8 mph:
1. Necessary conditions and equipment shall be provided to produce mortar having a temperature below 120°F.
2. Sand piles shall be maintained in a damp, loose condition.
2104.4.1.2 Special conditions. When the ambient temperature exceeds 115°F, or 105°F with a wind velocity greater than 8 mph, the requirements of Section 2104.4.1.1 shall be implemented, and materials and mixing equipment shall be shaded from direct sunlight.
IBC: Ch21210
Hot Weather MasonryHot Weather MasonryHot Weather Masonry
2104.4.2 Construction. The following requirements shall be met while masonry work is in progress.
2104.4.2.1 Temperature. When the ambient temperature exceeds 100°F, or exceeds 90°F with a wind velocity greater than 8 mph:
1. The temperature of mortar and grout shall be maintained below120°F.
2. Mixers, mortar transport containers and mortar boards shall be flushed with cool water before they come into contact with mortar ingredients or mortar.
3. Mortar consistency shall be maintained by retempering with cool water.
4. Mortar shall be used within 2 hours of initial mixing.
IBC: Ch21
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
211
Hot Weather MasonryHot Weather MasonryHot Weather Masonry
2104.4.2.2 Special conditions. When the ambient temperature exceeds 115°F, or exceeds 105°F with a wind velocity greater than 8 mph, the requirements of Section 2104.4.2.1 shall be implemented and coolmixing water shall be used for mortar and grout. The use of ice shall be permitted in the mixing water prior to use. Ice shall not be permitted in the mixing water when added to the other mortar or grout materials.
IBC: Ch21212
Hot Weather MasonryHot Weather MasonryHot Weather Masonry
2104.4.3 Protection. When the mean daily temperature exceeds 100°F, or exceeds 90°F with a wind velocity greater than 8 mph, newly constructed masonry shall be fog sprayed until damp at least three times a day until the masonry is three days old.
IBC: Ch21
213
MortarMortarMortar
Mortar is Proportioned OnSite by Volume
H214
Masonry Assembly TestsMasonry Assembly TestsMasonry Assembly Tests
Where f′m is the specified compressive strength of masonry verified by either of two methods:
Unit Strength MethodPrism Test Method
215
Masonry Assembly TestsMasonry Assembly TestsMasonry Assembly Tests
IBC 2105.3: Testing Prisms from Constructed Masonry
216
Reinforcement DetailsReinforcement DetailsReinforcement Details
Bar size, M #19³
Letter or symbol for producing mill
Main ribs
Type of steelType of steel
Bar size, M #19³
Letter or symbol for producing mill
Main ribs
Grade mark
Grade line (one line only)
Grade 60 and A 706Grade 40 and 50
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
217
Reinforcement DetailsReinforcement DetailsReinforcement Details
Both the Allowable Stress Design provisions and the Strength Design provisions of the IBC (as has as Strength Design ACI 530-02) have incorporated a new design equation:
ld= (0.16 db2 fyγ)/(K (f’m)1/2) ≥ 15 in
IBC – Lap Splice Requirements
218
Reinforcement DetailsReinforcement DetailsReinforcement Details
Typical Lap Splices Typical Lap Splices –– 8 inch CMU8 inch CMU
68243No. 1161193No. 1055149No. 948115No. 84281No. 73658No. 63032No. 52426No. 41819No. 3
MSJC ASD Required Lap (in.)
IBC Required Lap (in.)
Bar Size
219
Reinforcement DetailsReinforcement DetailsReinforcement Details
Typical Lap Splices Typical Lap Splices –– 6 inch CMU6 inch CMU
68358No. 1161281No. 1055215No. 948164No. 842114No. 73682No. 63040No. 52426No. 41819No. 3
MSJC ASD Required Lap (in.)
IBC Required Lap (in.)
Bar Size
220
Reinforcement DetailsReinforcement DetailsReinforcement Details
Options to avoid long lap lengths:
Use smaller diameter bars more frequently.
Incorporate mechanical couplers or welded connections when possible.
Cover is key – maximize cover for minimum lap lengths.
221
Reinforcement DetailsReinforcement DetailsReinforcement Details
Clear distance between horizontal reinforcement bars shall be the greater of the nominal bar diameter or 1 in.
Clear distance between vertical reinforcement bars in columns and pilasters shall be the greater of 1.5 times the nominal bar diameter or 1.5 in.Minimum grout cover between masonry units and reinforcement shall be ¼ in for fine grout and ½ in for course grout.
222
Reinforcement DetailsReinforcement DetailsReinforcement Details
Standard Hooks180 degree turn plus a 4 bar diameter but not less than 2-1/2 in extension90 degree turn plus a 12 bar diameter extension
Minimum Diameters of Bend#3 - #7 Grade 40
5 Bar diameters
#3 - # 8 Grade 50 & 606 Bar diameters
#9 - #11 Grade 50 & 608 Bar diameters
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
223
Reinforcement DetailsReinforcement DetailsReinforcement Details
Permissible Bending Permissible Bending of Foundation Dowelsof Foundation Dowels
224
Reinforcement DetailsReinforcement DetailsReinforcement Details
Must be spliced a minimum of 6 inches per ACI 530-02Joint ReinforcementJoint Reinforcement
225
Reinforcement DetailsReinforcement DetailsReinforcement Details
2104.1.3. Installation of wall ties. The ends of wall ties shall be embedded in mortar joints. Wall tie ends shall engage outer face shells of hollow units by at least ½ in. Wire wall ties shall be embedded at least 1 ½ in into the mortar bed of solid masonry units or solid grouted hollow units. Wall ties shall not be bent after being embedded in grout or mortar.
226
Masonry GroutingMasonry GroutingMasonry Grouting
Grout Slump Grout Slump -- 8 to 11 inches8 to 11 inches
227
Masonry GroutingMasonry GroutingMasonry Grouting
Grout Compression TestingGrout Compression Testing
228
Masonry GroutingMasonry GroutingMasonry Grouting
Removal of Removal of Mortar FinsMortar Fins
Intended to permit the passage and consolidation of grout around reinforcement.
TEK 3-2
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
229
Masonry GroutingMasonry GroutingMasonry Grouting
CleanoutsCleanouts
Cleanouts are required for grout pours over 5 ft. and are necessary to remove the accumulation of mortar droppings - 3 in minimum opening.
230
Masonry GroutingMasonry GroutingMasonry Grouting
231
Construction TolerancesConstruction TolerancesConstruction Tolerances
Although intended to apply only for structural considerations, many of the construction tolerances have an aesthetic basis.
232
Construction TolerancesConstruction TolerancesConstruction Tolerances
233
Construction TolerancesConstruction TolerancesConstruction Tolerances
234
Construction TolerancesConstruction TolerancesConstruction Tolerances
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
235
Proper ClearancesProper ClearancesProper Clearances
Air SpaceAir SpaceClear and free2 in. minimum ( 1 in. if precautions taken to prevent mortar bridging across cavity).
236
Weeps required in outside wythe of hollow masonry at 33 in. o.c. max. > 3/16 in. diameter.Cotton sash cord for drainage path (remove after wall is laid up)Partially open head joints (preferred)
WeepsWeeps
237
Poor DetailPoor DetailPoor Detail
H238
End DamsEnd DamsEnd Dams
H
239
H
240
H
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
241
H
242
H
243
H
244
SpecialInspections
Chapter 17
245
Special InspectionsSpecial InspectionsSpecial Inspections
General Requirements (1704)Where application is made for construction as described in this section, the owner or the registered design professional in responsible charge acting as the owners agent shall employ one or more special inspectors to provide inspections during construction on the types of work listed under Section 1704. The special inspector shall be a qualified person who shall demonstrate competence, to the satisfaction of the building official, for inspection of the particular type of construction or operation requiring special inspection.
IBC: CH17246
Special InspectionsSpecial InspectionsSpecial Inspections
Exemptions:1. Special inspections are not required for work of a minimal nature2. Special inspections are not required for building components
unless the design involves the practice of professional engineering or architecture
3. Unless otherwise required by the building official, special inspections are not required for occupancies in Group R-3 and occupancies in Group U that are accessory to a residential occupancy
IBC: Ch17
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
247
Special InspectionsSpecial InspectionsSpecial Inspections
1704.1.2 Report requirement. Special inspectors shall keep records of inspections. The special inspector shall furnish inspection reports to the building official, and to the registered design professional in responsible charge. Reports shall indicate that work inspected was done in conformance to approved construction documents. Discrepancies shall be brought to the immediate attention of thecontractor for correction. If the discrepancies are not corrected, the discrepancies shall be brought to the attention of the building official and to the registered design professional in responsible charge prior to the completion of that phase of the work. A final report documenting required special inspections and correction of any discrepancies noted in the inspections shall be submitted at a point in time agreed upon by the permit applicant and the building official prior to the start of work.
IBC:S1704.1.2248
Special InspectionsSpecial InspectionsSpecial Inspections
ACI 530-02
Engineered Masonry DesignDesigned in accordance with:
ACI 530-02 Chapter 2 / IBC 2107: Allowable Stress Design (ASD)ACI 530-02 Chapter 3 / IBC 2108: Strength Design of Masonry (LRFD)ACI 530-02 Chapter 4: Prestressed MasonryIBC 2106: Seismic Design of Masonry
Empirical / Prescriptive Masonry DesignDesigned in accordance with:
ACI 530-02 Chapter 5 / IBC 2109: Empirical Design of MasonryACI 530-02 Chapter 6 / IBC CH14: VeneerACI 530-02 Chapter 7 / IBC 2110: Glass Unit Masonry
249
Special InspectionsSpecial InspectionsSpecial Inspections
1704.5 Masonry construction. Masonry construction shall be inspected and evaluated in accordance with the requirements of this section, depending on the classification of the building or structure or nature of occupancy, as defined by this code (see Table 1604.5 and Section 1617.6).
Exception: Special inspections shall not be required for:1. Empirically designed masonry, glass unit masonry or masonry
veneer designed by Section 2109, 2110 or ACI 530, Chapters 5, 6 or 7, when they are part of nonessential buildings
2. Masonry foundation walls constructed in accordance with Tables 1805.5(1) through 1805.5(4).
IBC:S1704.5250
Special InspectionsSpecial InspectionsSpecial Inspections
IBC:S1704.5
Non-Essential Facilities:Engineered Masonry:
Level 1 Inspections Required: Table 1704.5.1
Essential Facilities:Empirically Designed Masonry
Level 1 Inspections Required: Table 1704.5.1
Engineered MasonryLevel 2 Inspections Required: Table 1704.5.3
251
Special InspectionsSpecial InspectionsSpecial Inspections
IBC:T1604.5252
Special InspectionsSpecial InspectionsSpecial Inspections
IBC:T1616.2
1616.2.3 Seismic Use Group III.Seismic Use Group III structures are those having essential facilities that are required for post earthquake recovery and those containing substantial quantities of hazardous substances, as indicated in Table 1604.5, or as designated by the building official.
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
253IBC:T1704.5.1
254
IBC:T1704.5.1
255
IBC:T1704.5.3256
IBC:T1704.5.3
257
Special InspectionsSpecial InspectionsSpecial Inspections
Additional special inspections are required for:Buildings of Seismic Design Category C, D, E, or FHigh wind regions with a 3 sec. gust speed of 120 mph and exposure A & BHigh wind regions with a 3 sec. gust speed of 110 mph and exposure C & D
IBC: CH17258
Special InspectionsSpecial InspectionsSpecial Inspections
IBC:S1708
1708 STRUCTURAL TESTING FOR SEISMIC RESISTANCE
1708.1 Masonry. Testing and verification of masonry materials and assemblies prior to construction shall comply with the requirements of this section, depending on the classification of building or structure or nature of occupancy, as defined in this code (see Table 1604.5 or Section 1616.2).
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
259
Special InspectionsSpecial InspectionsSpecial Inspections
IBC:S1704.5
Non-Essential Facilities:Empirically Designed Masonry:
Certificates of compliance used in masonry constructionshall be verified prior to construction
Engineered Masonry:Level 1 Inspections Required: Table 1708.1.2.
Essential Facilities:Empirically Designed Masonry
Level 1 Inspections Required: Table 1708.1.2.Engineered Masonry
Level 2 Inspections Required: Table 1708.1.4.
260
Special InspectionsSpecial InspectionsSpecial Inspections
IBC:S1708
Common Code Violations/Design Violations
262
Common Code Violations/Design ViolationsCommon Code Violations/Design ViolationsCommon Code Violations/Design Violations
Improper construction type specified
Fire Barriers and shafts bearing on non-rated floors (706.3.7; also atrium walls (404.5) See Diagram
Improper construction of fire barriers and fire walls; don’t meet requirements of their definition, terms are notinterchangeable.
Cold weather & hot weather requirements (2104.3, 2104.4), notes on plans or in specifications are to be provided.
H
263
Common Code Violations/Design ViolationsCommon Code Violations/Design ViolationsCommon Code Violations/Design Violations
Unbalanced fill; lack of reinforcing in accordance with the appropriate table (1805.5)
Improper placement of grout, lifts, wet-sticking reinforcement
Fire separation distance and opening limitations/protectives(702.1, 602, 704.8, table 704.8)
Failure to specify special inspections program (1704)
H
264
Common Code Violations/Design ViolationsCommon Code Violations/Design ViolationsCommon Code Violations/Design Violations
Failure to specify the occupancy load for all spaces on drawings
Failure to identify the use of all spaces on drawings
Failure to provide complete listings for assemblies of fire rated walls, floors, etc. (Underwriters Laboratories, National Gypsum Association, etc.)
H
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
265
H
266
H
267
H
268
H
269
H
270
H
IBC Concrete Masonry Related Requirements February 2005
271
H