Post on 28-Dec-2015
UltrasoundUltrasound
Spring 2013Spring 2013
Week 7 Week 7
RT 255 CRT 255 C
Ultrasound AKA:Ultrasound AKA:
1)Diagnostic Medical 1)Diagnostic Medical SonographySonography
2)Sonography2)Sonography
3)Ultrasonography3)Ultrasonography
4)Vascular Sonography4)Vascular Sonography
5)Echocardiography5)Echocardiography
22
Principles of Diagnostic Principles of Diagnostic UltrasoundUltrasound
NON- ionizingNON- ionizing
Uses high frequency sound wavesUses high frequency sound waves By giving reflections from parts in the bodyBy giving reflections from parts in the body
MobileMobile
Cost effectiveCost effective
Invasive?Invasive?
Can be imaged in sectional, coronal and oblique Can be imaged in sectional, coronal and oblique planesplanes
33
What makes a good What makes a good Sonographer?Sonographer?
Knowledge of detailed anatomy and Knowledge of detailed anatomy and PathophysiologyPathophysiology 3D antatomy3D antatomy
Good communicationGood communication
Be able to work under stressBe able to work under stress
44
Repetitive Motion InjuriesRepetitive Motion Injuries Poor ergonomic habitsPoor ergonomic habits
Poor equipment design Poor equipment design Poor posturePoor posture
80% have muscloskeletal 80% have muscloskeletal injuriesinjuries Shoulder (rotator cuff) Shoulder (rotator cuff) Elbow Elbow Neck Neck Lower Back Pain Lower Back Pain Wrist lesions or pain Wrist lesions or pain
(carpal tunnel, (carpal tunnel, ganglions, tendonitis) ganglions, tendonitis)
Eyesight problemsEyesight problems
Why?Why?
Sustained pressure and force Sustained pressure and force
Awkward scanning techniques Awkward scanning techniques
Assisting with patient Assisting with patient movement movement
Body habitusBody habitus
Inadequate work breaks Inadequate work breaks
Overall job stressOverall job stress
55
Still a NeonateStill a Neonate
Fairly new technology compared with Fairly new technology compared with xrayxray
First used for navy sonar in World War IIFirst used for navy sonar in World War II
1940’s 1940’s US waves transmitted and returned US waves transmitted and returned
66
1947 – Through- 1947 – Through- TransmissionTransmission
Used to detect Used to detect tumors and tumors and intracranial intracranial lesionslesions
With 2 With 2 transducers transducers opposite sides of opposite sides of the headthe head
Called through-Called through-transmissiontransmission
77
1948 First Ultrasound1948 First UltrasoundDouglas HowryDouglas Howry
88
Contact Compound ScannerContact Compound Scanner
19571957 Tom Brown and Ian Tom Brown and Ian
DonaldDonald Obstetric Obstetric
techniquestechniques
99
Present DayPresent Day
Smaller machinesSmaller machines Increased Increased
resolutionresolution Real time scanningReal time scanning PortablePortable MobileMobile
1010
Properties of Sound WavesProperties of Sound Waves
Acoustic wavesAcoustic waves Energy that moves back and forth or vibrates at a Energy that moves back and forth or vibrates at a
steady ratesteady rate
Audible sound wavesAudible sound waves 16,000 – 20,000 cycles/sec16,000 – 20,000 cycles/sec
Ultrasound wavesUltrasound waves 1- 10 million cycles/sec1- 10 million cycles/sec High frequency mechanical vibrations through a mediumHigh frequency mechanical vibrations through a medium
Transmitted by particles of gas, liquid or solid mediumTransmitted by particles of gas, liquid or solid medium
1111
Piezoelectric EffectPiezoelectric Effect
AC applied across piezoelectric crystalsAC applied across piezoelectric crystals Crystals grow and shrinkCrystals grow and shrink
Conversion of electrical energy to Conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energymechanical energy
US is produced from a transducer by US is produced from a transducer by this effectthis effect
1212
Acoustic ImpedanceAcoustic Impedance Has properties similar to lightHas properties similar to light
Focused, refracted, reflected or scatteredFocused, refracted, reflected or scattered Dependent on the density and elastic properties Dependent on the density and elastic properties
of mediumof medium
Velocity of soundVelocity of sound Sound waves are sent and receivedSound waves are sent and received Velocity is different among bone, air and soft Velocity is different among bone, air and soft
tissuetissue Poor impedance in airPoor impedance in air
Pitch and sound waves are picked up by Pitch and sound waves are picked up by computer and produce images: based on depths computer and produce images: based on depths and speedsand speeds 1313
Properties similar to lightProperties similar to light
http://www.e-http://www.e-echocardiography.com/chapters/echocardiography.com/chapters/physicalprinciples/02.phpphysicalprinciples/02.php
1414
Types of Types of TransducersTransducers
1515
Elements of TransducersElements of Transducers
Capable of sending Capable of sending and receieving USand receieving US
1616
Advantages of USAdvantages of US 1. 1. Ultrasound examinations can be Ultrasound examinations can be
non-invasivenon-invasive
2. 2. Ultrasound methods are relatively Ultrasound methods are relatively inexpensive, quick and convenientinexpensive, quick and convenient
3. 3. No harmful effects have been No harmful effects have been detecteddetected
4. 4. Ultrasound is particularly suited to Ultrasound is particularly suited to imaging soft tissuesimaging soft tissues 1717
Disadvantages of USDisadvantages of US
1. 1. The major disadvantage is that the The major disadvantage is that the resolution of images is often limitedresolution of images is often limited. .
2. 2. Ultrasound is reflected very Ultrasound is reflected very strongly on passing from tissue to strongly on passing from tissue to gas, or vice versagas, or vice versa
3. 3. Ultrasound also does not pass well Ultrasound also does not pass well through bonethrough bone
1818
Real Time, DopplerReal Time, Dopplerand Color Flow Dopplerand Color Flow Doppler
Real time:Real time: Multiple rapid image frames per secondMultiple rapid image frames per second Ex: can see pulsative vascular, cardiac Ex: can see pulsative vascular, cardiac
structures, diaphragm motion & peristalsisstructures, diaphragm motion & peristalsis DopplerDoppler
Frequency change in laminar or turbulent flow Frequency change in laminar or turbulent flow in vascular structuresin vascular structures
Color DopplerColor Doppler Assigns a color scale to change in frequencyAssigns a color scale to change in frequency Red toward transducer and blue away from Red toward transducer and blue away from
transducertransducer1919
DopplerDoppler
2020
Color DopplerColor Doppler
2121
GallbladderGallbladder
2222
GallbladderGallbladder
2323
ProstateProstate
2424
ProstateProstate
2525
2626
BladderBladder
2727
KidneyKidney
2828
Abdomen - LUQAbdomen - LUQ
2929
Abdomen - RUQAbdomen - RUQ
3030
LiverLiver
3131
LiverLiver
3232
SpleenSpleen
3333
SpleenSpleen
3434
PancreasPancreas
3535
UterusUterus
3636
UterusUterus
3737
Ovary Ovary
3838
OvaryOvary
3939
BreastBreast
4040
BreastBreast
4141
TestesTestes
4242
4343
19 Week Fetus19 Week Fetus
4444
19 Week fetus19 Week fetus
http://images.google.com/imgres?http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/imgurl=http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/movies/usound/movies/usound/19weeklabel2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://19weeklabel2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/movies/embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/movies/usound/usound/Hum19w4D.htm&usg=__EfDiZ2qdLFEQ_ZGPy9Hum19w4D.htm&usg=__EfDiZ2qdLFEQ_ZGPy9YS628QyPI=&h=379&w=358&sz=11&hl=en&YS628QyPI=&h=379&w=358&sz=11&hl=en&start=71&tbnid=QqSTbyckVI-start=71&tbnid=QqSTbyckVI-jYM:&tbnh=123&tbnw=116&prev=/imagesjYM:&tbnh=123&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfetal%2Bultrasound%26gbv%3Fq%3Dfetal%2Bultrasound%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26start%3D60%3DN%26start%3D60
4545
HeartHeart
4646
HeartHeart
4747