Post on 05-Aug-2020
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UCL INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY
ARCL0008: INTRODUCTION TO EUROPEAN PREHISTORY
2019-20
Year 1 Option module, 15 credits
Room 410, Term II, Mondays 11:00 – 13:00
Deadline Essay 1: Friday 21st February 2020
Target return date Essay 1: Friday 20th March 2020
Deadline Essay 2: Wednesday 1st April 2020
Target return date Essay 2: Wednesday 29th April 2020
Co-ordinator: Prof Stephen Shennan
s.shennan@ucl.ac.uk
Room 407
Telephone number: 020 7679 4739 (internal 24739)
Additional teachers: Mark Roberts, Borja Legarra, Ulrike Sommer, Andrew Gardner
Coordinator’s Office Hours (for regular consultation): Tuesdays from 1 pm to 3 pm. Or email for an
appointment
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1 OVERVIEW Short description
Europe is the smallest of the five continents, only a peninsula of Eurasia in geographical terms. It is
not a clearly defined area and open to influences from all directions. There are several different macro-
regions, but their boundaries shift with changing climates and modes of production. An unequal
distribution of mineral resources, diverse and flexible ecologies, major topographic barriers, and
distinct topographic axes of communication add to the diversity and unique aspects of past and
present Europe, which is the area with the longest tradition of prehistoric research and the densest
network of known sites.
This module assesses prehistoric Europe from the first peopling of the continent about 1.2 million
years ago until the first century AD when the expanding empire of Rome absorbed parts of the
continent into its boundaries.
Major topics of the module will be:
- the earliest occupation of Europe;
- European Neanderthals;
- the arrival of modern humans in Europe;
- late Pleistocene and early Holocene hunter-gatherers of Europe;
- the origins of farming and its spread across Europe;
- early European metallurgy
- the emergence and development of social hierarchies and long-distance connections;
- the growth of states and urban centres in the Mediterranean and Europe north of the Alps;
- the impact of Rome on European societies.
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Week-by-week summary
Date Topic lecturer
Part 1: Hunters and Gatherers
1 13/01/2020 The peopling of Europe: the early evidence Mark Roberts (MR)
2 The European Neanderthals MR
3 20/01/2020 Introduction: module organisation and objectives. Prehistoric Europe and its time-scales
Stephen Shennan (SS)
4 The arrival of modern humans MR
5 27/01/2020 Late Pleistocene hunters and post-glacial developments MR
6 Practical - handling session MR
7 03/02/2020 Mesolithic hunters, gatherers and fishers SS
Part 2: early farming communities
8 The origins of farming and the spread of agriculture across Europe
SS
9 10/02/2020 The Neolithisation of North-Western Europe SS
10 Early metals and rising inequality SS
17-21/2/2020 READING WEEK (NO TEACHING)
11 24/02/2020 The creation of supra-regional networks: Corded Ware, Bell Beakers (and Indo-Europeans?)
SS
Part 3: complex agrarian societies
12 The beginnings of the Bronze Age SS
13 02/03/2020 Farmers and chieftains of Bronze Age Europe SS
14 The rise of states in the Mediterranean Borja Legarra Herrero (BLH)
15 09/03/2020 The Iron Age north of the Alps Mike Parker Pearson
16 The Iron Age in the British Isles MPP
17 16/03/2020 Nomads of the Steppe Zone from the early Bronze Age to the Scythians
Ulrike Sommer (US)
18 Greeks, Phoenicians and others across the Mediterranean
BLH
19 23/03/2020 Practical handling session SS
20 The impact of Rome on European societies Andrew Gardner
Basic texts
Cunliffe, B. (ed.), 1994. The Oxford Prehistory of Europe. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
INST ARCH DA 100 CUN (ISSUE DESK)
Cunliffe, B. 2008. Europe between the oceans: themes and variations: 9000 BC-AD 1000. New
Haven: Yale University Press. INST ARCH DA 100 CUN
Bradley, R. 2019. The prehistory of Britain and Ireland, 2nd edition
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Methods of assessment
This module is assessed by means of two pieces of coursework, which each contribute 50%
to the final grade for the module.
Teaching methods
This handbook contains the basic information about the content and administration of the
module. Additional subject-specific reading lists may be found in the Powerpoint
presentations uploaded to Moodle. The Module Moodle is the best source of up-to date
information and should be consulted if in doubt. If students have queries about the
objectives, structure, content, assessment or organisation of the module, they should consult
the Module Co-ordinator (Stephen Shennan).
This module will be taught by lectures and two practicals (material handling sessions). The
lectures will introduce the main issues and themes of the module, and will be concluded
with brief discussions. The material handling sessions will provide students with the
opportunity of studying typical artefacts from each of the main periods covered by the
module. These artefacts will come from a broad range of European contexts and allow
students to develop skills of comparative analysis of stylistic types, various technologies,
and different raw materials.
Workload
There will be 18 hours of lectures and 2 hours of practical sessions for this module. Students
will be expected to undertake around 48 hours of reading for the module, plus 120 hours
preparing for and producing the assessed work. This adds up to a total workload of some
188 hours for the module.
2 AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND ASSESSMENT Aims
This module aims at introducing students to the main chronological divisions of prehistoric
Europe, and related questions. Particular attention will be paid to the changing nature of the
evidence, and how this shapes our interpretations of the past.
Objectives
On successful completion of this module a student should:
Be familiar with the main chronological divisions of European prehistory, and
corresponding social and economic developments.
Recognise the main artefact types, settlement and funerary practices relating to each
makor periods and regions studied
Have a basic understanding of the major interpretative themes relating to prehistoric
Europe
Learning Outcomes
On successful completion of the module, students should be able to demonstrate/have
developed:
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application of acquired knowledge, and critical assessment of existing methods and
interpretations
writing skills, including structuring and articulating arguments based on
archaeological evidence
Coursework Assessment tasks
All students must submit
two standard essays (2,375 – 2,625 words each), one for section 1, one for section 2
- section 1 submission deadline: Friday 21st February 2020)
- section 2 submission deadline: Wednesday 1st April 2020)
All coursework must be submitted to Turnitin via Moodle (see instructions below)
SECTION 1 Essay 1
Evaluate the evidence for big-game hunting (as opposed to scavenging) in the Lower and
Middle Palaeolithic of Europe.
Suggested reading
Binford, L. R. 1981. Bones: ancient men and modern myths. Orlando, Academic Press. INST
ARCH BB 3 BIN
(The book that started the discussion)
Mellars, P. 1996. The Neanderthal Legacy: an archaeological perspective from Western Europe.
Princeton, Princeton University. Chapter 7. INST ARCH. DA 120 MEL
Roberts, M. B. 1997/98. Boxgrove: Palaeolithic hunters by the seashore. Archaeology
International 1, 8-13. INST ARCH. PERS
Scott, K. 1980. Two hunting episodes of Middle Palaeolithic age at La Cotte de Saint Brelade,
Jersey (Channel Islands). World Archaeology 12, 137-52. NET
Stiner, M. C. N., Munro, D., Surovell, T. A. 2000. The tortoise and the hare. Small-Game use,
the broad-spectrum revolution and Palaeolithic demography. Current Anthropology
41, 39-73. Net
Thieme, H. 1997. Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany. Nature 385, 807-810.
NET
Villa, P. 1990. Torralba and Aridos: elephant exploitation in Middle Pleistocene Spain.
Journal of Human Evolution 19, 299-310. NET
see also
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Richards, M. B. et al. 2000. Neanderthal diet at Vindija and Neanderthal predation: The
evidence from stable isotopes. Proceedings National Academy Science USA 97/13, 7663–
7666.
Thieme, H. (ed.), 2007. Die Schöninger Speere: Mensch und Jagd vor 400 000 Jahren. Stuttgart,
Theiss. INST ARCH DAD 12 Qto THI
excellent illustrations and up-to date information
Villa, P., Lenoir, M. 2009. Hunting and hunting Weapons of the Lower and Middle
Palaeolithic of Europe. In: Hublin, J.-J., Richards, M. P. (eds.), The Evolution of hominin
Diets: Integrating Approaches to the Study of Palaeolithic Subsistence. Vertebrate
Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. New York, Springer, 59-85. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-
4020-9699.
Essay 2
Outline the process of colonization of Europe by the anatomically modern humans and the
extinction of Neanderthals.
Suggested reading
d'Errico, F. 2003. The invisible frontier. A multiple species model for the origin of
behavioural modernity. Evolutionary Anthropology 12, 188-202. ONLINE
Hoffecker, J. F. 1999. Neanderthals and modern humans in Eastern Europe. Evolutionary
Anthropology 7/4, 129-141. ONLINE
*Mellars, P. 1994. The Upper Palaeolithic revolution. In: Cunliffe, B. (ed.) The Oxford
Illustrated Prehistory of Europe. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 42-78. INST ARCH
DA 100 CUN (ISSUE DESK)
Mellars, P. 2004. Neanderthals and the modern human colonization of Europe. Nature 432,
461-465. ONLINE
Mellars, P. et al. 1999. The Neanderthal problem continued. Current Anthropology 40/3, 341-
364. ONLINE
Zilhão, J., d'Errico F.1999. The chronology and taphonomy of the earliest Aurignacian and its
implications for the understanding of Neandertal extinction. Journal of World
Prehistory 13/1, 1-68. INST ARCH Pers
Essay 3
Outline the arguments for the existence of social complexity during the European Mesolithic
Suggested reading
See reading lists for lecture 7
Also:
Bailey, G., Spikins, P. (eds) 2008. Mesolithic Europe. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
INST ARCH DA 130 BAI (edited volume, with several contributions directly
discussing the issue of 'complex hunter-gatherers')
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Conneller, C., Milner, N., Taylor, B & Taylor, M. 2012. Substantial settlement in the
European Early Mesolithic: new research at Star Carr. Antiquity 86: 1004-1020.
Conneller, J., Warren, G. (eds) 2006. Mesolithic Britain and Ireland: New Approaches. Stroud,
Tempus. INST ARCH DAA 130 CON, ISSUE DESK IOA CON 7
Kozłowski, St. K. 2009. Thinking Mesolithic. Oxford, Oxbow. INST ARCH DA Qto KOZ
SECTION 2
Essay 4
Outline the arguments for or against the role of local foragers in the introduction of farming
practices in Europe. Pick one or more specific areas, like south-eastern, central,
Mediterranean or north-western Europe.
See reading lists for lectures 8 and 9
Essay 5
What are the Corded Ware and Bell Beaker complexes? How have archaeologists explained
their origin and distribution?
See reading list for lecture 11
Essay 6
Evaluate the evidence for hierarchies and social inequality in Bronze Age Europe.
See reading list for lectures 12 and 13
Essay 7
How convincing is the evidence for prehistoric urbanism in Iron Age Europe?
See reading list for lectures 15 and 16
If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with the
Module Co-ordinator.
Students are not permitted to re-write and re-submit essays in order to try to improve
their marks. However, the Module Co-ordinator is willing to discuss an outline of the
student's approach to the assignment, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the
submission date.
Word limits
The following should not be included in the word-count: title page, contents pages, lists of
figure and tables, abstract, preface, acknowledgements, bibliography, lists of references,
captions and contents of tables and figures, appendices.
Word-counts for each essay will be between 2,375-2,625 words
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Penalties will only be imposed if you exceed the upper figure in the range. There is no
penalty for using fewer words than the lower figure in the range: the lower figure is
simply for your guidance to indicate the sort of length that is expected.
In the 2019-20 session penalties for overlength work will be as follows:
For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by less than 10% the mark will
be reduced by five percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced
below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass.
For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by 10% or more the mark will
be reduced by ten percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced
below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass.
Coursework submission procedures
All coursework must normally be submitted both as hard copy and electronically
unless otherwise instructed.
You should staple the appropriate colour-coded IoA coversheet (available in the IoA
library and outside room 411a) to the front of each piece of work and submit it to the
red box at the Reception Desk (or room 411a in the case of Year 1 undergraduate
work)
All coursework should be uploaded to Turnitin by midnight on the day of the
deadline. This will date-stamp your work. It is essential to upload all parts of your
work as this is sometimes the version that will be marked.
Instructions are given below
1. Ensure that your essay or other item of coursework has been saved as a Word doc.,
docx. or PDF document, Please include the module code and your candidate number on
every page as a header.
2.. Go into the Moodle page for the module to which you wish to submit your work.
3. Click on the correct assignment (e.g. Essay 1),
4. Fill in the “Submission title” field with the right details: It is essential that the first
word in the title is your examination candidate number (e.g. YGBR8 Essay 1), Note that
this changes each year.
5. Click “Upload”.
6 Click on “Submit”
7 You should receive a receipt – please save this.
8 If you have problems, please email the IoA Turnitin Advisers on ioa-
turnitin@ucl.ac.uk, explaining the nature of the problem and the exact module and
assignment involved.
One of the Turnitin Advisers will normally respond within 24 hours, Monday-Friday during
term. Please be sure to email the Turnitin Advisers if technical problems prevent you from
uploading work in time to meet a submission deadline - even if you do not obtain an
immediate response from one of the Advisers they will be able to notify the relevant Module
Coordinator that you had attempted to submit the work before the deadline
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3 SCHEDULE AND SYLLABUS Teaching schedule
Lectures and practicals will be held 11:00-13:00 on Mondays, in room 410.
Syllabus HUNTERS AND GATHERERS 1. Mark Roberts: The peopling of Europe: the early evidence
The first areas of Europe to be colonised, outside of Dmanisi in the Caucasus at the
boundary of Europe and Asia, are located in western Europe, with sites such as Orce and
Atapuerca in Spain dating back to over 1ma (million years ago). The earliest widespread
settlement in the more temperate latitudes of central and north-western Europe dates to post
0.8 ma. The rare hominin fossils from Lower Palaeolithic sites have been attributed to Homo
erectus, H. antecessor and H. heidelbergensis. Who were these people? How did they survive?
We will consider the evidence, which may provide answers to these questions.
Essential reading
Foley, R. Lahr, M. M. 2003. On stony ground: lithic technology, human evolution, and the
emergence of culture. Evolutionary Anthropology 12, 109-122. ONLINE.
Roebroeks, W. 2006. The human colonisation of Europe: where are we? Journal of Quaternary
Science 21, 425-435. ONLINE
Additional reading
Abate, E. and Sagri, M. 2012. Early to Middle Pleistocene homo dispersals from Africa to
Eurasia: geological, climatic and environmental constraints. Quaternary International
267, 3-19.
Ashton, N.M. and Lewis, S.G. 2012. The environmental contexts of the earliest occupation of
north-west Europe: the British Palaeolithic record. Quaternary International 271, 50-
64.
Azarello, M. et al., 2009. The lithic industry of the Early Pleistocene site of Pirro Nord
(Apricena South Italy): the evidence of human occupation between 1.3 and 1.7 Ma.
L’Anthropologie 113, 47-58.
Balter, M. 2014. The killing ground. Science 344 (6188), 1080-1083.
DOI:10.1126/science.344.6188.1080
Carbonell, E. Ramos, R.S., Rodríguez, P.X., Mosquera, M., Ollé, A., Vergès, J.M., Martínez-
Navarro, B. and Bermúdez de Castro, J.M. 2010. Early hominid dispersals: A
technological hypothesis for “out of Africa”. Quaternary International 223-224, 36-44.
Carbonell, E., Rodríguez, X. P. 2006. The first human settlement of Mediterranean Europe.
Comptes Rendus Palevolution 5, 291-298. Online
Crochet, J-Y. et al. 2009. Une nouvelle faune de vertebras contintaux, associée à des artefacts
dans le Pléistocène inférieur de l’ Hérault (Sud de la France), vers 1.57 Ma. Comptes
Rendus Palevol 8, 725-736.
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Dennell, R., Martinón-Torres, M. and Bermúdez de Castro, J.M. 2010. Out of Asia: the initial
colonisation of Europe in the Early and Middle Pleistocene. Quaternary International
223-224, 439.
Dennell, R.W. and Roebroeks, W.M. 2005. Out of Africa: An Asian perspective on early
human dispersal from Africa. Nature 438: 1099-1104.
Despriée, J. et al., 2006. Une occupation humaine au Pléistocène inférieur sur la bordure du
Massif Central. Comptes Rendus Palevol 5, 821-828.
Gamble, C. 1999. The Palaeolithic societies of Europe. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Chapters 4 and 5. INST ARCH DA120 GAM (ISSUE DESK)
Leroy, S.A.G., Arpe, K. and Mikolajewicz, U. 2010. Vegetation context and climatic limits of
the Early Pleistocene hominin dispersal in Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews 29: 1-16.
Lycett, S.J. 2009. Understanding ancient hominin dispersals using artefactual data: a
phylogeographic analysis of Acheulean handaxes. PLoS ONE 4 (10)/e7404: 1–6.
Lycett, S.J. and von Cramon-Taubadel, N. 2008. Acheulean variability and hominin
dispersals: a model-bound approach. Journal of Archaeological Science. 35 (3), 553–562.
Mancini, M. 2012. The genus Homo from Africa to Europe: evolution of terrestrial ecosystems
and dispersal routes. Quaternary International 267, 1-2.
Messager et al., 2011. Palaeoenvironments of early hominins in temperate and
Mediterranean Eurasia: new palaeobotanical data from Palaeolithic key sites and
synchronous natural sequences. Quaternary Science Reviews 30, 1439-1447.
Moncel, M-H., 2010. Oldest human expansions in Eurasia: favouring and limiting factors.
Quaternary International 223-224, 1-9.
Mounier, A., Marchal, F. and Condemi, S. 2009. Is Homo heidelbergensis a distinct species?
New insight on the Mauer mandible. Journal of Human Evolution 56, 219–246.
Palumbo, M.R. 2013. What about causal mechanisms promoting early hominin dispersal in
Eurasia? A research agenda for answering a hotly debated question. Quaternary
International 295, 13-27
Parés, J.M. et al., 2012. New views on an old move: hominin migration into Eurasia.
Quaternary International. Available to download not yet published.
Parfitt, S.A., et al. 2010. Early Pleistocene human occupation at the edge of the boreal zone in
northwest Europe. Nature 466, 229-233.
Preece, R.C. and Parfitt, S.A. 2012. The Early and early Middle Pleistocene context of human
occupation and lowland glaciation in Britain and northern Europe. Quaternary
International 271, 6-28.
Rodríguez, J. et al. 2013. Mammalian palaeobiogeography and the distribution of Homo in
Early Pleistocene Europe. Quaternary International 295, 48-58.
Rolland, N. 1998. The Lower Palaeolithic settlement of Eurasia, with special reference to
Europe. In: Petraglia, M., Korisettar, D. (eds.), Early human behavior in global context.
London, Routledge, 187-220. INST ARCH BC 120 PET
van der Made, J. and Mateos, A., 2010. Longstanding biogeographic patterns and the
dispersal of early Homo out of Africa and into Europe. Quaternary International 223-
224, 195-200.
van der Made, J., 2011. Biogeography and climatic change as a context to human dispersal
out of Africa and within Eurasia. Quaternary Science Reviews 30, 1353-1367.
See also
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Bosinski, G., Lordkipanidze, D., Weidemann, K. 1995. Der altpaläolithische Fundplatz
Dmanisi (Georgien, Kaukasus). Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums 42,
1995, 21–203. INST ARCH PERS
Carbonell et al. 2010. Cannibalism as a palaeoeconomic system. Current Anthropology, 51 (4).
Carbonelll, E. 2008. The first hominin of Europe. Nature 452, 465-469.
http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080326/full/news.2008.691.html. Video of
Atapuerca discoveries: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7313005.stm
Eren, M.I., Roos, C.I., Story, B., von Cramon-Taubadel., N. and Lycett, S.J. 2014. The role of
raw material differences in stone tool shape variation: an experimental assessment.
Journal of Archaeological Science. 49, 472–487.
Gabunia, L. K. et al. 2000. A. Earliest Pleistocene Hominid Cranial Remains from Dmanisi,
Republic of Georgia: Taxonomy, Geological Setting, and Age. Science 288, 1019–1025.
Gaudzinski S, Turner E, Anzidei AP, Alvarez-Fernández E, Arroyo-Cabrales J, et al. 2005 The
use of proboscidean remains in every-day Palaeolithic life. Quaternary International
126–128, 179–194.
Hewitt, G. 1996. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 58: 247-76.
Richards, M.P. 2002. A brief review of the archaeological for Palaeolithic and Neolithic
subsistence. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 56, 1-12.
Spikins, P. A., Rutherford, H.A. and Needham, A.P., 2010. From hominity to humanity:
compassion from the earliest archaics to modern humans. Time and Mind: The Journal
of Human Consciousness and Compassion 3(3), 303-326.
Stewart, J.R and Stringer, C.B., 2012. Human evolution out of Africa: the role of refugia and
climate change. Science 335, 1317-1321.
Stewart, J.R. et al. 2009. Refugia revisited: individualistic responses of species in space and
time. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277 (1682), 661-671.
Stringer, C.B., 2014. Britain: one million years of the Human Story. London: The Natural
History Museum.
Villa, P, & Lenoir M. 2009. Hunting and hunting weapons of the Lower and Middle
Palaeolithic of Europe. In J-J Hublin & M.P. Richards (eds.) The evolution of hominin
diets. Dordrecht: Springer. 59-85.
Villa, P., and Roebroeks, W. 2014. Neandertal Demise: An Archaeological Analysis of the
Modern Human Superiority Complex. PLoS ONE 9(4): e96424.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096424
Wadley, L. et al. 2009. Implications for complex cognition from the hafting of tools with
compound adhesives in the Middle Stone Age, South Africa. PNAS 106 (24), 9590-
9594.
Wilkins, J. et al. 2012. Evidence for early hafted hunting technology. Science 338, 942-946.
2. Mark Roberts: The European Neanderthals
Neanderthals were a species restricted to Eurasia and the Near East. They evolved from
more archaic European populations and it is postulated, were anatomically adapted to the
cold conditions of the European Pleistocene from c. 400ka to 30ka. The Neanderthals are
associated with the later handaxe and Levallois lithic industries, and at the latter end of their
occupation - the various Mousterian lithic traditions. The lecture will also examine the
phenomenon of the Châtelperronian with its H. sapiens-like stone tools and worked teeth
and bone. The study concludes by looking at the emergence of modern humans in Africa,
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co-existence with Neanderthals in the Levant and introduces the expansion of our species
out of Africa.
Essential reading
Hayden, B. 1993. The cultural capacities of Neanderthals: a review and re-evaluation. Journal
of Human Evolution 24, 113-146. ONLINE
Stringer, C. Gamble, C. 1993. In Search of Neanderthals, solving the puzzle of human origins.
London, Thames and Hudson. Especially chapters 4, 7. INST ARCH BB1 STR (ISSUE
DESK)
Additional reading
Adler, D.S. et al. 2014. Early Levallois technology and Lower to Middle Palaeolithic
transition in the Southern Caucasus. Science 345 (6204), 1609-1613.
Barshay-Szmidt, C.C., Eizenberg, L. and Deschamps, M. 2012. Radiocarbon (AMS) dating
the Classic Aurignacian, Proto-Aurignacian and Vasconian Mousterian at Gatzarria
Cave (Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France), PALEO [En ligne], paleo.revues.org/2250.
Caron, F. et al. 2011. The reality of Neanderthal symbolic behaviour at the Grotte du Renne,
Arcy-sur -Cure, France. PLoS One 6(6): e21545. doi10.1371/journal.pone.0021545.
Dediu, D. and Levinson, S.C. 2013. On the Antiquity of language: the reinterpretation of
Neanderthal linguistic capacities and its consequences. Frontiers in Psychology 4, 1-17.
Endicott, P., Ho, S.Y. W. and Stringer, C.B. 2010. Using genetic evidence to evaluate four
anthropological hypotheses for the timing of Neanderthal and modern human origins.
Journal of Human Evolution 59, 87-95.
Gaudzinski-Windheuser, S. and Kindler, L. 2012. Research perspectives for the study of
Neanderthal subsistence strategies based on the analysis of archaeozoological
assemblages. Quaternary International. 247, 59-68.
Hardy, B.L. 2010. Climatic variability and plant food distribution in Pleistocene Europe:
implications for Neanderthal diet and subsistence. Quaternary Science Reviews. 29 (5-6),
662-679.
Henry, A.G., Brooks, A.S. and Piperno, D.R. 2010. Microfossils in calculus demonstrate the
consumption of plants and cooked foods in Neanderthal diets (Shanidar III, Iraq; Spy I
& II, Belgium). PNAS
Mellars, P. 1996. The Neanderthal Legacy: an archaeological perspective from Western Europe.
Princeton: Princeton University Press. INST ARCH DA120 MEL (ISSUE DESK)
Pettitt, P. B. 2000. Neanderthal lifecycles: developmental cycles and social phases in the lives
of the last archaics. World Archaeology 31/3, 351-66. ONLINE
Pettitt, P. B. 2002. The Neanderthal dead: exploring mortuary variability in Middle
Palaeolithic Eurasia. Before Farming 4, 1-26. ONLINE
Rae, T.C., Koppe, T. and Stringer, C.B., 2011. The Neanderthal face is not cold adapted.
Journal of Human Evolution 60, 234-239.
Richter, J. et al. 2012. Contextual areas of early Homo sapiens and their significance for human
dispersal from Africa into Eurasia between 200ka and 70ka. Quaternary International
274, 5-24.
INTRODUCING EUROPE
3. Stephen Shennan: Introducing prehistoric Europe
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What is Europe, how has it been defined, and why? There are numerous different definitions
of the boundaries of Europe, and even the concept of ‘Europe’ itself is relatively recent. The
lecture will begin by highlighting some of these different views by looking at the climatic and
geographic variation which exists within ‘Europe’, followed by a short appraisal of the
cultural, linguistic and political evolution of the concept. Implications for the study of
prehistoric Europe will be considered.
Reading:
Cunliffe, B. (ed.), 1994. The Oxford Prehistory of Europe. Oxford, Oxford University Press,
p. 1- 3 (introduction) and table 14. INST ARCH DA 100 CUN (ISSUE DESK)
Gramsch, A. 2000. 'Reflexiveness' in archaeology, nationalism, and Europeanism.
Archaeological Dialogues 7/1. INST ARCH Pers and NET
Kristiansen, K. 2008. Do we need the ‘archaeology of Europe’? Archaeological Dialogues
15/1, 5-25. ONLINE
Renfrew, C. 1994. The identity of Europe in prehistoric archaeology. Journal of European
Archaeology 2/2, 153-173. INST ARCH Pers
Schnapp, A. 1996. The discovery of the past: the origins of archaeology. London, British
Museum Press. INST ARCH AG SCH
Additional reading:
Ascherson, N. 1995. Black Sea. Chapter 2 (but the whole book is worth reading). SSEES.
Misc.IX.a ASC. On order for IoA Library.
Biehl, P., Gramsch, A., Marciniak, A. 2002. Archaeologies of Europe: Histories and
identities, an introduction. In: Biehl, P. Gramsch, A., Marciniak, A. (eds), Archaeologies
of Europe. Münster, Waxmann, 25-34. INST ARCH AF BIE
Graves-Brown, P., Jones, S., Gamble C. (eds) 1995. Cultural Identity and Archaeology: The
Construction of European Communities. New York, Routledge. INST ARCH BD GRA
(ISSUE DESK)
Pluciennik, M. 1998. Archaeology, archaeologists and 'Europe'. Antiquity 72, 816-824. INST
ARCH PERS and NET
Pounds, N. J. G. 1990. A Historical Geography of Europe. Cambridge, Cambridge University
Press. GEOGRAPHY K 60 POU
Rowlands, M. 1987. Europe in Prehistory. Culture and History 1, 63-78. Stores
4. Mark Roberts: The arrival of modern humans
The Upper Palaeolithic from c. 45,000-12,000 years ago spans the last great Ice Age. At the
beginning of this period the Neanderthals and newly discovered species such as the
Denisovans, were replaced by modern humans in Europe. The genetic evidence for cross
species breeding and its legacy in present day human populations is examined This
biological change is accompanied by recognisable and significant changes in human
behaviour affecting the social, economic, ritual and artistic activities of these groups, who
were able to colonise all of the Eurasian continent and beyond.
Essential reading
Hublin, J.J., 2015. The modern human colonization of western Eurasia: when and where?
Quaternary Science Reviews 118, 194-210
14
Mellars, P. 1994. The Upper Palaeolithic Revolution. In: Cunliffe, B. (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated
Prehistory of Europe. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 42-78. INST ARCH DA 100 CUN
(ISSUE DESK)
Mellars, P. 2004: Neanderthals and the modern human colonization of Europe. Nature 432,
461-465. ONLINE
Additional reading
d'Errico, F. 2003. The invisible frontier. A multiple species model for the origin of behavioural
modernity. Evolutionary Anthropology 12, 188-202. ONLINE
Mellars, P. et al. 1999. The Neanderthal problem continued. Current Anthropology 40/3, 341-
364. ONLINE
Zilhão, J. 2006. Neandertals and Moderns mixed, and it matters. Evolutionary Anthropology 15,
183-195. ONLINE
5. Mark Roberts: Late Pleistocene hunters and post-glacial developments
During the Upper Palaeolithic period several cultures were appearing, usually associated
with symbolic representations considered as the earliest obvious artistic manifestations. This
lecture will explore the relationships between the Upper Palaeolithic art and Late
Pleistocene human adaptations and, finally, the cultural answers to the beginning of the
current warm inter-glacial (the Holocene) and the appearance of the Mesolithic.
Essential reading
Bahn, P. Vertut, J. 1997. Journey through the Ice Age. London, Weidenfeld and Nicholson.
INST ARCH BC300 BAR (ISSUE DESK)
Lawson, A. J. 2012. Painted caves: Palaeolithic rock art in Western Europe. Oxford, Oxford
University Press. INST ARCH DA 120 LAW
Additional reading
Anikovich, M.V., et al. 2007. Early Upper Palaeolithic in Eastern Europe and Implications for
the Dispersal of Modern Humans. Science 315, 223-226.
Banks, W.E., d’Errico, F. and Zilhāo, J. 2013. Human-climate interaction during the early
Upper Palaeolithic: testing the hypothesis of an adaptive shift between the proto-
Aurignacian and the early Aurignacian. Journal of Human Evolution 64. 39-55.
Bar-Yosef, O. and Bordes, J-G., 2010. Who were the makers of the Châtelperronian culture?
Journal of Human Evolution 59, 586-593.
Bar-Yosef, O., 2002. The Upper Palaeolithic Revolution. Annual Review of Anthropology 31,
363-393.
Clottes, J. 1996. Thematic changes in Upper Palaeolithic art: a view from Grotte Chauvet.
Antiquity 70, 276-88. Online
Cuenca-Bescós, G. et al. 2012. Relationship between Magdalenian subsistence and
environmental change: the mammalian evidence from El Mirón (Spain). Quaternary
International 272-273, 125-137.
Dayet, L., d’Errico, F. and Garcia-Morena, R. 2014. Searching for consistencies in
Châtelperronian pigment use. Journal of Archaeological Science 44, 180-193.
Dinnis, R., 2012. The archaeology of Britain’s first modern Humans. Antiquity 86 (333), 627-
641.
15
Eren, M.I., Greenspan, A. and Sampson, G.C. 2008. Are Upper Paleolithic blade cores more
productive than Middle Paleolithic discoidal cores? A replication experiment. Journal
of Human Evolution. 55, 952-961.
Gamble, C. 1991. The social context of European Palaeolithic art. Proceedings of the Prehistoric
Society 57, 3-15. INST ARCH Pers
Krause, J., et al. 2010. The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin
from southern Siberia. Nature 464, 894-897.
Miller, R. 2012. Mapping the expansion of the Northwestern Magdalenian. Quaternary
International 272-273, 209-230.
Niven, L. 2007. From carcass to cave: large mammal exploitation during the Aurignacian at
Vogelherd, Germany. Journal of Human Evolution 53, 362-382.
Otte, M. 2012. Appearance, expansion and dilution of the Magdalenian civilisation.
Quaternary International 272-273, 354-361.
Pettitt, P. and White, M.J., 2013. The British Palaeolithic: human societies at the edge of the
Pleistocene world. Routledge.
Pitulko, V.V., et al. 2012. The oldest art of the Eurasian Arctic: personal ornaments and
symbolic objects from Yana RHS, Arctic Siberia. Antiquity 86 (333), 642-659.
Schwendler, R.H. 2012. Diversity in social organisation across Magdalenian Western Europe
ca. 17-12,000 BP. Quaternary International 272-273, 333-353.
Straus, L., Leesch, D. and Terberger, T. 2012. The Magdalenian settlement of Europe: an
introduction. Quaternary International 272-273, 1-5.
Tolksdorf, J.F., et al. 2009. The Early Mesolithic Haverbeck site, Northwest Germany:
evidence for Preboreal settlement in the Western and Central European Plain. Journal
of Archaeological Science 36, 1466-1476.
White, R. 2003. Prehistoric art: the symbolic journey of humankind. New York, Harry N. Abrams.
INST ARCH BC 300 WHI
See also:
Anikovich, M. 1992. Early Upper Palaeolithic Industries of Eastern Europe. Journal of World
Prehistory 672, 205-245.
Beresford, M. 2012. Beyond the ice: Creswell Crags and its place in a wider European context.
Oxford, Archaeopress. On order
Desdemaines-Hugon, Chr. 2010. Stepping-stones: a journey through the Ice Age caves of the
Dordogne. New Haven, Yale University Press. INST ARCH DAC 22 DES
6. Mark Roberts: practical, handling session
You will be divided into small groups in order to study and handle a range of artefacts from
the collection of the Institute of Archaeology relating to the Palaeolithic.
7. Stephen Shennan: Mesolithic hunters, gatherers and fishers
The Mesolithic is a term used by European archaeologists to describe the Hunter Fisher
Forager (HFF) societies persisting in Europe after the Upper Paleolithic, during a time of
major climatic and ecological changes. It is a period of increasingly standardized microlithic
16
industries with small stone projectile points, bone harpoons, fish-traps, and wooden tools,
embedded within complex fishing and bow-hunting subsistence economies. Early
Mesolithic peoples had to adapt to various environmental shocks, as Europe emerged from
the last Ice Age, with dramatically rising sea levels and the spread of forests.
Esssential reading
Mithen, S. J. 1994. The Mesolithic Age. In: Cunliffe, B. (ed.) The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of
Europe. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 79-135. INST ARCH D A 100 CUN (ISSUE
DESK)
Additional reading
Bailey, G. and Spikins, P. (eds) 2008. Mesolithic Europe. Cambridge, Cambridge University
Press. INST ARCH DA 130 BAI
(Chapters on individual countries and areas)
Conneller, J., Warren, G. (eds) 2006. Mesolithic Britain and Ireland: New Approaches. Stroud,
Tempus. INST ARCH DAA 130 CON, ISSUE DESK IOA CON 7
Bicho, N., Umbelino, C., Detry. C, Telmo, Pereira, T. 2010. The Emergence of Muge
Mesolithic Shell Middens in Central Portugal and the 8200 cal yr BP Cold Event, The
Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 5:1, 86-104, DOI:
10.1080/15564891003638184 To link to this article:
https://doi.org/10.1080/15564891003638184
Edinborough, K. 2009. Population history, abrupt climate change and evolution of
arrowhead technology in Mesolithic south Scandinavia. In, Pattern and Process in
Cultural Evolution, ed. S. J. Shennan, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press 191-
202.
https://www.academia.edu/21767985/Population_history_and_the_evolution_of_mesolithic_
arrowhead_tecnology_in_south_Scandinavia
Kozłowski, St. K. 2009. Thinking Mesolithic. Oxford, Oxbow. INST ARCH DA Qto KOZ
Fredrik Molin, Linus Hagberg, Ann Westermark, 2017. Living by the shore: Mesolithic
dwellings and household in Motala, eastern central Sweden, 5600-5000 cal BC,
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 2017, ISSN 2352-409X,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.10.022.
Riede, F., Edinborough, K. Bayesian Radiocarbon models for the cultural transition during
the Allerød in southern Scandinavia, 2012. Journal of Archaeological Science, 3: 744–
756.
Weninger, B., Schulting, R., Bradtmöller, M., Clare, L., Collard, M., Edinborough, K., Hilpert,
J., Jöris, O., Niekus, M., Rohling, E., Wagner, B. 2008. The catastrophic final flooding
of Doggerland by the Storegga Slide tsunami. In, Documenta Praehistorica XXXV: 1-24.
https://www.academia.edu/437214/The_Catastrophic_Final_Flooding_of_Doggerlan
d_by_the_Storegga_Slide_Tsunami
17
See also:
Bell, M. 2007. Prehistoric coastal communities: the Mesolithic in western Britain. CBA Research
Report 149. York: Council for British Archaeology. INST ARCH DAA Qto Series
COU 149
Conneller, J. 2005. Moving beyond sites: Mesolithic technology in the landscape. In: Milner,
N. J., Woodman, P. (eds.), Mesolithic Studies at the Beginning of the Twenty-first Century.
Oxford, Oxbow, 42-55. INST ARCH DA 130 MIL
Finlay, N. et al. (eds) 2009. From Bann Flakes to Bushmills: papers in honour of Professor Peter
Woodman. Oxford, Oxbow. INST ARCH DAA 100 FIN
Gaffney, V., Fitch, S. Smith, D. 2009. Europe's lost world: the rediscovery of Doggerland. York:
Council for British Archeology. INST ARCH DAA Qto Series COU 160
Jordan, P., Weber, A., 2016. Persistent foragers: New insights into Holocene hunter-gatherer
archaeology in northern Eurasia, In Quaternary International, Volume 419, 2016,
Pages 1-4, ISSN 1040-6182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.09.046.
Larsson, L. et al. (eds) 2003. Mesolithic on the move: papers presented at the Sixth International
Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, Stockholm 2000. Oxford, Oxbow, 2003. INST
ARCH DA Qto LAR
McCartan, S. et al. (eds) 2009. Mesolithic horizons: papers presented at the Seventh
International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, Belfast 2005. Oxford, Oxbow
Books. INST ARCH DA Qto CAR
Online journal Mesolithic miscellany https://sites.google.com/site/mesolithicmiscellany/
(Provides reports and up-to-date assessments of regional evidence and thematic
issues)
For a remarkable Mesolithic soundtrack using British Mesolithic archaeological evidence,
https://soundcloud.com/jonhughes409/star-carr-sonic-horizons-rough
Elliott B, Hughes J. Sonic Horizons of the Mesolithic: using sound to engage wider audiences
with Early Holocene research. World Archaeol. 2014 May 27;46(3):305–18.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00438243.2014.909097
EARLY FARMING COMMUNITIES 8. Stephen Shennan: The origins of farming and the initial spread of agriculture across Europe
Archaeologists have paid extensive attention to the transition from an economy based on
foraging to one based on farming, what Gordon Childe labelled the ‘Neolithic Revolution’.
The diffusion of farming practices across Europe, from southeast to northwest, took some
three thousand years from c. 7000 to c. 4000 BC. The lecture will consider the nature and
characteristics of the earliest farming societies in Mediterranean, Southeast, and Central
Europe.
18
Essential reading
Shennan, S.J. 2018. The First Farmers of Europe: An Evolutionary Perspective. Chapters 2–5.
Cambridge University Press.
Zeder, M. A. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean basin: origins,
diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, 11597–11604.
ONLINE
Additional reading
Bentley, A., M. O’Brien, K. Manning, S. Shennan 2015. On the relevance of the European
Neolithic. Antiquity 89: 1203–1210
Bernabeu Auban, J., O. García Puchol, M. Barton, S. McClure and S. Pardo Gordo 2015.
Radiocarbon dates, climatic events, and social dynamics during the Early Neolithic
in Mediterranean Iberia. Quaternary International in press. ONLINE
Bogaard, A. 2004. Neolithic farming in central Europe. London, Routledge. INST ARCH DA
140 BOG
Bollongino, R. et al. 2013. 2000 Years of Parallel Societies in Stone Age Central Europe.
Science 342, 479-481. ONLINE
Colledge, S., Conolly, J. (eds.) 2007. The origins and spread of domestic plants in southwest Asia
and Europe. Walnut Creek, Left Coast Press. INST ARCH HA COL (individual
chapters on various countries/areas)
Colledge, S., J. Conolly, K. Dobney, K. Manning and S. Shennan (eds.) 2013. The Origins and
Spread of Domestic Animals in Southwest Asia and Europe. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast
Press. (individual chapters on various countries/areas)
Hadjikoumis, A., Robinson E., Viner, S. (eds.) 2011. Dynamics of neolithisation: studies in
honour of Andrew Sherratt. Oxford, Oxbow. INST ARCH DA 140 GAD (individual
chapters on various countries/areas)
Harris, D. R. 1996. The origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia: an
overview. In: Harris, D. R. (ed.), The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism
in Eurasia, 552-573. ISSUE DESK IOA HAR 8
Lazaridis, I., Nadel, D., Rollefson, G. et al. Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the
ancient Near East. Nature 536, 419–424 (2016) doi:10.1038/nature19310
Mathieson, I., Alpaslan-Roodenberg, S., Posth, C. et al. The genomic history of southeastern
Europe. Nature 555, 197–203 (2018) doi:10.1038/nature25778
Robb, J. 2007. The early Mediterranean village: agency, material culture, and social change in
Neolithic Italy. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH DAF 100 ROB
Skoglund, P. et al. 2012. Origins and Genetic Legacy of Neolithic Farmers and Hunter-
Gatherers in Europe. Science 336, 466-469. ONLINE
Whittle, A. 1996. Europe in the Neolithic: the Creation of New Worlds. Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press, Chapters 3, 4 and 6 INST ARCH DA 140 WHI (ISSUE DESK)
19
9. Stephen Shennan: The Neolithisation of North-Western Europe
Whilst farming practices were introduced in south-eastern, Mediterranean and central
Europe during the 7th and 6th mill. cal. BC, it was to be another millennium until the new
economy reached the plains of northern Europe and the British Isles, with their different
soils and environmental conditions. This lecture looks at this 'secondary' episode of
neolithisation, across the North European Plain (Funnel-Necked Beakers culture), Britain
and Ireland, including the appearance of various categories of monumental architecture
such as megalithic tombs.
Essential reading
Brace, S., Diekmann, Y., Booth, T.J. et al. Ancient genomes indicate population replacement
in Early Neolithic Britain. Nat Ecol Evol 3, 765–771 (2019) doi:10.1038/s41559-019-
0871-9
Bradley, R. 2019. The prehistory of Britain and Ireland, 2nd edition. Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press. Chapter 2.
Shennan, S.J. 2018. The First Farmers of Europe: An Evolutionary Perspective. Chapters 6–8.
Cambridge University Press
Whitehouse, N.J. et al. 2014. Neolithic agriculture on the European western frontier: the
boom and bust of early farming in Ireland. Journal of Archaeological Science 51: 181–
205. ONLINE
Additional reading
Collard, M., K. Edinborough, S.J. Shennan and M.G. Thomas 2010. Radiocarbon evidence
indicates that migrants introduced farming to Britain. Journal of Archaeological Science
37, 866-870. ONLINE
Fairbairn, A. S. 2000. On the spread of crops across Neolithic Britain, with special reference
to Southern England. In A. S. Fairbairn (ed.), Plants in Neolithic Britain and beyond.
Oxford, Oxbow, 107-121.
Mittnik, A., Wang, C., Pfrengle, S. et al. The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region. Nat
Commun 9, 442 (2018) doi:10.1038/s41467-018-02825-9
Price, T.D. 2015. Ancient Scandinavia. Chapter 4: The first farmers. Oxford University Press.
INST ARCH DAM 100 PRI
Rowley-Conwy, P. 2011. Westward Ho! The Spread of Agriculturalism from Central Europe
to the Atlantic. Current Anthropology, Vol. 52, No. S4, S431-S451. ONLINE
Stevens, C.J. and D.Q. Fuller 2012. Did Neolithic farming fail? The case for a Bronze Age
agricultural revolution in the British Isles. Antiquity 86: 707–722. ONLINE
Whittle, A., Cummings, V. (eds.) 2007. Going over: the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in north-
west Europe. London, British Academy. INST ARCH DA 140 WHI, ISSUE DESK IOA
WHI 6 (individual chapters on various countries/areas)
20
Whittle, A., Healey, F. and Bayliss, A. 2011. Gathering time: dating the Early Neolithic enclosures
of southern Britain and Ireland. Chapter 15 (in volume 2). Oxford: Oxbow books. INST
ARCH DAA 140 Qto WHI and ISSUE DESK IOA WHI 18
10. Stephen Shennan: Early metals and rising inequality
Recent evidence demonstrates that copper metallurgy was practised in south-eastern Europe
(e.g. Serbia) from the end of the 6th mill. cal. BC onwards. Throughout the succeeding 5th
millennium cal. BC, numerous finds of copper tools, as well as gold ornaments, attest to a
massive demand for the new material and, probably, increasing social inequality. There is
also evidence of social inequality in Brittany at the same time. These developments
are accompanied by evidence for widespread exchange networks for precious goods. We
will look at the evidence for the growth of metallurgy and increased inequality and the
factors cited to explain this development.
Essential reading
Anthony, D.W. et al. 2010. The Lost World of Old Europe. Princeton UP. INST ARCH DA 150
ANT
Roberts, B., Thornton, C. & Pigott, V. 2009. Development of metallurgy in Eurasia. Antiquity
83: 1012-22. ONLINE
Scarre, C. 2011. Landscapes of Neolithic Brittany. Chapters 4 and 5. Oxford UP. Available ONLINE
Whittle, A. 1996. Europe in the Neolithic: The Creation of New Worlds. Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press. Chapter 5. INST ARCH DA 140 WHI (ISSUE DESK)
Additional reading
Bailey, D. W. 2000. Balkan Prehistory. London, Routledge, Chapters 5 and 6. lNST ARCH
DAR BAl. lNST ARCH ISSUE DESK BAl2
Chapman, J. 1991. The creation of social arenas in the Neolithic and copper age of South-East
Europe: the case of Varna. In: Garwood, P., Jennings, P. Skeates, R. Toms, J. (eds), Sacred
and profane. Oxford Committee for archaeology Monograph 32. Oxford, Oxbow, 152-171.
DA Qto GAR
Chapman, J., Higham, T., Slavchev, V., Gaydarska, B. Honch, N. 2006. The Social Context of
the Emergence, Development and Abandonment of the Varna Cemetery, Bulgaria.
European Journal of Archaeology 9/2-3, 159–183. ONLINE
Ciuk, K. et al. (eds.) 2008. Mysteries of ancient Ukraine: the remarkable Trypilian culture 5400-
2700 BC. Toronto, Royal Ontario Museum. INST ARCH DAK Qto CIU
Hansen, S., 2013. Innovative Metals: Copper, Gold and Silver in the Black Sea Region and
the Carpathian Basin during the 5th and 4th Millennium BC. In Burmeister, Stefan /
Hansen, Svend / Kunst, Michael / Müller-Scheeßel, Nils (Eds.): Metal Matters;
Innovative Technologies and Social Change in Prehistory and Antiquity. Rahden/Westf.:
Leidorf
21
Kienlin, T. 2010. Transitions and transformations: Approaches to Eneolithic (Copper Age) and
Bronze Age Metalworking and Society in Eastern Central Europe and the Carpathian Basin.
BAR Int. Series 2184. Oxford, Archaeopress, Chapter 5. DA Qto KIE
Pétrequin, P., Sheridan, A., et al., 2015.-Projet JADE 2. ‘Object-signs’ and social
interpretations of Alpine jade axeheadsin the European Neolithic: theory and
methodology, in : T. Kerig et S. Shennan (ed.), Connecting networks . Oxford,
Archaeopress : 83-102. Available on the internet.
Porčić, M., 2019. Evaluating Social Complexity and Inequality in the Balkans between 6500
and 4200 BC. Journal of Archaeological Research 27:335–390.
Radivojevic, M. et al. 2010. On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new evidence from
Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science 37: 2775-2787. ONLINE
11. Stephen Shennan: The creation of supra-regional networks: Corded Ware, Bell Beakers (and Indo-Europeans?)
Towards the end of the Neolithic, we observe extremely widespread distributions of sets of
drinking equipment, the Globular Amphorae complex of Eastern Europe, slightly later the
Corded Ware Beakers of eastern and central Europe and the Bell Beakers to the west. The
very distinctive beakers were accompanied by dress accessories and weapons. Burial tended
to be in single graves, often under burial mounds, with a gender-specific ritual. While the
spread of these ‘complexes’ was formerly interpreted in the context of the creation of supra-
regional networks, characterised by shared material culture, new social values and norms,
recent genetic studies have reintroduced the possibility of migrations.
Essential reading
Allentoft, M. et al. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature 522: 167-172.
ONLINE
Cunliffe, B. (ed.) 1994. The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe. Oxford, Oxford University
Press. Chapter 7. INST ARCH DA 100 CUN (ISSUE DESK)
Cunliffe, B. 2015. By Steppe, Desert and Ocean: The Birth of Eurasia. Chapter 3: Horses and
copper. INST ARCH DAK 15.
Haak, W. et al. 2015. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European
languages in Europe. Nature 522: 207–211. ONLINE
Vander Linden, M., 2013. A little bit of history repeating. Theories of the Bell Beaker
Phenomenon. In Harding A. & FokkensH. (eds). Oxford Handbook of European Bronze
Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 64-77. ONLINE
Additional reading
Anthony, D. 2007. The Horse, The Wheel and Language. How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian
Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton Univ. Press. ISSUE DESK IOA ANT and
online as an ebook.
Benz, M., van Willingen, S. 1998. Some new approaches to the Bell Beaker "phenomenon": lost
paradise? Proceedings of the 2nd Meeting of the "Association Archéologie et
22
gobelets," Feldberg (Germany), 18th-20th April 1997. BAR international series 690.
Oxford, BAR. INST ARCH DA Qto BEN
Czebreszuk, J. 2004. Bell Beakers: an outline of present stage of research. In: Czebreszuk, J.
(ed.), Similar but different. Bell beakers in Europe. Poznań: Adam Mickiewicz
University, 223-224. INST ARCH DA 150 CZE
Fokkens, H., Nicolis, F. (eds) 2012. Background to beakers. Inquiries into regional cultural
backgrounds of the Bell Beaker Complex. Leiden, Sidestone Press. INST ARCH DA 150
FOK
Meyer, C. et al. 2009. The Eulau eulogy : bioarchaeological interpretation of lethal violence in
Corded Ware multiple burials from Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Journal of
anthropological archaeology 28 : 412-23.
Milisauskas, S. (ed.) 2002. European prehistory, a survey. New York, Kluwer Academic/Plenum
Publishers. Chapter 8, 247-276. INST ARCH DA 100 MIL
Renfrew, A. C. 1987. Archaeology and Language. The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins. Penguin. INST
ARCH BD REN
Schroeder, H., et al. 2019. Unraveling ancestry, kinship, and violence in a Late Neolithic
mass grave. PNAS | May 28, 2019 | vol. 116 | no. 22 | 10705–10710.
Sherratt, A. 1991. Sacred and profane substances: The ritual use of Narcotics in later
Neolithic Europe: 403-430. In: Sherratt, A. Economy and society in prehistoric Europe.
Changing Perspectives. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. INST ARCH DA 100
SHE
Vander Linden, M. 2007. For equalities are plural: reassessing the social in Europe during
the third millennium bc. World Archaeology 39, 177-193.
Vandkilde, H. 2007. Culture and change in central European prehistory: 6th to 1st millennium BC.
Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, Chapter 5, 65-90. INST ARCH DA 100 VAN
COMPLEX AGRARIAN SOCIETIES 12. Stephen Shennan: The beginnings of the Bronze Age
The archaeological record of the Bronze Age has historically been dominated by metal. Its
increasing use required extensive trade networks, especially as alloying of copper with tin
became common in the later part of the early Bronze Age. As tin is found only in a few
restricted areas like Cornwall and the Ore Mountains on the Czech/German border, an
interregional trade developed that entailed intense contacts. The use of the new metal was
related to various economic and technical changes, and metal goods also provided another
means of expressing identity, alongside ceramics and stone. Bronze artefacts are thus
commonly found in burials, and hoards, and more rarely in settlements. Thanks to intensive
fieldwork carried out across much of Europe over the past two decades, it is now possible to
contextualise the wide range of practices linked to metal production and consumption, and
to paint a more nuanced picture of the societies of the beginnings of the Bronze Age.
23
Essential reading
Harding, A. and Fokkens, H. (eds). 2013. The Oxford Handbook of European Bronze Age.
Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chapters by Roberts and Brück and Fontijn. ONLINE
Mittnik, A. et al. 2019. Kinship-based social inequality in Bronze Age Europe. Science 366,
731–734.
Sherratt, A. 1994. The emergence of elites: Earlier Bronze Age Europe, 2500-1300 BC. In: B.
Cunliffe (ed.), The Oxford illustrated prehistory of Europe. Oxford, Oxford University
Press, 244-276. ISSUE DESK IOA CUN 6 or INST ARCH DA 100 CUN or
TEACHING COLL. INST ARCH 398
Vandkilde, H. 2007. Culture and change in Central European prehistory, 6th to 1st millenium BC.
Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. Esp. Chapter 7 on Early Bronze Age. INST ARCH
DA 100 VAN
Additional reading
Bradley, R. 2019. The prehistory of Britain and Ireland, 2nd edition. Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press. Chapter 4.
Harding, A. 2000. European societies in the Bronze Age. Cambridge, Cambridge University
Press. ISSUE DESK IOA HAR, IoA DA 150
Kristiansen, K,. 2012. Bronze Age Dialectics: Ritual Economies and the Consolidation of
Social Divisions. In T. Kienlin and A. Zimmermann (eds), Beyond Elites. Pp.381-392.
Online.
Kristiansen, K., Larsson, Th. 2005. The rise of Bronze Age society: travels, transmissions and
transformations. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Chapter 4 on Early Bronze
Age. INST ARCH DA 150 KRI
Prescott, Chr., Glørstad, H. (eds.) 2012. Becoming European? The transformation of third
millennium Europe and the trajectory of second millennium BC. Oxford, Oxbow. INST
ARCH DA 100 PRE
Roberts, B. W. 2008. The Bronze Age. In: Atkins, L., Atkins R., Leitch, V. (eds.), The Handbook
of British Archaeology (revised edition). London: Constable and Robinson, 60-91. INST
ARCH DAA 100 ADK
Shennan, S. J. 1993. Commodities, transactions and growth in the central European Early
Bronze Age. European Journal of Archaeology 1/2, 59-72. INST ARCH PERS
13. Stephen Shennan: Farmers and chieftains of Bronze Age Europe
The archaeological record of the Bronze Age has traditionally been dominated by metals,
and a concomitant discourse based on typology, the identification of similar stylistic features
and eventually of putative large-scale networks. Thanks to new research projects and the
development of commercial archaeology, a more detailed perception of the Bronze Age is
now emerging. In this lecture, we will review changes in settlement pattern, funerary
practices across the second and early first millennium cal. BC, as well as the intensification
of social interaction.
24
Essential reading
Harding, A. and Fokkens, H. (eds). 2013. The Oxford Handbook of European Bronze Age.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sherratt, A. 1994. The emergence of elites: Earlier Bronze Age Europe, 2500-1300 BC. In: B.
Cunliffe (ed.) The Oxford illustrated prehistory of Europe. Oxford, Oxford University
Press, 244-276. ISSUE DESK IOA CUN 6 or INST ARCH DA 100 CUN or
TEACHING COLL. INST ARCH 398
Sherratt, A. 1994. Reform in Barbarian Europe, 1.300-600 BC. In: B. Cunliffe (ed.) The Oxford
illustrated prehistory of Europe. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 304-335. ISSUE DESK
IOA CUN 6 or INST ARCH DA 100 CUN or TEACHING COLL. INST ARCH 398
Vandkilde, H. 2007. Culture and change in Central European prehistory, 6th to 1st Millenium BC.
Aarhus, Aarhus University Press. Esp. Chapter 8 on Middle and Late Bronze Age.
INST ARCH DA 100 VAN
Additional reading
Bradley, R. 1990. The passage of arms: an archaeological analysis of prehistoric hoards and votive
deposits. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH BC 100 BRA
Bradley, R. 2019. The prehistory of Britain and Ireland, 2nd edition. Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press. Chapter 5.
Fontijn, D. 2005. Giving up weapons. In: Parker Pearson, M., Thorpe, I. J. N. (eds), Warfare,
violence and slavery in prehistory. Proceedings of a Prehistoric Society conference at
Sheffield University. BAR international series 1374. Oxford, Archaeopress, 145-154.
HJ Qto PAR
Fontijn, D. 2008. Everything in its right place? On selective deposition, landscape and the
construction of identity in later prehistory. In: Jones, A. (ed.), Prehistoric Europe.
Oxford, Blackwell, 86-106. INST ARCH DA 100 JON
Gilman, A. 1981. The development of social stratification in Bronze Age Europe. Current
Anthropology 22, 1-22. INST. ARCH PERS and Net
Harding, A. 2000. European societies in the Bronze Age. Cambridge, Cambridge University
Press. ISSUE DESK IOA HAR, IoA DA 150
Holst, M. et al. 2013. Bronze Age 'Herostrats': ritual, political, and domestic economies in
Early Bronze Age Denmark. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 79:1-32. ONLINE
Kristiansen, K and P. Suchowska-Ducke 2015. Connected Histories: the Dynamics of Bronze
Age Interaction and Trade 1500–1100 bc. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 81, 361
– 392. ONLINE
Molloy, B. 2017. Hunting Warriors: The Transformation of Weapons, Combat Practices and
Society during the Bronze Age in Ireland. European Journal of Archaeology 20, 280-
316.
Pare, Ch. (ed.), Metals make the world go round: the supply and circulation of metals in Bronze Age
Europe. Oxford: Oxbow. INST ARCH DA Qto PAR
25
14. Borja Legarra Herrero: The rise of states in the Mediterranean
The rise in the Aegean of complex palatial structures surrounded by extensive towns and
territories, and accompanied by the development of a limited literacy, has normally marked
the origins of the first states in Europe. Recent research in the Iberian Peninsula has
challenged this view, bringing new views on the rise of complex societies in the
Mediterranean during the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC. The lecture will present the fundamental
information to place and understand these processes in Iberia (3000 BC in the Guadalquivir
Valley, and 2000 BC in SE Spain) and the Aegean (2000 BC on the island of Crete, and ca.
1400 BC on the Greek mainland). The lecture will explain how current debates balance
‘world-systemic’ and internal developmental approaches to explain these major changes and
why they occurred across the Mediterranean significantly earlier than in temperate Europe.
The collapse of the last of these palace societies around 1200 BC is a precursor to the very
different Iron Age city-states of the Mediterranean world.
Essential reading
Broodbank, C. 2009. The Mediterranean and its hinterland. In: Cunliffe, B., Gosden, C.,
Joyce, R. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology. Oxford, Oxford University
Press, 677-722. INST ARCH AH CUN
Gilman, A. (2013). Were There States during the Later Prehistory of Southern Iberia? In M.
C. Berrocal, L. García Sanjuán & A. Gilman (Eds.), The Prehistory of Iberia. Debating
Early Social Stratification and the State (pp. 10-28). New York: Routledge. INST
ARCH TC 3769. INST ARCH DAP CRU.
Legarra Herrero. 2016. Primary state processes on Bronze Age Crete: A social approach to
change in early complex societies. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 26(2). Available
in Moodle.
Additional reading
Aranda Jiménez, G., Montón Subías, S., & Sánchez Romero, M. (2015). The Archaeology of
Bronze Age Iberia. Argaric Societies. London: Routledge. INST ARCH DAP 100 ARA
Bintliff, J.L. 2012. The Complete Archaeology of Greece. From hunter-gatherers to the 20th century
A.D. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. DAE 100 BIN.
Chapman, R. 2003. Archaeologies of Complexity. London: Routledge. INST ARCH AH CHA
Cherry, J. F. 1984. The emergence of the state in the prehistoric Aegean. Proceedings of the
Cambridge Philological Society 30, 18-48. Main LINGUISTICS Periodicals
Cline, E. (ed.) 2010. The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean. IOA CLI 2.
Díaz-del-Río, P. 2010. Scaling the social context of Copper Age aggregations in Iberia.
Proceedings of the XV World Congress (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006). Oxford:
Archaeopress. AH Qto INT
Halstead, P. 1992. The Mycenaean palatial economy: making the most of the gaps in the
evidence. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 38, 57-86. Main,
LINGUISTICS Periodicals
Lull, V., Micó, R., Rihuete-Herrada, C., & Risch, R. (2014). The La Bastida fortification: new
light and new questions on Early Bronze Age societies in the western
Mediterranean. Antiquity, 88(340), 395-410. Inst Arch Pers
26
Manning, S. (2018) 'The Development of Complex Society on Crete: The Balance between
Wider Context and Local Agency', in Knodell, A.R. and Leppard, T.P. (eds), Regional
approaches to society and complexity. Studies in honor of John F. Cherry (Sheffield) 29–58
Nocete, F., Lizcano, R., Peramo, A., & Gómez, E. (2010). Emergence, collapse and continuity
of the first political system in the Guadalquivir Basin from the fourth to the
second millennium BC: The long-term sequence of Úbeda (Spain). Journal of
Anthropological Archaeology, 29(2), 219-237. Inst Arch Pers.
Shelmerdine, C. (ed.) 2008. The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press. IoA Issue desk SHE 16; DAG 100 SHE
Sherratt, A. G. 1993. What would a Bronze Age world-system look like? Relations between
temperate Europe and the Mediterranean in late prehistory. Journal of European
Archaeology 1/2, 1-57. Inst Arch Pers
Sherratt, A. G., Sherratt, E. S. 1991. From luxuries to commodities: the nature of
Mediterranean Bronze Age trading systems. In: N. Gale (ed.) Bronze Age Trade in
the Mediterranean. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 90. Åstrom, Jonsered,
351-386. Issue Desk DAG Qto STU 90
Whitelaw, T. 2001. From sites to communities: defining the human dimensions of Minoan
urbanism. In: Branigan, K. (ed.) Urbanism in the Aegean Bronze Age. Sheffield
Studies in Aegean Archaeology 4, Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 15-37. Issue
Desk BRA; DAE 100 BRA
15. Mike Parker Pearson: The Iron Age north of the Alps
The Iron Age is characterised, in continental Europe, by increased movement of goods,
techniques and ideas, manifested by the development of supra-regional trends. As part of
this session, we will review changes in funerary practices, which remain a privileged source
of information on social structure, and especially the evidence for settlement. During the
Early Iron Age, fortified settlements are linked to rich cart and chariot burials, often
associated with imports from the Mediterranean world. The settlement pattern changes
dramatically during the Later Iron Age, with the development of dedicated sanctuaries, a
dense network of farmsteads and, during the last two centuries BC, the creation of extensive
settlement, the so-called oppida (Latin for towns).
Essential reading
Collis, J. 1992 (reprinted from 1984). The European Iron Age. London, Batsford. Chapters 3 and
4. INST ARCH DA 160 COL (ISSUE DESK)
Cunliffe, B. 1994. Iron Age Societies in Western Europe and beyond, 800-140 BC. In: Cunliffe,
B. (ed.) The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe. Oxford, Oxford University Press,
336-372. INST ARCH DA 100 CUN (ISSUE DESK)
Cunliffe, B. 2008. Europe between the oceans: themes and variations, 9000 BC-AD 1000. New
Haven, Yale University Press. INST ARCH DA 100 CUN Chapters 8+9.
Additional reading
Collis, J. 2003. The Celts: origins, myths & inventions. Stroud, Tempus. INST ARCH DA 161
COL
Dietler, M. 1990. Driven by drink: the role of drinking in the political economy and the case
of Early Iron Age France. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 9: 352-406. ONLINE
27
Fernández-Götz, M. (2018): Urbanization in Iron Age Europe: Trajectories, Patterns and
Social Dynamics. Journal of Archaeological Research 26: 117-162.
Fernández-Götz, M. & Krausse, D. 2012. Heuneburg, first city north of the Alps. Current
Archaeology 55, 28-34. ONLINE
Fernández-Götz, M. and Ralston, I. (2017): The Complexity and Fragility of Early Iron Age
Urbanism in West-Central Temperate Europe. Journal of World Prehistory 30 (3): 259-
279.
Kern, A. 2009. Kingdom of salt: 7000 years of Hallstatt. Veröffentlichung der Prähistorischen
Abteilung 3. Vienna, Natural History Museum. INST ARCH DABB KER
Moscati, S. (ed.) 1991. The Celts. London, Thames and Hudson. INST ARCH CELTIC
QUARTOS AI0 MOS (ISSUE DESK)
Thurston, T. 2009. Unity and diversity in the European Iron Age: out of the mists, some
clarity? Journal of Archaeological Research 17 (4): 347-423.
Wells, P. 2001. Beyond Celts, Germans and Scythians: archaeology and identity in Iron Age Europe.
London, Duckworth. INST ARCH DA 160 WEL
16. Mike Parker Pearson: The Iron Age in the British Isles
After a drop in the circulation and deposition of bronze artefacts at the beginning of the 1st
millennium cal. BC, iron became gradually more important. This new technological
preference was accompanied by changes in funerary practices and settlement patterns, with
the multiplication of roundhouses, enclosed settlements, hillforts (during the period
between 600 and 400 cal. BC), and, towards the end of the sequence, the construction and
use of 'oppida' although not on the scale of Continental sites. Links with the Continent and
the Roman world during the last century BC and first century AD were particularly
significant in southeast England.
Essential reading
Bradley, R. 2007. The prehistory of Britain and Ireland. Cambridge, Cambridge University
Press. Chapter 5. ISSUE DESK IoA BRA 11 and INST ARCH DAA 100 BRA.
Additional reading
Haselgrove, C. & Moore, T. (eds). The later Iron Age in Britain and beyond. Oxford: Oxbow
Books. INST ARCH DAA 160 Qto HAS
Haselgrove, C. & Pope, R. (eds) 2007. The earlier Iron Age in Britain and the near continent.
Oxford: Oxbow Books. INST ARCH DAA 160 Qto HAS
Parker Pearson, M. 1999. Food, sex and death: cosmologies in the British Iron Age with
particular reference to East Yorkshire. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 9, 43-69.
ONLINE
Sharples, N. 2010. Social Relations in Later Prehistory: Wessex in the first millennium BC. Oxford:
Oxford University Press. INST ARCH DAA 100 SHA
Thomas, R.M. 1997. Land, kinship relations and the rise of enclosed settlement in first
millennium BC Britain. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 16: 211-18. ONLINE
17. Ulrike Sommer: Nomads of the Steppe Zone from the early Bronze Age to the Scythians
28
During the early Bronze Age, true nomadism developed in the steppe zone of Eastern
Europe and Asia. Horse-drawn wagons were used as mobile homes, und sumptious burials
in large barrows (urgans) marked the land. The steppe-zone provided a large contact zone
throughout history, connecting China, Persia and the cultures around the Black Sea, at times
extending as far west as the Carpathian Basin.
We will look at the development of this nomadic way of life and the interaction with settled
communities. In the Iron Age, the Scythians came into contact with Greek settlers around
the Black Sea, which left a deep mark on their material culture.
Essential reading
Dolukhanov, P. M. 2002. Alternative Revolutions: hunter-gatherers, farmers and stock-
breeders in the Northwestern Pontic area. In: Boyle, K. Renfrew, C. Levine, M. Ancient
interactions: East and West in Eurasia. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 13-24.
INST ARCH DBK BOY
Frachetti, M. D. 2008. Pastoralist landscapes and social interaction in Bronze Age Eurasia.
Berkeley, University of California Press. Chapter 2, An Archaeology of Bronze Age
Eurasia, 31-72. INST ARCH DBK FRA
Rolle, R. 1989. The Scythians. London, Batsford. INST ARCH DAK 160 ROL
Very traditional, but still a good English-language overview.
Additional reading
Alekseev, A. 2000. The Golden Deer of Eurasia: Scythian and Sarmatian treasures from the Russian
steppes-The Hermitage, Saint Petersburg and the Archaeological Museum Ufa. New Haven:
Yale University Press. INST ARCH DAK 15 Qto ARU
Chernych, E. N. 2008. Formation of The Eurasian “Steppe Belt” of stockbreeding Cultures:
Viewed through the Prism of Archaeometallurgy and Radiocarbon Dating.
Archaeology Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 35/3, 36–53. INST ARCH PERS
*Dolukhanov, P. M. 1996. The early Slavs: Eastern Europe from the initial settlement to the Kievan
Rus. London, Longman. Chapters 5 and 6. INST ARCH DA 100 DOL
Kohl, Ph. 2007. Making of Bronze Age Eurasia. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. INST
ARCH DBK KOH and Online
excellent as a reference work
Piotrovsky, B. 1987. Scythian Art. Oxford, Phaidon.
Reeder, E. D. 1999. Scythian Gold: Treasures from Ancient Ukraine. New York, Harry N.
Abrams. SSEES U.XX.3 SCY
Shishlina, N. I. 2008. Reconstruction of the Bronze Age of the Caspian Steppes: life styles and life
ways of pastoral nomads. BAR International Series 1876. Oxford, Archaeopress. INST
ARCH DBK Qto SHI Simpson, St. J.; Pankova, S. 2017. Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia. London, Thames and
Hudson. INST ARCH DAK SIM
For browsing
See also
Aruz, J. Farkas, A. Fino, E. V. (eds) 2007.The golden deer of Eurasia: perspectives on the Steppe
Nomads of the ancient world. New Haven, Yale University Press. INST ARCH DAK 15
ARU
29
Braund, D. (ed.), 2005. Scythians and Greeks: cultural interaction in Scythia, Athens and the early
Roman Empire (sixth century BC to first century AD). Exeter, University of Exeter Press.
INST ARCH DAK 15 BRA
Kadrow, Sl. et al. (eds) 1994. Nomadism and pastoralism in the circle of Baltic-Pontic early
agrarian cultures, 5000-1650 BC. Baltic-Pontic studies 2. Poznań: Institute of
Prehistory, Adam Mickiewicz University. INST ARCH DAK 15 KAD
18. Borja Legarra Herrero: Greeks, Phoenicians and others across the Mediterranean
During the first millennium BC mobility increased throughout the Mediterranean
and urban life developed. By the 6th century BC at latest Greeks, Phoenicians,
Etruscans and others had established cities around the Mediterranean coast and in
the hinterland. These states were very different from the Minoan-Mycenaean palace
states. They developed new urban settlements and a type of political organisation
that was new in Europe, if well known in the Near East, the city state. By the mid-
first millennium BC, many of them developed formal legal systems, adopted
alphabetical writing and coinage and engaged in state-organised military operations
and construction projects. A class system emerged, with aristocrats at the top and
slaves at the bottom.
The lecture will also look at the new cultural contacts that the Iron Age brought and
at approaches to the study of such interactions beyond the Europecentrist
approaches to Ancient History.
Essential reading
Cunliffe, B. W., Osborne, R. (eds) 2005. Mediterranean Urbanization 800-600 BC. Oxford,
Oxford University Press. IoA: DAG 100 OSB & Issue Desk; Main: HUMANITIES Pers
(the whole book is relevant, but see, in particular, chapter by Osborne, van Dommelen,
Rasmussen, de Polignac).
Hodos, T. 2009. Colonial Engagements in the Global Mediterranean Iron Age. Cambridge
Archaeological Journal 19.2: 221-41.
Morris, I. 2013. ‘Greek multi-city states’, in P. Bang and W. Scheidel (eds.), The Oxford
Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean, 279–303. Main:
ANCIENT HISTORY A 60 BAN Bradley G. 2000. ‘Tribes, states and cities in central Italy’, in E. Herring and K. Lomas (eds.)
The Emergence of State identities in Italy, 109-129.
Additional reading
Dietler M. 1997 The Iron Age in Mediterranean France. Colonial Encounters, Entanglements,
and Transformations in Journal of World Prehistory 11, 269-358
Morgan, C. 2003 Early Greek states beyond the polis. London, Routledge (Main: ANCIENT
HISTORY P 55 MOR) on Greek non-polis states
Ian Morris 1987 Burial and Ancient Society: The Rise of the Greek City-State. Cambridge, CUP
(ISSUE DESK IOA MOR 5)
Moscati, S. (ed), 2001. The Phoenicians. London, I. B. Taurus. INST ARCH DAG 100 MOS
30
Murray, O., and S. Price, (eds.) 1990. The Greek City From Homer to Alexander Main:
ANCIENT HISTORY P 61 MUR (the article by Runciman is a provocative classic).
Niemeyer, H. G. 2000. The early Phoenician city-states on the Mediterranean. Archaeological
elements for their description. In: Hansen, M. (ed.), A comparative study of thirty city-
state cultures. An investigation conducted by the Copenhagen Polis Centre.
Kobenhavn: Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, 89-115. INST ARCH BC
100 Qto HAN and ANCIENT HISTORY (Main) QUARTOS A 72 HAN
Nijboer A.J. 2004. ‘Characteristics of emerging towns in Central Italy, 900/800 to 400 BC’, in
P. Attema (ed.) Centralization, early Urbanization and Colonization in first millennium BC
Italy and Greece, Part 1, 137-156 [IoA: Issue Desk]
Osborne, R. 1987. Classical Landscape With Figures: The Ancient Greek City and Its Countryside,
Chapter 1 ‘The paradox of the Greek city’.
Russell, A., & Knapp, A. (2017). Sardinia and Cyprus: an alternative view on Cypriotes in
the central Mediterranean. Papers of the British School at Rome, 85, 1-35
Tsetskhladze, G. 2006. Greek colonisation: an account of Greek colonies and other settlements
overseas. Leiden, Brill. ANCIENT HISTORY P 61 TSE
van Dommelen P. 2012. ‘Colonialism and migration in the ancient Mediterranean’, Annual
Review of Anthropology 41, 393-409.
19. Stephen Shennan: Practical, handling session
Arrangements: You will be divided into small groups in order to study and handle a range
of artefacts relating to later European prehistory.
20. Andrew Gardner: The impact of Rome on European societies
From the early 2nd century BC Rome, having established control over most of Italy and the
Mediterranean, turned its attention to lands north of the Alps. Over the next two centuries it
extended its empire over much of Europe, stopping at major frontiers along the Rhine and
Danube, and in northern Britain. Within the frontiers Roman structures and institutions
were established: military camps and fortifications were followed by towns of
Mediterranean type; Latin became the official language; Roman law prevailed; and material
culture came under a wide range of imperial influences. Beyond the frontiers too, the impact
of contact with Rome was considerable, fed by Rome's need for supplies of raw materials
and labour. In return for these, the local elites obtained Mediterranean manufactured goods,
some of which, especially those connected with wine consumption, became significant status
symbols, used to enhance and reinforce increasing social stratification. However, these
processes did not simply involve the imposition of cultural templates derived from Rome on
European societies, but rather a wide range of local interactions that produced multiple
different kinds of Roman identities.
Essential reading
Champion, T. 2016. Britain before the Romans. In M. Millett, L. Revell and A. Moore (eds)
The Oxford Handbook of Roman Britain. Oxford: OUP, 150-178. <Oxford Handbooks
Online>.
Gardner, A. 2013. Thinking about Roman imperialism: post-colonialism, globalization and
beyond? Britannia, 44, 1-25. INST ARCH Pers; <www>.
31
Woolf, G. D. 2002. Generations of aristocracy: continuities and discontinuities in the societies
of Interior Gaul. Archaeological Dialogues 9(1), 2-15. INST ARCH Pers; <www>.
Additional reading
Creighton, J. 2006. Britannia: the creation of a Roman province. London: Routledge. INST
ARCH DAA 170 CRE.
Cunliffe, B. 1994. The impact of Rome on barbarian society. In: Cunliffe, B. (ed.), The Oxford
illustrated Prehistory of Europe. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 411-446 (Chapter 2).
INST ARCH DA 100 CUN (ISSUE DESK).
Dietler, M. 2010. Archaeologies of Colonialism: consumption, entanglement, and violence in ancient
Mediterranean France. Berkeley: University of California Press. INST ARCH DAC 100
DIE; <JSTOR Books>.
Fernández Götz, M.A. 2014. Identity and Power: the transformation of Iron Age societies in
Northeast Gaul. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. INST ARCH DAC Qto FER.
Ferris, I. M. 2000. Enemies of Rome: Barbarians through Roman eyes. Stroud: Sutton. A HIST R
72 FER.
Haselgrove, C. and Moore, T. 2007. New narratives of the later Iron Age. In C. Haselgrove
and T. Moore (eds) The Later Iron Age in Britain and Beyond, 1-15. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
INST ARCH DAA 160 Qto HAS.
Hingley, R. 2005. Globalizing Roman culture: unity, diversity and empire. London, Routledge. A
HIST R 72 HIN.
James, S. 2001. ‘Romanization’ and the peoples of Britain. In: S. Keay, Terrenato, N. (eds.)
Italy and the West: comparative issues in Romanization. Oxford, Oxbow Books, 77-89. DA
170 KEA.
Moore, T. 2011. Detribalizing the Later Prehistoric Past: Concepts of Tribes in Iron Age and
Roman Studies. Journal of Social Archaeology 11(3): 334-60. INST ARCH Pers; <www>.
Versluys, M.J. 2014. Understanding objects in motion. An archaeological dialogue on
Romanization (with comments and reply). Archaeological Dialogues 21(1), 1-64. INST
ARCH Pers; <www>.
Wells, P. 1999. The barbarians speak: how the conquered peoples shaped Roman Europe. Princeton,
Princeton University Press. A HIST R 20 WEL.
Wells, P. 2001. Beyond Celts, Germans and Scythians: archaeology and identity in Iron Age Europe.
London, Duckworth. INST ARCH DA 160 WEL.
Woolf, G. 1998. Becoming Roman: the origins of provincial civilization in Gaul. Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press. A HIST R 28 WOO.
4 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Libraries and other resources In addition to the Library of the Institute of Archaeology, other libraries in UCL with holdings of particular relevance to this degree are: British Museum, British Library Information for intercollegiate and interdepartmental students
32
Students enrolled in Departments outside the Institute should obtain the Institute’s coursework guidelines from Judy Medrington (email j.medrington@ucl.ac.uk), which will also be available on the IoA website. INSTITUTE OF ARCHAELOGY COURSEWORK PROCEDURES General policies and procedures concerning modules and coursework, including submission procedures, assessment criteria, and general resources, are available on the IoA Student Administration section of Moodle: https://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/ It is essential that you read and comply with these. Note that some of the policies and procedures will be different depending on your status (e.g. undergraduate, postgraduate taught, affiliate, graduate diploma, intercollegiate, interdepartmental). If in doubt, please consult your module co-ordinator. GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS: Note that there are strict UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for coursework. Note that Module Coordinators are not permitted to grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on a the appropriate UCL form, together with supporting documentation, via Judy Medrington’s office and will then be referred on for consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are acceptable are limited. Those with long-term difficulties should contact UCL Student Support and Wellbeing to make special arrangements. Please see the IoA Student Administration section of Moodle https://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/ for further information. Additional information is given here http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-manual/c4/extenuating-circumstances/
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