Post on 03-Jan-2016
True statement: Science creates knowledge.
1. Making observations
2. Explaining the reasons for those observations
What is a hypothesis?
Definition: A reserved explanation for events that have been observed.
Prediction: A statement that claims an event will happen again.
Hypothesis: The plant will produce more oxygen when the temperature increased because the chemical reaction photosynthesis will increase in speed. This reaction
produces oxygen as a waste product, as the temperature increases therefore the amount of oxygen will also
increase. However, if the temperature increases beyond 45 degrees Celsius then less oxygen will be collected as the reaction begins to slow down. It slows down because the enzymes that drive the chemical reaction photosynthesis
have denatured.
Prediction: As the temperature increases more oxygen will be released up to a point. When the temperature gets too
high the oxygen levels will start to decrease.
Cells: route through the topicCell theory
Unicellular organismsSizes in perspective
MagnificationEmergent propertiesCell differentiation
Stem cellsProkaryotes;E.coli, structure and fission
Eukaryotes: Liver cellMicrographs of liver cells
Comparison of eukaryotes and prokaryotesComparison of plant and animal cells
Two roles of extrcellular components – cell wall, glycoproteinsMembranesTransportMitosis
The Cell…..a brief history
• 1663: First cell documented
• 1858, Rudolf Virchow
concluded that all cells come from pre-existing cells thus completing the modern theory.
"there is one universal principle of development for the
elementary parts, of organisms, however different, and this
principle is the formation of cells,"
Schwann: 1839
Cell Theory
1. All known living things are made up of cells.
2. The cell is structural & functional unit of all living things.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division.
4. Cells contains hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during cell division.
What is a theory?
Pieces of evidence from observation and facts which are synthesized into a coherent whole
What is a system
A group of parts that come together. Take the following materials….what could you make with this?
• a small metal cup, about the size of a walnut. • a glass bowl, in the shape of a small balloon. • a length of tungsten wire, pinched up into a
small coil.
What is an emergent property
Any function performed by a system that is not the result of just a single part of that system but the result of all the interacting parts is called and emergent property.
The light bulb is the result of the combination of all 3 parts.
The system is Irreducible.
Reading a book individual word at a time does not give the story.
(a) 1 metre =________ millimetres
(b) 1 mm = ________ microns
(c) 1 µm = ________ nanometres
(d) 1 metre =________ nm
(e) 1 mm = ________ nm
(f) 1 metre = ________ µm
16
(a) 1 metre = 1,000 millimetres
(b) 1 mm = 1,000 microns
(c) 1 µm = 1,000 nanometres
(d) 1 metre = 1,000,000,000 nm
(e) 1 mm = 1,000,000 nm
(f) 1 metre = 1,000,000 µm
16
(a) 10-3 metres = ________
(b) 10-6 metres = ________
(c) 10-9 metres = ________
(d) 10-10 metres = ________
17
(a) 10-3 metres = 1 millimetre
(b) 10-6 metres = 1 micron
(c) 10-9 metres = 1 nanometre
(d) 10-10 metres = 1 Angstrom unit
17
(a) Electron microscope ‘measurement’ range: _____ to _____
(b) Light microscope ‘measurement’ range: _____ to _____
(c) Unaided human eye ‘range’:
_____ to _____Unaided??
18
(a) Electron microscope ‘measurement’ range: 1 nm - 100 µm
(b) Light microscope ‘measurement’ range: 1 µm - 1 mm
(c) Unaided human eye ‘range’:
1 mm upwardsUnaided??
18
Calculating magnification and cell size
O = OBSERVED LENGTH
M = MAGNIFICATION
A= Actual size
Calculating Actual size when the magnification is unknown.
Size of diagram (cm) x scale
length of scale bar (cm)