1

PROGRESS:

TREE IMPROVEMENT OF

Calophyllum inophyllum FOR BIOFUEL

by:

DR. BUDI LEKSONO & TEAM

Centre for Forest Biotechnology and Tree Improvement Yogyakarta - Indonesia

INTRODUCTION

o Global Energy Crisis Increasing

biofuel prices, has driven the world to

emphasize the importance of

renewable-energy (biofuel)

o The main restraints: raw material

availability, seed quality and tough

competition against food needs

o Calophyllum inophyllum (Nyamplung)

seed: potential for energy-sources, can

be harvested repeatedly for 50 years

Coal

2%

Oil

20%

Gas

30%

Bio Fuels

5% Geothermal

5%

Hydro

2.61%

Coal

33%

Other

5%Wind

0.0301%

Fuel Cell

0.00%

Biomass

0.7417%

Nuclear

1.4032%

o Indonesian National Energy Policy has

set biofuel production target up to 5% of

national energy needs in 2025 (PP 5/2006)

2

PLANTATION

PROVENANCE TRIAL

PROVENANCE SEED STAND

CLONE GARDEN

PLANTATION

Base Population

Breeding Population

Propagation Population

Production Population

Selection (based on : fruit productivity

and oil content) GCA Analysis

GEOGRAFIC RACE/ LAND

RACE

Breeding Strategy of Nyamplung

for Biofuel

Leksono & Widyatmoko (2010): “Breeding Strategy of Nyamplung

for Biofuel”

MATERIALS & METHODS

Genetic Materials of Nyamplung

1 2 3 6 5

4

7

8

11 9

10

12

3

Gunung Kidul

(Yogyakarta)

Ciamis (West Java)

Pandeglang (Banten)

Banyuwangi (East Java)

Cilacap (Central Java)

Nyamplung Populations in Java

Ketapang (West Kalimantan) Yapen (West Papua)

Pariaman (West Sumatra) Dompu (West Nusa Tenggara)

Selayar

(South Sulawesi)

Nyamplung Populations Outside Java

4

Variation of Fruit Size of

Nyamplung Populations in Indonesia

Seed Preparation

Fresh fruits Dry fruits

Seeds extraction Wet seeds Seeds and shell

5

Seedling Preparation

Seeds Pricking Shading

6 Months 1 Month

Variation of Seedling of

Nyamplung Populations in Java

Hasnah & Leksono (2012): “Geneitic variation of seedling growth, nitrogen and

clorophyl contents among nyamplung populations in Java”

6

Land Preparation and Planting

Pangandaran (West Java)

In Coastal area using bamboo

gabion

Wonogiri (Central Java)

Mineral soil

Gng Kidul (DIY) thin

organic soil layer using

water drip bottle

Processing of Nyamplung

Biofuel and Derivates

7

Processing of Nyamplung Biofuel

(Manual)

Seed drying Degumming Pressing

Transester. Washing Drying

Esterification

Pressing seeds using

Vertical Hot Press (VHP)

Pressing CCO

Setting Grinding

Setting

Seed drying

8

Dry seeds

Seed drying Seed separating

Seed pressing Chemical Biodisel processing

Pressing seeds using

Screw Press Expeller (SPE)

Process and Variation of

Nyamplung Biofuel

9

Biofuel Potential:

Variations from 6 Populations in Java

Population Dry Seed

(Kg)

Residual

(Kg)

CCO

(Kg)

CCO

(%)

RCCO

(Kg)

RCCO

(%)

Banyuwangi 2.09 1.20 0.89 42.58 0.87 41.63

Gunungkidul 2.10 1.08 1.02 48.57 1.00 47.60

Purworejo 1.90 1.04 0.87 45.79 0.84 43.65

Cilacap 2.10 1.25 0.85 40.48 0.78 37.24

Ciamis 2.00 1.20 0.80 40.00 0.79 39.60

Pandeglang 1.81 1.16 0.67 37.02 0.66 36.49

Leksono et al. (2013): “Variation of biofuel potency from 12 Calopyllum inophyllum

populations in indonesia ”

Biofuel-Potential:

Variations from 7 Islands in Indonesia

Population Dry Seed

(Kg)

CCO

(%)

RCCO

(%)

Biodiesel

(%)

Equipment

used

Java 4.8 43.75 38.06 - VHP

Madura 4.8 40.63 34.13 - VHP

Selayar 4.8 45.63 40.15 - VHP

Java 7.3 50.00 46.85 28.95 SPE

Madura 6.0 53.17 44.67 21.00 SPE

Selayar 6.0 50.17 40.67 30.00 SPE

Sumatra 6.0 50.17 36.00 17.00 SPE

Kalimantan* 6.0 27.50 24.50 18.70 SPE

Sembawa 6.0 58.33 53.00 33.83 SPE

Papua* 6.0 37.67 22.83 16.00 SPE

*) Technical problems occurrred during the pressing process by using SPE

10

Physical-Chemical Analysis of

Nyamplung Biodiesel (LEMIGAS)

Physical-chemical properties of nyamplung biodiesel

(comparison to SNI 04-7182-2006 standard)

Properties Unit Testing

Methode

Spec.

Biodiesel

Nyamplung

Biodiesel

Density at 40oC kg/m3 ASTM D.1298 850 - 890 895 – 903

Kinematic viscosity at 40oC cSt ASTM D.445 2,3 - 6,0 5,7 – 6,5

Flash point PMCC oC ASTM D.93 Min. 100 126 – 173

Cetane index - ASTM D.613 Min. 51 59 – 72

Cloud point oC ASTM D.2500 Maks. 18 11 – 16

Sediment and water content % Vol. ASTM D.1796 Maks. 0,05 0

Copperstrip corrosion at 3/50oC No. ASTM ASTM D.130 Maks.no 3 1a – 1b

Micro Carbon Residual (MCR) % wt ASTM D.4530 Maks.0,05 0,6 – 0,9

Sulphate Ash % wt ASTM D.874 Maks.0,02 0,002 – 0,01

Destilation at 90% Vol oC ASTM D.1160 Maks. 360 365 – 369

Sulphur content mg/kg ASTM D.4294 Maks. 100 9 – 19

Phosphor content mg/kg AOCS Ca 12-55 Maks. 10 0,19 – 0,33

Acid value Mg KOH/g ASTM D.974 Maks. 0,8 0,05 – 0,08

Free Glycerol % wt AOCS Ca 14-56 Maks. 0,02 0,01 – 0,04

11

Pangandaran (West Java)

Wonogiri (Central Java)

2,5 Years

Provenance Seed Stand of Nyamplung

(Based on Oil Content in Java)

Test drive

12

Waste Utilization potential for added

value

a. Fruit shells

Briquet

Charcoal Vinegar

Seed separator Fruit shells

Shells charcoal Charcoal crusher Charcoal press

Tanur & Condensator

b. Oilcake for animal feed

Pellet feed

‘Burger’ (mix of oilcake, forage,

molasses)

Oilcake

Granulator Oilcake mixer

Oilcake crusher

13

c. Gum/ Coumarin Resin

Medicine (Cancer, HIV-AIDS, cosmetic, etc) Spectrophotometry methods

Seed and cco samples Coumarin extraction

d. Glycerol

Soap

Transesterification

14

TEAM WORK

Further Information

Dr. Budi Leksono Bioenergy Laboratory

Centre for Forest Biotechnology and Tree Improvement Yogyakarta-Indonesia

Phone : +62-274-895954, Mobile: +62 812 2701 7802

E-mail: boedyleksono@yahoo.com

15