Post on 14-Jun-2015
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Agroforestry as strategy in dryland restoration: experiences in India
Tree Diversity Day11 October 2012, 1030 – 1830 hrs, Rio Pavilion CBD COP 11
at the 11th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD COP 11)
Rengaian GanesanAshoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE)
Bangalore
India with diverse forests and equally diverse vegetation types
Out of 17000 species of flowering plants 2863 species are trees
About 69 percent (228 million ha) of India is • dry land – arid, semi-arid and dry sub-
humid• heavily populated• livelihood and food security
Three major programs on tree diversity at ATREE
1. Mapping and monitoring tree diversity and estimating value of ecosystem services
2. Understanding and enhancing the role of tree diversity in livelihoods , using participatory approaches.
3. Restoring tree diversity, also using participatory approaches
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MONITORING TREE DIVERSITY AND ESTIMATING VALUE OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
Changing plant species composition and growth rates –Indicators of climate change
Permanent Monitoring Plot
Hemi-parasite, Natural death
LantanaGrazing
Fire
Effective management for conservation requires disentangling the effects of different drivers to identify those mostresponsible for species decline.
Multiple drivers leading to interspecific competitive interaction – that shapes the population structure of Phyllanthus emblica
Drought (2002-2004)InvasivesHemi-parasite plantsGrazing in Lantana-free area
Invasives, Hemi-parasite plants –Forest management practices
Shade managementAt farm scale
Sophisticated 0rganic farmingwith certification(niche for large farmers)
Rustic shadeNatural farming as a way of life
Native shade trees
Silver oak dominated shade
Coffea arabica to Coffea canephora Shade Sun –
loving coffee
Native shade trees, Pollinators and Organic Coffee
NTFP from forest patches –Persea odoratissima & Machilus edulis
Forest fragments and Orange Plantations-Pollination service
Urbashi.P & Soubadra,M.
Linkage between trees in forest fragments and Orange Plantations- serviced by wild pollinators
Trees in water shed management
Jagdish Krishnaswamy
Bandipur Tiger reserve, Karnataka• restore arid degraded forest in wildlife corridor• Livelihood availability of forest resources, • water table for downstream agricultural lands
Restoring tree diversity, also using participatory approaches
Wild Avocado fruits – Persea odoratissima
How do farmers value the trees? • Timber• Fodder• Leaf manure• Bio-pesticide• Fuelwood• Money• Sacredness
Lopped Ficus trees in farmlands for fodder, minor timber (e.g.,poles)
Sacred tree –Aglaia courtalensis
2. Understanding and enhancing the role of tree diversity in livelihoods , using participatory approaches.
Fruits of Indian gooseberry- Phyllanths emblica
Fodder from trees in the farmland
Fuelwood from trees in farmland
Tree lopped for leaf manure
Ecological Services Refugia – PollinatorsWind breakersSoil bindersNutrient & water cycling
Dryland farming = tree-based farming
Fruit bats
Rock bee hives
Can we help improve the condition (biodiversity) of these dry forests and also meet the fuelwood requirements of the dependent community?
Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger reserve
• The boundary in most places is sharp - Intensive Wetland Farming
• Limited Fuel wood and Fodder sources
Forest fringe villages around Protected Area-
Tree diversity in livelihoods - using participatory approaches
Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve
BandipurTiger Reserve
BannarghattaNational park
Twigs of Ipomoea fistulosa – as Fuelwood
How much was the biomass requirements of these villages and can we raise the fuelwood
source outside the forest?
17 months of census fuel collectors on regular paths - 28 tons of forest fuel wood / month for three villages
Amounts to about 300 tons per year and is removed from a large area of forest roughly about 10 sq km.
Diverse native and exotic fast growing multiple purpose tree species
54 tree species – 18 fuelwood , 16 species fodder, 16 fruits, rest timber
Top 5 species constituted 55% of the basal area of which 4 are fuelwood species
HOW TO MEET FUELWOOD DEMANDS FROM OUTSIDE THE FORESTS?
Within 4 years 247 m2
basal area of trees– 42 % basal area contributed by 4 fuelwood species
Biomass generation in homestead -Fuelwood, Fodder
Three Year trees in backyard of 5 sq m, 700 kgs of fuelwood in addition to timber US$100
Income generationWomen Self-Help Group Nursery
Gmelina arborea, Cassia fistula,
COMMON DRYLAND TREES OF KARNATAKA
Bilingual field guide
AcknowledgementsFORD FoundationSir Dorabji Tata TrustDept. Biotechnology, Govt. of IndiaS.M.Sehgal Foundation